Vander's Ch 11: Endocrine System
The gonadotropic hormones
Both stimulate hormone secretion by the gonads and are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland of both males and females are correct.
What term describes hormones that influence the secretion of other hormones? A. mineralocorticoids B. trophic C. tropic D. allosteric E. teratogen
C
Which of the following is NOT stimulated by cortisol during stress? A. gluconeogenesis B. protein catabolism C. glucose uptake into muscle cells D. triglyceride catabolism in adipose cells E. decreased sensitivity to insulin
C
Which is NOT an endocrine function performed by the liver? A. secreting insulin-like growth factor 1 B. clearing hormones from plasma C. secreting angiotensinogen D. producing plasma proteins that bind hormones E. secreting insulin
E
Which of the following is TRUE?
Epinephrine is a hormone that can act both as a vasodilator and vasoconstrictor.
True or false. Amine and peptide hormones circulate in the plasma as free hormones whereas steroid hormones are mostly bound to circulating binding proteins.
FALSE.
Regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones:
Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.
Which of the following statements about hormone synthesis is NOT correct?
Tryptophan is a precursor for thyroid hormones. (Correct amino acid is tyrosine)
Peptide hormones
are often derived from larger molecules called pro-hormones.
Neurosecretory neurons
couple the nervous system to the endocrine system; allow amplification of neural signals; secrete their chemical regulators from axon terminals.
Which is TRUE regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones? A. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. B. Thyroid hormones are catecholamines. C. The hormones of the adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters of adrenergic neurons. D. Most peptide hormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood. E. Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary.
A
Which is most likely TRUE of an endocrine cell that contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules? A. It secretes a peptide/protein hormone. B. It secretes its product by diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. C. It secretes by endocytosis. D. Its hormone product is synthesized from cholesterol. E. It secretes a hormone with a hydrophobic structure.
A
Which is most likely a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone? A. acromegaly B. dwarfism C. decreased plasma concentration of IGF-I D. decreased secretion of somatostatin E. increased secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
A
Which is part of the endocrine reponse to stress? A. increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary B. increased secretion of corticotropin from the hypothalamus C. increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the hypothalamus D. negative feedback to the adrenal cortex by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus
A
Which of the following is an action of the sympathetic nervous system during stress? A. It increases the ability to respond to situations where physical activity is required. B. It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and viscera. C. It inhibits blood clotting. D. It decreases ventilation of the lungs to save oxygen. E. It increases glycogen synthesis in the liver.
A
Which of the following statements about hormone actions is correct? A. Growth hormone is a tropic hormone for insulin-like growth factor 1. B. Inhibition of prolactin release by dopamine is an example of short-loop negative feedback. C. Somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion. D. ACTH inhibits cortisol secretion. E. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates growth hormone secretion.
A
Which of these describes secondary hypersecretion of hormone X? A. A growing tumor secretes hormone Y, which stimulates the gland that secretes hormone X. B. Cells of a growing tumor manufacture hormone X in unregulated fashion. C. Negative feedback from a tumor that hypersecretes hormone Z inhibits the gland that secretes hormone X. D. Hormone X is secreted by a growing tumor that is in the anterior pituitary gland. E. Hormone X is secreted in unregulated fashion by a tumor growing in a tissue that does not normally secrete hormone X.
A
Which would be the effect of a blood clot that blocked the vessels of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system in the infundibulum between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland? A. secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would decrease and the adrenal cortex would atrophy B. secretion of gonadotropins will decrease and the gonads will hypertrophy C. secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) would decrease D. secretion of prolactin would decrease E. secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) would increase
A
eptide hormones are: A. synthesized by the ribosomes of endocrine cells. B. synthesized in the nucleus of endocrine cells. C. synthesized out of the amino acid tryptophan. D. the least prevalent type of hormone in the body. E. manufactured cooperatively by the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
A
A subject consuming a diet deficient in iodine is likely to have
A low plasma concentration of thyroxine and an enlarged thyroid gland gland and a high plasma concentration of TSH.
Short-loop negative feedback occurs when hormones from the ______________ inhibit hormone secretion by the ______________. A. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary B. adrenal cortex; hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus D. adrenal cortex; anterior pituitary E. anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex
C
What is the definition of a prohormone? A. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate the secretion of a second hormone. B. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit the secretion of a second hormone. C. A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone. D. Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for a second hormone, promoting their action. E. Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl groups removed from their structure.
C
What term describes hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland? A. growth factors B. paracrine factors C. hypophysiotropic hormones D. metabotrobic-releasing factors E. cerebrovitalistic hormones
C
Which does NOT apply to hormones? A. They are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the bloodstream. B. In some cases, the same chemical substances can also function as local regulators and/or neurotransmitters. C. All hormones are derived from cholesterol. D. They are secreted into the blood by ductless glands. E. They are sometimes secreted by neural tissue.
C
Which is a result of an absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development? A. acromegaly B. Cushing's syndrome C. congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) D. Graves' disease E. Addison's disease
C
Which is an accurate description of the posterior pituitary and its functions? A. It is glandular tissue and secretes vasopressin and prolactin. B. It is neural tissue and is stimulated to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin by hypophysiotropic hormones. C. It is neural tissue, and vesicles containing oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to axon terminals there. D. It is glandular tissue and releases oxytocin and somatostatin when action potentials arrive along axons from the hypothalamus. E. It is neural tissue that secretes hypophysiotropic hormones that control the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones.
C
Which is an example of long-loop negative feedback? A. stimulation of dopamine release by prolactin B. inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by growth hormone (GH) C. inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by insulin-like growth factor-1 D. inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C
Which would result from a vitamin D deficiency? A. hypercalcemia B. an increase in bone mass C. an increase in parathyroid hormone levels D. increased intestinal absorption of calcium
C
The enzyme in the mitochondria responsible for the modification of cholesterol that is important to the synthesis of steroid hormones is called
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme
A chemical precursor for cortisol is ________, which is made from ________. Cortisol is secreted by ________ when stimulated by ________ from the anterior pituitary. A. androstenedione, progesterone, adrenal cortex, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B. progesterone, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) C. testosterone, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. progesterone, cholesterol, adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. estradiol, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D
How is the concentration of a hormone in plasma determined? A. only by its rate of secretion B. by the number of its target cells in the body C. only by its rate of synthesis D. by its secretion and clearance rates, and whether or not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins E. only by the rate of its degradation by the liver and kidneys
D
In what form is the body's largest pool of calcium? A. embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue B. blood, dissolved within the plasma C. skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae D. bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites E. liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum
D
What is a main difference between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones? A. Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface. B. Peptide hormones act as second messengers, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cytosol. C. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones act as second messengers. D. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. E. There are no differences; both act by binding to intracellular receptors.
D
What would be the effect of a thyroid deficiency beginning in infancy? A. Gigantism would occur. B. Acromegaly would occur. C. Growth rate would be faster than normal. D. Growth rate would be slower than normal. E. Body temperature would be above normal.
D
Which is TRUE about hormone binding to the proteins found in plasma? A. Steroid hormones do not bind to plasma proteins. B. The binding proteins that transport hormones are hormones themselves. C. The tighter that a hormone binds to a carrier protein in the plasma, the faster the body can usually get rid of that hormone. D. Hydrophobic hormones like steroid and thyroid hormones need binding proteins because they are not very soluble in the blood plasma. E. Only peptide-type hormones can bind to the carrier proteins found in the plasma.
D
Which is a characteristic of hydrophobic hormones? A. They mostly bind to receptor proteins in the surface membrane of target cells. B. They are generally polar molecules. C. They usually have very rapid effects on target cells. D. Their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis. E. They are highly soluble in blood plasma.
D
Which is a function of the gonadotropic hormones? A. stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) B. inhibiting the release of growth hormone C. inhibiting the release of prolactin D. inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females E. stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
D
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? A. somatotropin B. prolactin C. corticotropin D. erythropoietin E. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D
Which of the following statements about hormone synthesis is NOT correct? A. Progesterone can be a precursor of cortisol. B. Progesterone is a precursor of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones. C. Pregnenolone is a precursor for all steroid hormones. D. Tryptophan is a precursor for thyroid hormones. E. Peptide hormones are polymers of amino acids.
D
. Which of the following is NOT true of pituitary growth hormone? A. It directly promotes protein anabolism in many cells. B. It causes differentiation of precursor cells that then respond to IGF-I by proliferating. C. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly. D. It is absent or deficient in pituitary dwarfs. E. It is necessary for fetal growth.
E
A deficiency in dietary iodine can cause: A. congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism). B. a slowing of mental functions. C. a low metabolic rate. D. a goiter. E. All of the choices are correct.
E
A hormone may be A. inactivated by its target cell. B. activated by its target cell. C. inactivated by nontarget cells. D. excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell. E. All of the choices could be correct.
E
A patient appears in a clinic complaining of irritability and chronic sweatiness. He also has a lump in his neck near his larynx. Blood tests show he has low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in his plasma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. primary hypothyroidism B. an iodine-insufficient diet C. secondary hypothyroidism D. hyposecretion of TRH E. Graves' disease
E
What is the major hormone responsible for mediating the body's general response to stress? A. thyroid hormone B. growth hormone C. testosterone D. aldosterone E. cortisol
E
Which are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary? A. vasopressin and dopamine B. corticotropin and dopamine C. oxytocin and prolactin D. vasopressin and corticotropin E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
E
Which is NOT true about receptors for steroid hormones? A. They may be proteins found in the nucleus. B. They undergo allosteric modulation when they bind to the hormone. C. They regulate gene transcription. D. They may be found in the nucleus. E. They are synthesized from cholesterol.
E
Which is a hormonal response to a stressful situation? A. Negative feedback from cortisol increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). B. Secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal gland is decreased. C. Negative feedback from cortisol increases the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). D. Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decrease. E. Plasma levels of cortisol increase.
E
Which is true about the growth of long bones? A. Osteoblasts dissolve bone tissue when bones remodel in response to sex hormones. B. Osteoclasts are responsible for depositing new bone tissue at the epiphyseal growth plate before puberty. C. Before adolescence, bones are completely made up of cartilage; after puberty they ossify and harden. D. Growth in length occurs at a single epiphyseal growth plate in the center of the shaft of long bones. E. Growth in length occurs at two epiphyseal growth plates near the ends of long bones.
E
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? A. It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body. B. It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood. C. It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms. D. It influences and is influenced by the nervous system. E. Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body.
E
Which of these could be a cause of hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex? A. autoimmune destruction of receptors for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. autoimmune destruction of hypothalamic cells that secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone C. injection of an excess of cortisol D. destruction of the anterior pituitary by a stroke E. excessively rapid clearance of cortisol from the circulation
E
Which would most directly decrease the production of aldosterone? A. going on a low-salt diet B. ingesting extra dietary vitamin D C. reducing dietary tyrosine D. increasing dietary cholesterol E. injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin II
E
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
Erythropoietin; vasopressin; ADH
True or false. Steroid hormones are stored in the cells that synthesize them until a stimulus is received that provokes their secretion.
FALSE
A hormone may be
Inactivated by its target cell; activated by its target cell; inactivated by its non-target cells; excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell.
Which of the following statements is true of the endocrine system?
It is one of two major regulatory systems in the body; it is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood; it is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms; it influences and is influenced by the nervous system.
The main difference between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones is that
Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors.
The main differences between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones are:
Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors.
In the absence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine stimulates release of a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In the presence of thyroid hormone (which has no effect by itself), epinephrine causes a much more substantial release of fatty acids from the cells. The effect of the thyroid hormone on epinephrine's actions is called
Permissive
Which of the following statements about hormone synthesis is correct?
Progesterone is a precursor for cortisol; progesterone is a precursor of all mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids; progesterone is a precursor for all steroid hormones.
The precursor for cortisol is ________, which is made from _______, Cortisol is secreted by ______ when stimulated by _______ from the anterior pituitary.
Progesterone, cholesterol, adrenal cortex, ACTH
True or false. The concentration of a hormone in the blood can affect the number of receptors for that hormone on or in a target cell.
TRUE
True or false. Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary in axonal fluid.
TRUE.
Which of the following statements about oxytocin is correct?
Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone on their plasma membrane; oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus.
Deficiency of iodine in the diet results in a goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). Which of the following statements offers the best explanation for this phenomenon?
Without iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones normally act as a negative-feedback signal for the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Loss of this signal results in excessive secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.
Hormones
are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the blood stream; in some cases also function as local regulators and/or neurotransmitters.
Receptors for steroid hormones
are proteins in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm; undergo allosteric modulation when they bind to the hormone; regulate gene transcription.
The posterior pituitary
both is neural tissue and secretes hormones when stimulated by action potentials generated in the hypothalamus is correct.
A patient has hypertension, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, and an unusual accumulation of fat on the trunk and upper back. An MRI shows that one adrenal gland is abnormally large, while the other has atrophied. Predict whether CRH, ACTH, and cortisol levels would change?
high cortisol, low CRH, Low ACTH; adrenal gland has low trophic affect; enlarged adrenal
Exposure to stress activates the hypothalami-pituitary-adrenocortical system as demonstrated by:
increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary in response to stress; increased secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress.
A hormone that elicits a biological response through the mediation of calcium ion as a second messenger
increases intracellular Ca ion levels in its target cells; may utilize intracellular Ca ion; may utilize extracellular Ca ion.
The "master gland" of the endocrine system
is the hypothalamus
The median eminence of the hypothalamus?
is the site of neurohormone release into blood vessels; is the major link connecting the nervous system and the endocrine system.
The concentration of a hormone in plasma is determined by
its secretion and clearance rates; whether of not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins.
All of the following hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland:
prolactin; growth hormone; ACTH
An endocrine cell that contains an abundance of granular endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and secretion granules is likely to
secrete a peptide/protein hormone; secrete by exocytosis.
To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to
the amino acid tyrosine.
If a woman has been walking through the desert all day without food or water, what hormones will most likely by found in elevated levels in her blood?
vasopressin and aldosterone
The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary include
vasopressin and oxytocin.
The rate of oxidative metabolism is measured using a basal metabolic rate (BMR) test. If a subject has hyperthyroidism the rate:
will be above normal.
. Which of the following is TRUE regarding pituitary growth hormone (GH)? A. The liver produces a factor that mediates the metabolic actions of GH. B. GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production by the liver and by many other cells. C. GH increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin. D. GH exerts negative feedback on its own production by inhibiting the hypothalamic secretion of somatostatin. E. IGF-1 stimulates the secretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland cells.
B
. Which of the following statements about hormones is correct? A. Anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus. B. All hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands are peptides. C. IGF-1 stimulates growth by increasing growth hormone secretion through positive feedback. D. All of the hypophysiotropic hormones are peptides. E. Only steroid hormones can regulate the secretion of steroid hormones.
B
If the adrenal glands were removed from a patient, his plasma cortisol levels would ________, secretion of CRH by the __________________ would __________________, and secretion of ACTH by the ______________ would _____________. A. increase; hypothalamus; decrease; anterior pituitary gland; decrease B. decrease; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase C. decrease; anterior pituitary gland; increase; hypothalamus; increase D. increase; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase E. decrease; adenohypophysis; increase; anterior pituitary gland; increase
B
If the pituitary gland is removed from a human subject, which of the following is likely to occur? A. The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production. B. The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced. C. The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH. D. The subject will remain euthyroid. E. There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
B
To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to: A. cholesterol. B. the amino acid tyrosine. C. the amino acid tryptophan. D. acetyl coenzyme A. E. the amino acid phenylalanine.
B
Which accurately describes the median eminence of the hypothalamus? A. It is the site of synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). B. It is a site where neurohormones are release into blood vessels. C. It is the site where vasopressin is released into blood vessels. D. It is the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. E. It is the main site where thyroid-stimulating hormone first enters the bloodstream.
B
Which correctly lists a function of estrogens in females and testosterone in males? A. They prevent the pubertal growth spurt. B. They are responsible for epiphyseal plate closure. C. They stimulate the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). D. They stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). E. They stimulate the reabsorption of bone.
B
Which is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone? A. increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts B. decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys C. promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium D. increases plasma [Ca2+] E. decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys
B
Which is a result of consuming a diet deficient in iodine? A. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to reduced secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland B. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and an enlarged thyroid gland C. high plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) due to a deficiency of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) D. high plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to increased secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland E. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and atrophy of the thyroid gland due to reduced concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B
Which is a result of elevated thyroid hormone levels? A. an increase in triglyceride storage B. increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity C. decreased body temperature D. mental lethargy
B
Which is most likely a characteristic of cells that secrete steroid hormones? A. They store large amounts of hormone. B. They are characterized by abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and few secretory granules. C. They contain large numbers of secretory granules. D. They are found in the anterior pituitary gland. E. They are found in the medulla of the adrenal gland.
B
Which of the following hormones is NOT usually secreted at higher levels in response to stress? A. aldosterone B. gonadotropins C. vasopressin D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. beta-endorphin
B
Which of the following statements about oxytocin is TRUE? A. Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone in their nucleus. B. Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus. C. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. D. Oxytocin's main function is to increase the rate of respiration. E. Oxytocin keeps uterine smooth muscle from contracting, so it prolongs pregnancy.
B
Which of the hormones listed below has the most profound direct effect to stimulate the increased resorption of bone when plasma Ca2+ levels decrease? A. thyroxine B. parathyroid hormone C. calcitonin D. cortisol E. insulin
B
Which statement best describes the manner in which growth hormone stimulates cell proliferation? A. It directly stimulates cell division in most tissues. B. It stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) from the liver and other target tissues of growth hormone. C. It stimulates metabolism. D. It stimulates the release of eicosanoids from lymphoid tissues. E. It stimulates sleep.
B
Which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone? A. waking from sleep B. exercise C. increased levels of IGF-I in blood D. high plasma glucose E. increased somatostatin secretion
B
Which of the following statements about hormone activation is true?
Both prohormones are inactive messengers that must undergo conversion to an active form at their site of production and conversion of testosterone to estradiol is an example of hormone activation are true.
. Deficiency of iodine in the diet results in _____________ caused by ________________. A. a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels B. atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels C. a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels D. atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) E. atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones
C
A patient goes to her doctor, complaining of fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. She also has a noticeable goiter in her neck. Which of the following is a most likely diagnosis and cause? A. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland. B. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves' disease. C. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet. D. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland.
C
Acting alone, epinephrine and thyroid hormone each stimulates release of only a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In the presence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine causes a much more substantial release of fatty acids from the cells. What is the term describing the effect of thyroid hormone on epinephrine's actions? A. antagonistic B. agonistic C. permissive D. direct E. paracrine
C
At what time in the lifespan is growth hormone secretion rate highest? A. in utero B. during childhood C. during adolescence D. during adulthood E. during senescence
C
What other hormones are known to increase during stressful situation and with the release of cotisol? Name the function
1. MAP balance = Aldosterone & Vasopressin 2. Carb mobilization=Growth Hormone 3.↑Blood glucose=Glucagon 3.Painkiller=B-endorphin 4. Fight/flight = Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (SNS)
Which of the following statements is correct?
All hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands are peptides.
