Vector-Borne Pathogens
malaria is caused by -carried by mosquitoes in the ___ genus
*eukaryotic* plasmodium falciparum -anopheles gambiae it is a protozoan parasite
habitat for anopheles gambiae
-annual precip: 330-3224 mm -max annual temp: 25-42 -min annual temp: 5-22 -max temp in wet season: 25-38 -min temp in wet season: 11-24
what is the best way to reduce/prevent plague
-reduce rodent population -reduce flea population -prevent overcrowding
what are the 3 forms of plague
1. Bubonic: enters skin through tick bite and infects the lymph system at the nearest lymph node. -50% of cases lead to death 2. Septicemia: spread directly through the blood stream from either a flea bite or through interaction with infective materials through the skin -30% of flea bites lead to the septicemic version with a 40% death rate 3. Pneumonic: secondary spread from an advanced infection from human to human without flea or rat -fatality is 100%
what are the 7 reasons that the World Health Organization lists that result in emerging infectious disease -what is an example of a disease related to each of the reasons
1. Human demographics and behavior -gonorrhea, MRSA 2. technology and industry -legionnaire's disease 3. Economic development and land use -Lyme disease 4. international travel and commerce -influenza 5. microbial adaptation and change -antibiotic resistance 6. breakdown in public health standards -cholera, E. coli 0157:H7 -salmonella, Shigella 7. catastrophic events that upset the usual host-pathogen balance -gangrene, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, etc
what are the three mechanisms for physical microbial control -give examples of each mechanism
1. heat 2. radiation 3. filtration
what pathogen causes Lyme Disease -what is its vector
Bordelaise burgdorferi, vector= ixodes scapularis
what is the name of the microorganism that causes lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
what is the definition of a vector-borne pathogen
a microbial pathogen that requires another organism for a portion of its life cycle -don't necessarily need a vertebrate animal
explain how Yersinia pestis is pathogenic
activated at 37 degrees celsius suppresses cytokine production, disrupt signaling pathways and cause apoptosis
what is the antibiotics for Yersinia pestis infections mode of action
binds to 30s ribosomal subunit and interupts translation
what pathogen causes the bubonic plague -what is its vector
caused by yersinia pests -vector: rat flea, zenopsylla cheopsis
how is malaria spread
dependent on both disease and vector 1. Speed of plasmodium development in the mosquito 2. longitudinal range of anopheles vector with plasmodium 3. elevational range of anopheles vector with plasmodium 4. change in length of transmission season
plasmodium spp. infects what
human liver and red blood cells
what is the most common vector-borne disease in developed countries
lyme disease
which form of the plague is most deadly
pneumonic
what makes a great reservoir for plague?
prairie dog
what is the morphology of the microorganism that causes lyme disease
spirochete
what is the typical antibiotic treatment for Yersinia pestis infection
streptomycin
what is an emerging infectious disease
suddenly become highly prevalent -ex: zika
what is the name of the animal that is the vector for lyme disease (genus and species)
ticks Ixodes scapularis
at what life cycle stage is this animal most dangerous for transmitting lyme disease
year 2 -nymph *when there is warmer temps*
Are there vaccines for Yersinia pestis -what kinds if so
yes -heat killed -heat attenuated -lcr-V antigen -only administered to people in high risk areas