VAP 21.10-21.18

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is bicarbonate ion. sodium ion. oxygen. hemoglobin. carbon dioxide.

carbon dioxide

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the chloride shift. the Bohr effect. the BPG pathway. gas diffusion. a bicarbonate exchange.

the chloride shift

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the lungs shrink. the volume of the thorax decreases. expiration occurs. the volume of the thorax increases. the volume of the lungs decreases

the volume of the thorax increases

Carbonic anhydrase can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. is an enzyme. can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. is in RBCs. All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct? Lung cancers now account for 75 percent of new cancer cases in both men and women. Before about 1970, this disease primarily affected elderly women. About 40-55 percent of all lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. Since 1992, the incidence of lung cancer among women has been increasing.

Since 1992, the incidence of lung cancer among women has been increasing.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, tidal volumes would increase. a person would stop breathing. the respiratory minute volume would increase. pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. alveolar ventilation would increase.

a person would stop breathing

Alveolar ventilation refers to the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. movement of air into and out of the lungs. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as anatomic dead space. alveolar ventilation volume. respiratory minute volume. functional residual capacity. minimal volume

anatomic dead space

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air is termed apnea. hypoxia. respiratory distress. anoxia. apneustic breathing.

apnea

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. baroreceptor apneustic pneumotaxic expiratory chemoreceptor

apneustic

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions. solute dissolved in the plasma. carbaminohemoglobin. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. carbonic acid.

bicarbonate ions

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? decreased temperature decreased pH increased tissue PO2 decreased amounts of BPG

decreased pH

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called bronchitis. tuberculosis. emphysema. pneumonia. asthma.

emphysema

Dalton's law states that gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

In quiet breathing, inspiration and expiration are both passive. inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. 50 10 25 more than 90 75

more than 90

Emphysema: occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining.

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume respiratory minute volume anatomic dead space minimal volume

respiratory minute volume

Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen. 20 mL 30 mL 50 mL 75 mL 10 mL

20 mL

The partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately 70 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg. 95 mm Hg.

95 mm Hg