US History Chapter 13 Study Guide

playwright

someone who writes plays

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

double standard

the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

birth control

the effort to control the number of children one bears, particularly by reducing the frequency of pregnancy

Why did prohibition failed

Crime began to rise and it was too difficult to regulate illegal alcohol.

1920 Census

revealed that for the first time, a majority of the American people lived in urban areas

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Who supported the 18th amendment?

Supported by religious groups, rural South, and West

Georgia O'Keeffe

produced intensely colored canvases that captured the grandeur of New York

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

What percentage of African Americans lived in cities during the 1920s?

40% of African Americans lived in cities during this time

George Gershwin

A Jazz Age composer who was the son of Russian immigrants and, like many others during his time, mixed symphony and jazz together to create an entirely new style that represented how America was a mixture of peoples.

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

Paul Robeson

African American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Salvatore Maranzano

An organized crime figure from the town of Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily, and an early Cosa Nostra boss in the United States. Instigated Castallammarse war. Crime boss in later known Bonnano family. Was "capo di tutti capi"- Bosses of all Bosses. Murdered under Luciano's arrangement.

mass media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

Immigrants and Education

In the 1920s public schools prepared immigrant children who speak no English

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

James Weldon Johnson

NAACP leader and Harlem Renaissance writer; he wrote poetry and, with his brother, the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing."

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

By 1922-1929

Nearly 2 millions people leave farms, towns each year

Speakesies

Place where alcoholic beverages are sold and consumed illegally, especially during prohibition in the US

Claude MacKay

Poems expressed the pain of life in the ghetto

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Bootlegger

Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

Jazz Age

Term used to describe the 1920s

Radio

The most important form of mass media in the 1920's

Black Pride

a cultural movement among African Americans to encourage pride in their African heritage and to substitute African and African American art forms, behaviors, and cultural products for those of whites

Flapper

a fashionable young woman intent on enjoying herself and flouting conventional standards of behavior.

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington

a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Fundamentalist

a person who believes in the literal meaning of religious texts and strict obedience to religious laws

Cab Calloway

a talented drummer, saxophonist, and singer, formed another important jazz orchestra, which played at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom and the Cotton Club, alternating with Duke Ellington.

New Woman

a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself

Ernest Hemingway

an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)

Sufragist

an advocate of the extension of political voting rights, especially to women

silent movies

early films without soundtrack, often had live music though. Ideal for entertainment at time when millions of immigrants spoke little English.

Aimee Semple McPherson

evangelist, founder of four square church of god, 1920s, used hollywood like tactics to get more followers, was popular on the radio, faked death. appealed to poor white people, practiced healing, anti evolution

Shuffle Along

first musical written, produced, and performed by African Americans

Scat

improvised jazz singing using sounds instead of words

Where did Jazz originate?

in the Nightclubs of New Orleans

Reader's Digest and Time

magazines that began circulation in the 1920's. Both of these magazines boasted a circulation of over 2 million each and are still around today

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Talkies

movies with sound, beginning in 1927

In the 1920s, high schools changed by

offering practical and vocational courses

antilynching movement

the movement where the government and people rioted about how the Southern but also people everywhere should stop lynching the blacks because they were equal

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Charles Luciano

was an Italian-born gangster, who operated mainly in the United States. Luciano started his criminal career in the Five Points gang and was instrumental in the development of the National Crime Syndicate

Edna St. Vincent Millay

wrote poems celebrating youth and a life of independence and freedom from traditional constraints