US History Unit 8

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. Specifically commmunist influence inside and outside the US gov. after WWII.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

healthcare system

There are many different types of healthcare systems. there are emergency healthcare systems. There are also preventative healthcare systems.

Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc v United States

They had stated that congress had exceeded its power to regulate commerce and that it was a violation of the 5th and 13th Amendment.

Pentagon Papers

This a 7,000 page US government report. It is top-secret. It is on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Vietnam

This is a country. It's in Asia. It was founded in 1976.

United Farm Workers

This is a labor union. It was formed in 1966. Their goals were to seek higher wages and better working conditions for Mexican-American farm workers in California.

women's movement

This is a movement of women. They wanted to be equal to men. They were tired of not having the same rights as men.

Détente

This is a relaxtion of tension. It was between the US and it's two major Communist rivals. These rivals are the Soviet Union and China.

housewife

This is a sterotypical wife. They have one job. That job is to stay at home and take care of the kids and husband.

demographic changes

This is a type of change. It has to do with the change in population. It could be an increase or decrease.

postwar education

This is a type of education. Post means after. This is a type of education given after the war.

counterculture

This is a type of group. They reject the values and practices of the larger society. They replace them with a new set of cultural patterns.

television

This is also known as a TV. It had a big impact. It was used mainly for entertainment.

SEATO

This is the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. It was created for defense in Southeast Asia. It was created by the Manila Pact.

George H.W. Bush

This president succeeded Ronald Reagan. This man possessed a formidable résumé, including ambassador to the United Nations, chairman of the Republican Party, special envoy to China, and director of the CIA. Naturally, this man focused on foreign policy. During his presidency, the Berlin Wall fell, America was successful in helping Kuwait win the Iraq-Kuwait War, and the Soviet Union dissolved. However, due to an inability to prevent the economic downturn during his presidency, rising unemployment rates, and a wake of other economic concerns, he was not reelected to a second term.

New Federalism

This turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems); attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants.

Operation Rolling Thunder

This was a bombing. It was during the Vietnam War. It took place from March 1965 to October 1968.

civil rights movement

This was a movement. It was to get people rights. It was targeted to get ALL minorities rights.

environmental movement

This was a movement. They were trying to raise awareness to the environment. It worked.

Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of education

This was an approvial. They approved busing and redrawing of district lines. This was a way of integrating public schools.

Paris Peace Accords

This was created in 1973. It's a peace agreement. It was between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

This was founded in Michigan. This was in 1961. It's a radical organization wanted to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence; embraced liberal reforms

United Nations (UN)

United Nations is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

conservatism

Wanted a return to old Christian Values. Condemned women's liberation, abortion, gay rights, and liberal great society programs. Believed welfare programs eroded the work ethic of the unemployed. Wanted prayer in public schools.

Saigon

Was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the North Vietnamese army on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.

consumer society

a society in which a large part of peoples sense of identity and meaning is found through the purchase and use of consumer goods and services

Persian Gulf War

after Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm

Ronald Reagan

believed in tax cuts and less government spending; cut out many welfare and public works programs; used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict; His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War; responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

election of 2000

came down to electoral college votes and specifically the vote in Florida; because of the controvesy over a recount in Florida, Gore sued to have a manual recount; was the 1st time the Supreme Court got involved in electoral college decision; decided the votes should stand as counted and Bush got the votes for the state giving Bush the presidency without winning the popular vote

Freedom Rides

civil rights campaign of the Congress of Racial Equality in which protesters traveled by bus through the South to desegregate bus stations; white violence against them prompted the Kennedy administration to protect them and become more involved in civil rights.

containment

created by diploman George Kennan; goal was to limit teh spread of communism beyond where it already existed by 1946; becomes key U.S policy in Cold War

NAFTA

established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

busing

in context of Civil rights, the transportation of public school students from areas where they live to schools in other areas to eliminate school segregation based on residential racial patterns

national debt

is the total amount of money our government has borrowed (through selling bonds) over time.

Dwight Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2 and leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion. Elected president and president during integration of Little Rock Central High School.

power of the media

media has a lot of power. It was used for advertisements. It was also used to get points accross.

Red Scare

period of anticommunist hysteria. fear that a bolshevik revolution would erupt in the US reached its height during the Red Scare

John F. Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

Twenty-fourth Amendment

prohibited states from requiring payment of a poll tax as a condition for voting in federal elections

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment to the US Constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions.

Berlin Airlift

supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin in 1948

Black Power

the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.

civil disobedience

the refusal to obey those laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about a change in governmental policy. Promoted by Martin Luther King, Jr. during the Civil Rights Era.

China

this is a country. It's in Asia. it was founded in 1949

Education

this is something you learn. There was typically segregation at this time. Education is better now, then it used to be

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

(enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Monica Lewinsky

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000

welfare reform

1996 law that established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

sit-ins

A form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move.

GI Bill

A name given to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Iran-Contra Affair

A political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo in hopes of securing the release of hostages and allowing U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.

Tet Offensive

A series of major attacks by communist forces in the Vietnam War. Early in 1968, Vietnamese communist troops seized and briefly held some major cities at the time of the lunar new year, or Tet.

iron curtain

A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The Iron Curtain isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. Its most poignant symbol was the Berlin Wall.

Israel

Access to Middle Eastern oil was crucial to the European recovovery program, and to the health of the U.S. economy. Afraid to antagonize the oil-endowed Arabs, Truman officialy recognized the state of Israel on May 14, 1948.

military-industrial complex

An informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry which supplies it. The goal is to gain political support for the increased military spending by the national government. President Eisenhower first used this term in his Farewell Address in 1961

interstate highway system

Authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities. It was mainly created to transport soldiers.

Lyndon B Johnson

Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive

trickle-down theory

Coolidge would assist the hard pressed railroads,banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down basis. Got Congress to spend $2.25 billion on useful public works

Eisenhower Doctrine

Declared the right of the US to help, on request, any nation in the Middle East trying to resist armed Communist aggression Sent US troops to Lebanon to fight against their government

middle class

Fastest growing group in America. Result of growth of industry, as landownership was no longer only basis for wealth. Had large homes, though not quite as opulent as the rich. Middle-class women stayed home and cared for children and household, though often had a servant.

Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz, known as Fidel Castro, is a Cuban politician and a revolutionary, who governed the Republic of Cuba as the Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976, and as the President from 1976 to 2008.

Korean War

First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (938)

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

guerilla warfare

Guerrilla Warfare is an irregular form of war where small groups of civilians would use different tactics such as ambushing, sabotage, raids, petty warfare (small units ambush enemy troops to wear them down before a bigger battle), and hit and run tactics

Bill Clinton

He is the42nd President. He advocated economic and healthcare reform He's the second president to be impeached

Nikita Khrushchev

He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. He was responsible for the De-Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy.

Richard Nixon

He was a president. He was the president of the US. This was during watergate.

George W. Bush

He was the Republican nominee in the election of 2000. He was the eldest son of George H. W. Bush. Many people found him to be reckless and more of a divider rather than a uniter. He challenged research on global warming, didn't support abortions, limited research on embryonic stem cells, and allowed Vice President Cheney to hammer out his administration's energy policy behind closed doors.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Malcolm X

His Original name was Malcolm Little. He grew up in the New York ghettos and turned to crime. At age 20, he was arrested for burglary and served seven years in prison. While in jail he joined a group called The Nation Of Islam, a group often called the Black Muslims. Viewing white society as oppressive, it preached black separation and self-help. Malcolm later became the leading minister of the nation of Islam until 1964. (pg 722-723)

March on Washington

In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

Kent State University

Kent State was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

Korea

Korea is a country. It's in Asia. Founded in 2333 BC

Hollywood blacklist

List of people in the Hollywood film industry who were refused jobs because they did not cooperate with HUAC and thus were alleged to have communist backgrounds.

War of Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address as a part of his Great Society. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start. VISTA and Medicaid were also a part of this

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African-American clergyman who advocated social change through non-violent means. A powerful speaker and a man of great spiritual strength, he shaped the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Joseph McCarthy

McCarthy was an Republic Senator for the state of Wisconsin who made claims that Communist spies were in the U.S Federal Government.

suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Baby Boom

Name given to all the children born from 1946 through the mid 1960's. The birth rate in America exploded after the war. In 1957 alone over 4.3 million children were born.

NATO

North Atlantic treaty Organization Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies.

budget surplus

Occurs when a government spends less than it takes in as revenue. This is a type of budget. This is good.

budget deficit

Occurs when a government spends more than it takes in as revenue. This is a type of budget. This is bad.

foreign oil

Oil is needed for cars. Foreign oil means we took oil from other countries. We did this because we do not have a surplus of oil.

Organization of American States

Organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation among its members

Terrorist

Politically motivated-- directed at civilians and carried out by non-state groups

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

budget battle

Showdown between President Clinton and Newt Gingrich's Republican-led Congress that occurred in 1995 over proposed budget cuts. When the two sides couldn't compromise , the federal government was forced to temporarily shut down and cease services to millions of people

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest on December 1, 1955, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King

Brown v Board of Education

Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

anti-war movement

The Anti-War Movement was a student protest that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world. All members of the Anti-War Movement shared an opposition to war in Vietnam and condemned U.S. presence there. They claimed this was violating Vietnam's rights. This movement resulted in growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform etc. Primarily a middle-class movement. CULTURAL.

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.