Vaccines
What is a bacterin vaccine?
Bacterin vaccines are made with killed bacteria. Short lived immunity Less effective than viral vaccines. Doesn't prevent disease, lessens symptoms EX: bortadella
Lyme disease vaccine
Borrelia burgdorferi Start 9-12 weeks of age Two vaccine series given2-4 weeks apart Booster annually
What is an antitoxin?
Obtained from a hyperimmunized horse which is then extracted from its serum Neutralizes toxins in patients that already have the disease Immediate passive immunity for 7-14 days SE: allergic reactions EX: tetanus antitoxin
Canine noncore vaccines
Parainfluenza virus (MLV) Bortadella bronchiseptica (killed) Lyme (killed) Canine coronavirus (MLV) Leptospirosis (killed) Rattlesnake (toxoid)
Canine core vaccines
Parvovirus (MLV) Canine distemper (MLV) Canine adenovirus-2 (MLV) Rabies (killed)
Other equine vaccines
Potomoc horse fever, rabies, anthrax (Southwest US)
Equine Viral Arteritis vaccine
RNA virus characterized by fever, depression, nasal discharge, coughing, limb swelling
What is the Merial PUREVAC - FeLV vaccine?
Recombinant needless vaccine to prevent feline sarcoma
Bortadella vaccine
SQ or intranasal Intranasal is passive immunity Start at 8-12 weeks of age, then yearly booster
FeLV vaccine
Sarcoma may be a result from which vaccine? Start as early as 6 weeks Two vaccine series, 2-4 weeks apart, then annually
Equine strangles vaccine
Streptococcus equi Highly contagious respiratory disease, fever, URI,, pus nasal discharge, abscess formation of submandibular/submaxillary/retropharyngeal lymph nodes Subunit vaccine
Core equine vaccines
Tetanus, equine encephalitis, rhinopneumonitis (EHV), influenza, West Nile virus
Do vaccines prevent disease?
Yes and no. Vaccines are not 100% fool proof at preventing disease. Some do not prevent disease infection at all; they only lessen clinical symptoms
What are polyvalent vaccines?
Vaccines that contain many antigens. EX: DHLLP, FeRCP. Possibly more reactions/SE because they are given all at one time.
What are monovalent vaccines?
Vaccines that contain only one antigen. eX: rabies, FELV.
maternal antibodies
Neonate receive antibodies from mother through the colostrum
Feline noncore vaccines
Chlamydia psittaci (MLV) FIP Bortadella (MLV)
Equine tetanus (TT) vaccine
Clostridium tetani Infection is characterized by muscle rigidity, respiratory arrest, convulsions, death
Rabies vaccine
4-1-3 Start at 4 months of age Booster annually first year then every three years after that
When should vaccines be started?
6-8-10 weeks of age
What is the danger window when a puppy or kitten's immune system is vulnerable to viruses.
A period of 2-5 weeks
What is an antiserum vaccine?
A serum containing certain antibodies from a hyperimmunized animal that has been affected by the specific microorganism Produces immediate action to kill live infectious antigens Do not vaccinate for at least 21 days after EX: E. coli in swine and cattle
What is a live vaccine?
A vaccine prepared from a live organism Require few doses No adjuvants or preservatives SE: expensive, contamination, can give disease to person administering it, causes disease to animal being vaccinated due to residual virulence EX: brucellosis abort us strain 19
What is a subunit vaccine.
A vaccine that does not contain a complete organism, rather components to produce immune response. Not infectious. EX: equine strangles
What is a toxoid vaccine?
A vaccine that produces immunity to a toxin rather than a virus or bacteria Provides protection for about one year EX: clostridium tetani
What causes vaccine reactions?
Adjuvants and preservatives
What are some vaccine reactions?
Angioedema, hives, vomiting diarrhea, anaphylaxis, pain at injection site, fibrosarcoma in cats Treated with diphenhydramine, corticosteroids; epinephrine and fluids if anaphylaxis results
What are some recombinant vaccines used in veterinary medicine?
Canine distemper FeLV Lyme - borrelia burgdorferi
What are killed (inactivated) vaccines?
Cannot replicate so they are safer, but require more frequent boosters. Also require large antigenic dose with multiple injections, Weaker immune response with shorter duration. EX: rabies
How do maternal antibodies interfere with a neonate immunity?
Cause vaccine failure by inhibiting an immune response. For this reason, multiple boosters are needed at a young age Up to 22 weeks for puppies and 16 weeks
Titers
Checking antibody levels in the blood to see if they are adequate against a specific disease
What is heterotypic immunity?
Creating an immune response to one microorganism by immunizing with a different but antigenically related microorganism EX: CAV-2 for CAV-1, measles virus vaccine to protect against distemper
DHLLP-C
Distemper,hepatitis CAV-1 and -2, leptospirosis L. canicola and L. icterohemmorrhagica, parainfluenza, parvovirus, coronavirus
FVRC-P vaccine
FVR feline viral rhinopneumonitis FVC feline calicivirus FP feline panoleukopenia P pneumonia is (chlamydia psittaci)
Recombinant vaccines
Far superior vaccines that are created utilizing bacteria or yeast products from large amounts of a single viral or bacterial protein antigen Patient's immune system Makes antibodies to the specific disease agents protein EX: canine distemper
Core feline vaccines
Feline panleukopenia (MLV) Feline viral rhinotracheitis FHV (MLV) Feline calicivirus FCV (MLV) Rabies (killed) Feline leukemia virus (killed)
Cat injection sites for vaccines
Giardia - left shoulder FVRCPP - right shoulder Chip- between shoulder blades FELV - left hip Rabies- right hip
Dog injection sites for dog
Giardiasisl- left shoulder Microchip- back cranial to shoulder, between shoulder blades DHPPC - right Shoulder Rabies: caudal to rabies vac Lyme: left hip Rattlesnake: right hip
Equine influenza vaccine (A1/A2)
Infection is characterized by fever, depression, anorexia, coughing and muscle pain. Transmitted by contact from horse to horse
Why do titers
No scientific evidence for yearly boosters, vaccines are usually effective for three years Over vaccinating can cause many side effects including cancers like feline sarcomas at the injection site and immune mediated diseases such as ITP and IMHA
What are the advantages of recombinant vaccines?
No symptoms of the disease a a side effect No adjuvants needed, so less reactions and allergic side effects Produces strong cell mediated and humoral immune response
What are modified live (attenuated) vaccines?
Microorganisms are altered so they are no longer virulent to cause disease, yet retain their antigenic properties to induce an immune response. These vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response than killed vaccines. SE: immunosuppression, vaccine induced disease
How do vaccines work?
They stimulate antibodies to a specific antigen
Equine encephalitis vaccines (EEE, WEE, VEE)
Trivalent vaccine Infection characterized by a viral neurological disease that can be minor (pyrexia, anorexia) or major (convulsions and death) Transmitted by biting insects
FIP vaccine
Two dose series, 2-4 weeks apart Intranasal Lessens clinical signs only
Lyophilized powder in a vial
requires a diluent to solubilize the powder before withdrawing from the vial Inactivated by improper storage and heat, esp. MLV
humoral immunity
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids