Verhagen English CP Final part 2 (Grammar)

Subjects in Command and Directions, and Subjects in Inverted Sentences (pg.49)

*Remember (you) understood Examples: - (You) Make my lunch. - (You) Turn right at the end of the hall. -Will you meet me for lunch? - To better visualize the subject in the sentence, make into a declarative sentence - You will meet me for lunch. (subject is "you" and verb is "will" and "meet"

Linking Verbs (pg.15)

A linking verb is a verb that connects its subject with a word at or near the end of the sentence. Forms of Be (from Am to Would Have Been): am, are, is, was, were, am being, are being, is being, was being, were being can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, shall be, should be, will be, would be have been, has been, had been, could have been, may have been, might have been, must have been, shall have been, will have been, would have been Other Linking Verbs: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, stay, taste turn

Action, Transitive, and Intransitive Verbs (pg.13)

A verb is a word that expresses time while showing an action, a condition, or the fact that something exists. An action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing. Visible Action: Jeremy ate the whole pizza. Mental Action: Elena wondered about her future. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. The word that receives the action of a transitive verb is the object of the verb. Transitive: The host interviewed Sue. (Interviewed whom?) Sue Intransitive: She smiled when she won. (smiled what?) No answer

Modifying Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs; Nouns used as Adverbs (pg.27)

Adverbs Modifying Verbs, Adjectives, and Other Adverbs: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb answers one of four questions about the word it modifies: Where? When? In what manner? To what extent? Adverbs modifying verbs- drove off (Where? drove <= off) ran fast (in what manner? ran <= fast) stayed late (When? stayed <= late) completely missed (To what extent? completely => missed) Adverbs modifying Adjectives- rather special (To what extent? rather => special) Adverbs modifying Adverbs- not really happy (To what extent? not => really) Nouns used as adverbs answer the question Where? or When? about a verb. Nouns- Today is my birthday. Their home is in Daytona. Adverbs- The letter came today. (came when?) David ran home (Ran where?)

Antecedents of Pronouns (pg.5)

Antecedents of Pronouns: A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun (or group of words acting as noun). An antecedent is the noun (or group of words acting as a noun) which a pronoun stands for in a sentence. Pronouns and Antecedents: The Hobsons (antecedent) built their (pronoun) back porch themselves (pronoun). *Hobsons is the antecedent of the pronouns their and themselves.

Common and Proper Nouns (pg.3)

Common and Proper Nouns: A common noun names any one of a class of people, places or things. A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing. Each important word in a proper noun begins with a capital letter. Common nouns: book, desert, holiday, leader, car, composer, country, horse Proper Nouns: Statue of Liberty. Gettysburg Address, Jane Eyre, Mercury, Asia, Texas, Lassie, Canada

Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns (pg.9)

Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to specific people, places, or things Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those A relative pronoun begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence. Relative Pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question. Interrogative Pronouns: what, which, who, whom, whose

Adverb or Adjective? (practice page for differentiating between Adverbs and Adjectives)(pg. 29)

Distinguishing between Adjectives and Adverbs: Write whether the word in parentheses in each sentence is an adjective or an adverb. 1. The child looked (longingly) through the baker window. _______________ 2. Kathy had always been an (early) riser. _______________ 3. Why did you come so (early)? ______________ Adding adverbs and Adjectives to Sentences. If an adjective is needed in a sentence below, write the word in parentheses. If an adverb is needed, add -ly to the given word. Example: The little girl curtsied gracefully. (graceful) 1. Most of my friends exercise ______________________. (regular) 2. This muscle feels _______________ from moving all that furniture (sore) 3. We made a serious mistake, but an _______________ one. (honest)

Linking Verb or Action Verb? (practice page for differentiating between linking and action verbs)(pg.17)

Distinguishing between Linking Verbs and Action Verbs: Write whether each sentence contains a linking verb or an action verb. 1. The driver turned the corner too quickly. ______________ 2. The singer appeared slightly nervous. ________________ 3. After a half an hour, my date finally appeared. _______________ Adding Verbs to Sentences: Fill in each blank within the sentence with an appropriate verb. On the blank at the right, write AV for each action verb and LV for each linking verb. 1. Litmus paper __________ blue in an alkaline solution. __________ 2. Allison __________ the pages quickly, looking for the answer. __________ 3. Johnson Farm __________ the best corn in the area. __________

Prepositions or Adverb? (practice page for differentiating between Prepositions and Adverbs)(pg.33)

Distinguishing between Prepositions and Adverbs: Write whether the word in parentheses in each sentence is a preposition or and adverb. 1. Once inside, we took our jackets (off). ____________ 2. Last weekend, my parents moved the living-room furniture (around). ____________ 3. The splinter is just (below) the surface of the skin. ______________ Adding Prepositions and Adverbs to Sentences: Add a word that is appropriate to the meaning of both sentences in each pair. In the sentence in which the word is used as a preposition, circle its object. 1. a. The cake has two layers with jelly __________. b. The Delaware River forms a lengthy boundary ____________ two states. 2. a. This sweater was made __________ hand. b. When will the parade pass _____________? 3. a. Did you remember to run the oven _____________? b. Hannah put a twenty-cent stamp ______________ the envelope.

Indefinite Pronouns (pg.11)

Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones. Indefinite Pronouns: Singular- another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Indefinite Pronouns: Plural- both, fews, many, others, several Singular or Plural- all, any, more, most, none, some

Concrete, Abstract, and Compound Nouns (pg.1)

Nouns as Names: A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. Nouns that name things that can be seen, touched, or recognized through any of the five senses are called concrete nouns. Nouns that name things cannot be recognized through any of the five senses are called abstract nouns. Concrete Nouns: beach, tree, moose, Judy, hotel, sand, Europe, table Abstract Nouns: dismay, happiness, wisdom, courage, treatment, honor, decision, oppression Compound Nouns: A compound noun is a noun that is made up of more than one word. Types of Compound Nouns: Separate Words- soap opera and fire engines Hyphenated Words- Jack-of-all-trades and Commander-in-Chief Combined Words- dishwater and toothbrush

Proper and Compound Adjectives and Nouns used as Adjectives (pg.23)

Nouns used as Adjectives: A noun used as an adjective answers the question What Kind? or Which One? about a noun that follows it. Nouns: automobile and Consumer Nouns used as Adjectives: automobile mechanic (What kind of mechanic?) consumer reporter (Which reporter?) Proper and Compound Adjectives: A compound adjective is an adjective that is made up of more than one word. Hyphenated- upside-down cake and full-scale rebellion Combined- Hawaiian pineapples and keynote speaker A proper adjective is an adjective formed from a proper noun. Proper Nouns- Hawaii and Athens Proper Adjectives- Hawaiian pineapples and Athenian temple

Personal, Reflexive, and Intensive Pronouns (pg.7)

Personal, Reflexive, and Intensive Pronouns: Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking, the person spoken to, or the person, place, or thing spoken about. A reflexive pronoun ends in -self or -selves and adds information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence. An intensive pronoun ends in -self or -selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. Personal Pronouns: Singular- I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its Plural- we, us, our, ours, you, your, yours, they, them, their, theirs Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns: Singular- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural- ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Pronouns and Verbs used as Adjectives (pg.25)

Pronouns used as Adjectives: A pronoun is an adjective if it modifies a noun. The chart below summarizes the kind of pronouns used as adjectives. Possessive adjectives- my, its, your, our, his, their, her Demonstrative adjectives- this, that, these, those Interrogative Adjectives- which, what, whose Indefinite Adjectives- Singular: Another, each, either, neither Plural: both, few, many, several Either: all, any other, more some, most Verbs used as Adjectives: Verbs ending in -ing and -ed may sometimes be used as adjectives. Verbs used as verbs- Paul is amusing the children. Karen has broken her ankle. Verbs used as Adjectives- He told them an amusing story. Her broken ankle is in a cast.

Helping Verbs (pg.19)

Recognizing Helping Verbs: Helping verbs are verbs that can be added to another verb to make a single verb phrase. Any of the forms of be as well as some other common verbs can be used as helping verbs. Helping Verbs other than Be- do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must Finding Helping Verbs in Sentences: Other words may sometimes separate helping verbs from the key verb in a sentence. Uninterrupted Verb Phrase- We [will be] visiting you in July. Interrupted Verb Phrase- We have not yet visited the White House.

The Process of Modification (pg.21)

The Process of Modification: An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning. Adjectives answer the question What kind? Which one? How many? or How much? about the nouns or pronouns they modify. Adjective Questions (A/An/The => articles => noun marker): What Kind? happy child Small bird Which One? next room First place How Many? several people Three days How Much? little work enough money

Words used as Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases (pg.31)

Words used as Prepositions: A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence. Prepositions- Jason set the package [on, under, near, next to] the table. Prepositional Phrases: A preposition phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition. Prepositional Phrases: Prepositions- between, around, on account of Objects of Prepositions- them, the museum, the severe weather conditions.