Vaccines

What is a bacterin vaccine?

Bacterin vaccines are made with killed bacteria. Short lived immunity Less effective than viral vaccines. Doesn't prevent disease, lessens symptoms EX: bortadella

Lyme disease vaccine

Borrelia burgdorferi Start 9-12 weeks of age Two vaccine series given2-4 weeks apart Booster annually

What is an antitoxin?

Obtained from a hyperimmunized horse which is then extracted from its serum Neutralizes toxins in patients that already have the disease Immediate passive immunity for 7-14 days SE: allergic reactions EX: tetanus antitoxin

Canine noncore vaccines

Parainfluenza virus (MLV) Bortadella bronchiseptica (killed) Lyme (killed) Canine coronavirus (MLV) Leptospirosis (killed) Rattlesnake (toxoid)

Canine core vaccines

Parvovirus (MLV) Canine distemper (MLV) Canine adenovirus-2 (MLV) Rabies (killed)

Other equine vaccines

Potomoc horse fever, rabies, anthrax (Southwest US)

Equine Viral Arteritis vaccine

RNA virus characterized by fever, depression, nasal discharge, coughing, limb swelling

What is the Merial PUREVAC - FeLV vaccine?

Recombinant needless vaccine to prevent feline sarcoma

Bortadella vaccine

SQ or intranasal Intranasal is passive immunity Start at 8-12 weeks of age, then yearly booster

FeLV vaccine

Sarcoma may be a result from which vaccine? Start as early as 6 weeks Two vaccine series, 2-4 weeks apart, then annually

Equine strangles vaccine

Streptococcus equi Highly contagious respiratory disease, fever, URI,, pus nasal discharge, abscess formation of submandibular/submaxillary/retropharyngeal lymph nodes Subunit vaccine

Core equine vaccines

Tetanus, equine encephalitis, rhinopneumonitis (EHV), influenza, West Nile virus

Do vaccines prevent disease?

Yes and no. Vaccines are not 100% fool proof at preventing disease. Some do not prevent disease infection at all; they only lessen clinical symptoms

What are polyvalent vaccines?

Vaccines that contain many antigens. EX: DHLLP, FeRCP. Possibly more reactions/SE because they are given all at one time.

What are monovalent vaccines?

Vaccines that contain only one antigen. eX: rabies, FELV.

maternal antibodies

Neonate receive antibodies from mother through the colostrum

Feline noncore vaccines

Chlamydia psittaci (MLV) FIP Bortadella (MLV)

Equine tetanus (TT) vaccine

Clostridium tetani Infection is characterized by muscle rigidity, respiratory arrest, convulsions, death

Rabies vaccine

4-1-3 Start at 4 months of age Booster annually first year then every three years after that

When should vaccines be started?

6-8-10 weeks of age

What is the danger window when a puppy or kitten's immune system is vulnerable to viruses.

A period of 2-5 weeks

What is an antiserum vaccine?

A serum containing certain antibodies from a hyperimmunized animal that has been affected by the specific microorganism Produces immediate action to kill live infectious antigens Do not vaccinate for at least 21 days after EX: E. coli in swine and cattle

What is a live vaccine?

A vaccine prepared from a live organism Require few doses No adjuvants or preservatives SE: expensive, contamination, can give disease to person administering it, causes disease to animal being vaccinated due to residual virulence EX: brucellosis abort us strain 19

What is a subunit vaccine.

A vaccine that does not contain a complete organism, rather components to produce immune response. Not infectious. EX: equine strangles

What is a toxoid vaccine?

A vaccine that produces immunity to a toxin rather than a virus or bacteria Provides protection for about one year EX: clostridium tetani

What causes vaccine reactions?

Adjuvants and preservatives

What are some vaccine reactions?

Angioedema, hives, vomiting diarrhea, anaphylaxis, pain at injection site, fibrosarcoma in cats Treated with diphenhydramine, corticosteroids; epinephrine and fluids if anaphylaxis results

What are some recombinant vaccines used in veterinary medicine?

Canine distemper FeLV Lyme - borrelia burgdorferi

What are killed (inactivated) vaccines?

Cannot replicate so they are safer, but require more frequent boosters. Also require large antigenic dose with multiple injections, Weaker immune response with shorter duration. EX: rabies

How do maternal antibodies interfere with a neonate immunity?

Cause vaccine failure by inhibiting an immune response. For this reason, multiple boosters are needed at a young age Up to 22 weeks for puppies and 16 weeks

Titers

Checking antibody levels in the blood to see if they are adequate against a specific disease

What is heterotypic immunity?

Creating an immune response to one microorganism by immunizing with a different but antigenically related microorganism EX: CAV-2 for CAV-1, measles virus vaccine to protect against distemper

DHLLP-C

Distemper,hepatitis CAV-1 and -2, leptospirosis L. canicola and L. icterohemmorrhagica, parainfluenza, parvovirus, coronavirus

FVRC-P vaccine

FVR feline viral rhinopneumonitis FVC feline calicivirus FP feline panoleukopenia P pneumonia is (chlamydia psittaci)

Recombinant vaccines

Far superior vaccines that are created utilizing bacteria or yeast products from large amounts of a single viral or bacterial protein antigen Patient's immune system Makes antibodies to the specific disease agents protein EX: canine distemper

Core feline vaccines

Feline panleukopenia (MLV) Feline viral rhinotracheitis FHV (MLV) Feline calicivirus FCV (MLV) Rabies (killed) Feline leukemia virus (killed)

Cat injection sites for vaccines

Giardia - left shoulder FVRCPP - right shoulder Chip- between shoulder blades FELV - left hip Rabies- right hip

Dog injection sites for dog

Giardiasisl- left shoulder Microchip- back cranial to shoulder, between shoulder blades DHPPC - right Shoulder Rabies: caudal to rabies vac Lyme: left hip Rattlesnake: right hip

Equine influenza vaccine (A1/A2)

Infection is characterized by fever, depression, anorexia, coughing and muscle pain. Transmitted by contact from horse to horse

Why do titers

No scientific evidence for yearly boosters, vaccines are usually effective for three years Over vaccinating can cause many side effects including cancers like feline sarcomas at the injection site and immune mediated diseases such as ITP and IMHA

What are the advantages of recombinant vaccines?

No symptoms of the disease a a side effect No adjuvants needed, so less reactions and allergic side effects Produces strong cell mediated and humoral immune response

What are modified live (attenuated) vaccines?

Microorganisms are altered so they are no longer virulent to cause disease, yet retain their antigenic properties to induce an immune response. These vaccines produce a stronger and more durable immune response than killed vaccines. SE: immunosuppression, vaccine induced disease

How do vaccines work?

They stimulate antibodies to a specific antigen

Equine encephalitis vaccines (EEE, WEE, VEE)

Trivalent vaccine Infection characterized by a viral neurological disease that can be minor (pyrexia, anorexia) or major (convulsions and death) Transmitted by biting insects

FIP vaccine

Two dose series, 2-4 weeks apart Intranasal Lessens clinical signs only

Lyophilized powder in a vial

requires a diluent to solubilize the powder before withdrawing from the vial Inactivated by improper storage and heat, esp. MLV

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids