Biology II Exam Two
Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells. A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells. B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells. C) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is roughly equal. D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.
A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.
If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice extensive extracellular matrix and few cells, which tissue type would you most suspect? A) connective B) muscle C) epithelial D) nervous
A) connective
Roots and shoots are similar in that: A. both roots and shoots contain a waxy band around their endodermal cells, protecting the vascular tissue. B. primary growth in both roots and shoots results from the apical meristem. C. actively growing roots are much thicker than stems. D. the root and shoot apical meristems are both covered by a protective cap when actively growing. E. new meristem in the roots and shoots develop from the pericycle.
B. primary growth in both roots and shoots results from the apical meristem.
In which of the following mammalian heart chambers would deoxygenated blood be found? A. right atrium and left atrium B. right atrium and right ventricle C. left atrium and right ventricle D. left atrium and left ventricle E. right atrium and left ventricle
B. right atrium and right ventricle
Which of the following are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing for greater access to nutrients in the soil? A. root Casparian strips B. root hairs C. root nodules D. root parenchyma
B. root hairs
Plants absorb ____ with their leaves and ___ with their roots. A. water and nutrients; sunlight and CO2 B. sunlight and CO2; water and nutrients C. CO2 and water and sunlight; CO2 and nutrients D. CO2 and nutrients and sunlight; water and nutrients
B. sunlight and CO2; water and nutrients
Ruminants are uniquely able to digest plant material because: A. they have specially shaped teeth that help break down cellulose better. B. their digestive system has special chambers that house microbes that produce enzymes that make it possible. C. their digestive system cells produce enzymes that make it possible.
B. their digestive system has special chambers that house microbes that produce enzymes that make it possible.
Diffusion is an effective way to exchange gases over short distances, but not over large distances. A. false B. true
B. true
Which of the following is TRUE? A.Fish gills allow oxygen to be taken up from water in a concurrent flow mechanism. B.Alveoli increase the surface area in the lungs for maximal diffusion of oxygen into the blood. C.Oxygen requires a transport protein to move into a capillary. D.Bronchioles in the lungs branch off to form bronchi.
B.Alveoli increase the surface area in the lungs for maximal diffusion of oxygen into the blood.
Which type of flow is more efficient? A.Concurrent flow B.Countercurrent flow C.They are equally efficient
B.Countercurrent flow
The middle lamella in plant tissues is most similar in function to _____ of animal cells. A.Gap junctions B.Desmosomes C.Plasmodesmata D.Integrins
B.Desmosomes
Water transport is an active process. A.True B.False
B.False
If the Na+/K+ ATPase is inhibited by a toxin, what will happen to glucose transport from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood?' A.More glucose will be transported into the blood. B.Less glucose will be transported into the blood. C.Glucose will move backwards from the blood to the lumen. D.Glucose transport will not be affected.
B.Less glucose will be transported into the blood.
If the Na+/K+ ATPase is inhibited by a toxin, what will happen to Na+ concentrations? A.Na+ concentrations will increase in the lumen of the small intestine. B.Na+ concentrations will increase inside the epithelial cells of the small intestine. C.Na+ concentrations will not change
B.Na+ concentrations will increase inside the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
Vascular tissue includes which cell types? A.Parenchyma only B.Parenchyma and sclerenchyma C.Sclerenchyma only D.Collenchyma only
B.Parenchyma and sclerenchyma
Translocation requires active transport Sucrose transport is an example of _____ transport. A.Primary active B.Secondary active C.Facilitated diffusion
B.Secondary active
The movement of glucose via the glucose-Na+ co-transporter is an example of: A.Primary active transport B.Secondary active transport C.Diffusion D.Facilitated diffusion
B.Secondary active transport
Digestion of proteins begins in the ____ and is completed in the _______. A.mouth; stomach B.Stomach; small intestine C.Mouth; small intestine D.Mouth; large intestine E.Stomach; large intestine
B.Stomach; small intestine
_______ is the process that drives water transport, in which water moves towards parts of the plant with _______ water potential. A.Transpiration; more positive B.Transpiration; more negative C.Respiration; more positive D.Respiration; more negative
B.Transpiration; more negative
D. cells
B.collagen
The basal lamina is: A.connective tissue that supports epithelia. B.made of ECM that connects epithelia to another type of tissue. C.the lower membrane of an epithelial cell. D.the part of the epithelial cell exposed to the environment.
B.made of ECM that connects epithelia to another type of tissue.
Which type of cell junction forms a tight seal that prevents leakage between epithelial cells? A.gap junctions B.tight junctions C.plasmodesmata D.desmosomes
B.tight junctions
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A) pinching the edges of the cube into small folds B) flattening the cube into a pancake shape C) rounding the clay up into a sphere D) stretching the cube into a long, shoebox shape
C) rounding the clay up into a sphere
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll. B. Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system. C. Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both. D. The veins in a leaf are continuous with the veins of a stem. E. The pith of a stem is composed of parenchyma and is often important in food storage.
C. Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
The first animals that evolved had the simplest digestive systems; sea anemones are a good example . What is true of these digestive systems? A. There are many complex organs with different functions. B. There is a mouth and an anus. C. There is only a mouth. D. There is only an anus.
C. There is only a mouth.
Diffusion of materials between the blood and body tissues occurs at which of the following blood vessels? A. venules B. arterioles C. capillaries D. arteries E. veins
C. capillaries
Which of the following would you NOT find in a plant ECM? A. pectin B. polysaccharides C. collagen D. lignin E. all of these would be found in plant ECM
C. collagen
You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely ________. A. muscle tissue B. nervous tissue C. epithelial tissue D. connective tissue
C. epithelial tissue
In which direction would phloem sap flow if there were a greater concentration of sucrose molecules in the roots compared to the leaves? A. from leaf to root B. There would not be enough turgor pressure to move the sap. C. from root to leaf
C. from root to leaf
Transpiration: A. decreases during active photosynthesis/gas exchange. B. is the movement of water from low water potential to high water potential. C. is the driving force of water transport. D. All of the above are correct.
C. is the driving force of water transport.
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________. A. it contains more than one type of cell B. its cells can move from place to place C. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix D. it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body
C. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
Roots elongate continuously during primary growth in order to _____________. A. act as a carbohydrate sink B. obtain O2 C. mine new regions of soil for water and minerals
C. mine new regions of soil for water and minerals
Carnivorous plants trap and kill animals; they usually grow in places where ___ is limiting, and thus obtain it from digesting the animal bodies and absorbing their nutrients. A. potassium B. sugar C. nitrogen D. CO2 E. water
C. nitrogen
Sucrose loading into companion cells requires active transport at the source. Active transport involves ________. A. diffusion of sucrose through the lipid bilayer of a membrane B. production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) C. pumping of sucrose across the membrane D. transport of sucrose down a concentration gradient
C. pumping of sucrose across the membrane
Salivary amylase: A. starts the chemical digestion of proteins in the mouth. B. starts the chemical digestion of fats in the mouth. C. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. D. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the stomach. E. starts the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach.
C. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
A mutation in the gene encoding a cadherin has a deletion in the segment that codes for the portion on the surface of the cell. What phenotype might you observe? A.Cells that aren't able to communicate. B.Cells that can't secrete extracellular matrix. C.Cells that aren't properly adhered to one another. D.Cells that don't have a tight seal in their extracellular space.
C.Cells that aren't properly adhered to one another.
K+ is an example of a cation nutrient. How is K+ taken up by the root? A.It diffuses into roots down a concentration gradient. B.It is pumped in using primary active transport. C.Secondary active transport via a channel. D.Facilitated diffusion via a channel
C.Secondary active transport via a channel.
What is the main benefit of having hemoglobin in the blood? A. It increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. B. It keeps oxygen separated from carbon dioxide within the blood. C. It increases the solubility of carbon dioxide in the blood plasma. D. It is an important source of iron for body cells. E. All of the answer options are correct.
A. It increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood.
How can you always distinguish a root cross section from a stem cross section? A. Roots have their vascular tissues in the stele in the center of the root, and stems do not. B. Roots have vascular bundles, stems do not. C. Roots have a pith in the middle, stems do not. D. Roots have stomatal guard cells, and stems do not.
A. Roots have their vascular tissues in the stele in the center of the root, and stems do not.
Imagine you are studying the turgor pressure at two different ends of a sieve tube. One end of the sieve tube is located within a mature leaf, and the other end is located within the roots. When comparing the turgor pressure within the sieve tube at these two locations, what would you expect to find? A. The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end. B. Turgor pressure will not exist at either location. C. The turgor pressure will be the same at the leaf and root ends. D. The turgor pressure will be greater at the root end.
A. The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end.
If the partial pressure of oxygen outside of a cell is 100 mmHg and the partial pressure of oxygen inside of a cell is 25 mmHg, which of the following statements is correct? A. There will be a net movement of oxygen from outside the cell to inside the cell. B. There will be a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the cell. C. There will be a net movement of oxygen from inside the cell to outside the cell. D. There will be no net movement of oxygen in either direction. E. There will be a net movement of carbon dioxide into the cell.
A. There will be a net movement of oxygen from outside the cell to inside the cell.
The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates ________. A. absorption B. exocytosis C. filtration D. secretion
A. absorption
Photosynthesis is most efficient in leaf shapes that are: A. adapted to the environmental conditions to where the plant is growing. B. small, flat and broad. C. large, flat and broad. D. needle-shaped. E. modified to spines/thorns.
A. adapted to the environmental conditions to where the plant is growing.
Cell adhesion in animals is via proteins called ____, while cell adhesion in plants is via polysaccharides called ___. A. cadherins; pectins B. gap junctions; plasmodesmata C. collagen; cellulose D. integrins; plasmodesmata
A. cadherins; pectins
A high concentration of glucose is built up in the epithelial cells of the digestive system by the glucose/Na+ co-transporter along the apical side of the cells. Glucose then moves down its concentration gradient across the basal side, and continues to move down a concentration gradient into the bloodstream. The movement out of the epithelial cells on the basal side occurs via: A. facilitated diffusion B. simple diffusion C. osmosis D. primary active transport E. secondary active transport
A. facilitated diffusion
Where does most nutrient uptake occur in roots? A. in the zone of maturation by root hairs B. at the root cap C. at the Casparian strip via the apoplast D. at the root apical meristem
A. in the zone of maturation by root hairs
Which has the highest pO2? A. pO2 in air in the alveoli B. pO2 in blood arriving to the lungs C. pO2 in blood leaving the lungs D. pO2 in blood arriving at a working muscle cell E. pO2 in blood leaving a working muscle cell 6. pO2 in the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
A. pO2 in air in the alveoli
The type of plant cell that functions primarily in photosynthesis and storage, is A. parenchyma. B. collenchyma. C. sclerenchyma. D. All of these cells do photosynthesis and storage.
A. parenchyma.
Which of the following macromolecules are broken down by pepsin? A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. nucleic acids E. All of these answer options are correct.
A. proteins
Salivary amylase: A. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. B. starts the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach. C. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the stomach. D. starts the chemical digestion of proteins in the mouth. E. starts the mechanical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
A. starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
The extracellular proteins that form cell to cell connections in desmosomes are called: A.Cadherins B.Gap junctions C.Tight junctions D.Integrins E.Collagen
A.Cadherins
In water, oxygen has a pO2 of 140. A microscopic organism has a pO2 of 100. Oxygen will: A.Diffuse into the cell B.Diffuse out of the cell C.Not undergo diffusion.
A.Diffuse into the cell
The surface area/volume ratio of leaves is ___ than the ratio of roots. A.Higher than B.Lower than C.Equal to
A.Higher than
Glucose and other nutrients absorbed in the small intestine will circulate in the bloodstream. Which of the following do you think they will reach first? A.The heart B.The lungs C.The muscle cells in your finger
A.The heart
D. high pressure potential at the source. A.The shoot tip and young leaves are strong sources for the leaves below. B.Sugars can be transported both up and down in plants. C.Storage organs like roots and potato tubers can be sources. D.The seeds in a developing fruit are a strong sink. E.The seed of a germinating plant is a source.
A.The shoot tip and young leaves are strong sources for the leaves below.
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.3 M sucrose. The solution has a Ys of -1.5 MPa. The plant cell has a Ys of -3.0 MPa and a Yp of +1.0. Immediately after placing the cell in the sucrose solution, what will happen? A.Water will flow in. B.Water will flow out. C.No net water movement. D.The cell will burst.
A.Water will flow in.
A type of tissue where cells are joined together to form layers of cells that often line external or internal surfaces is called a(n): A.epithelium B.integrin C.tight junction D.middle lamella
A.epithelium
What is a major difference between the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a plant cell and the ECM of an animal cell? A) Plant ECM is composed primarily of proteins, whereas animal ECM is mainly carbohydrates. B) Plant ECM is primarily carbohydrate in nature, whereas animal ECM is mainly proteins. C) Plant and animal ECMs are quite similar in structure, composition, and function. D) Plant ECM has rigid fiber component and ground substance, whereas animal ECM only contains the ground substance
B) Plant ECM is primarily carbohydrate in nature, whereas animal ECM is mainly proteins.
In roots, the vascular tissue is A) Organized in vascular bundles B) Surrounded by the endodermis C) Found outside of the dermal tissue D) composed of xylem only
B) Surrounded by the endodermis
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________. A) less surface area B) less surface area per unit of volume C) the same surface-area-to-volume ratio D) less volume
B) less surface area per unit of volume
A plant cell has a water potential (Ψw) of -1 MPa, and is flaccid, having a turgor potential (Ψp) of 0 MPa. What is the solute potential (Ψs) of this cell? A. +1 MPa B. -1 MPa C. 0 MPa D. -2 MPa E. +2 MPa
B. -1 MPa
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the digestive system? A. Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth to initiate digestion of carbohydrates. B. Lipases in the small intestine break lipids into glycerol and free fatty acids. C. Nutrient absorption takes place primarily in the small intestine. D. As food passes through the liver it is mixed with bile which breaks large clusters of fats into smaller droplets. E. In the stomach, the presence of food produces gastrin, which leads to a lowering of pH, which then activates pepsin for digestion of proteins.
B. Lipases in the small intestine break lipids into glycerol and free fatty acids.
Which of the following statements is false? A. Amphibians and most reptiles have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria and one ventricle. B. There is a complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation in amphibians and most reptiles. C. Diving reptiles can alter the pattern of blood circulation to bypass their lungs when submerged. D. Reptiles generally have a three-chambered heart with a ridge in the ventricle to partially separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
B. There is a complete separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation in amphibians and most reptiles.
The cell walls plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? A. They must provide a rigid structure that maintains a ratio of cell surface area to volume that does not change. B. They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cell and then transported out of the cell. C. They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. D. They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.
B. They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cell and then transported out of the cell.
Similar to animals, in plants, cells are organized into distinct tissues and organ systems. A. False B. True
B. True
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. Water will flow out of the cell. B. Water will flow into the cell. C. Nothing will happen. D. The cell will burst.
B. Water will flow into the cell.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding xylem and phloem transport? A. Xylem transport cells are dead at maturity; phloem transport cells are alive at maturity. B. Xylem water transport requires energy; phloem sugar loading/transport is always a passive process. C. Xylem transport cells are sclerenchyma, phloem transport cells are parenchyma. D. Passive movement of water plays an important role in both water and phloem transport
B. Xylem water transport requires energy; phloem sugar loading/transport is always a passive process.
Sclerenchyma cells: A. have unevenly thickened cell walls. B. are dead at maturity. C. make up the bulk of most plant tissues. D. have thin primary cell walls.
B. are dead at maturity.
Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of __________. A. cells that run the length of the plant B. cells that are living C. cells that transport solutes
B. cells that are living
Normal development, function and repair of the sensory epithelia in the inner ear are all dependent on proper cell junctions. Mutations in the connexin genes GJB2 and GJB6 disrupt the connections between adjacent cells in the epithelia of the cochlea. It is believed that disruption of these connections leads to a disruption of the proper flow of K+ ions from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next cell, leading to deafness. The disrupted junctions described above are: A. plasmodesmata B. gap junctions C. tight junctions D. adherens junctions
B. gap junctions
Which of the following correctly describes the path of a drop of blood leaving the human heart? A. heart → veins → venules → capillaries → arterioles → arteries → heart B. heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart C. heart → arteries → veins → capillaries → arterioles → venules → heart D. heart → venules → veins → capillaries → arteries → arterioles → heart E. heart → arterioles → arteries → capillaries → veins → venules → heart
B. heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
Which of the following describes the correct path of air through the human respiratory system? A. trachea, bronchi, larynx, bronchioles, alveoli B. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli C. trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli D. larynx, bronchioles, trachea, bronchi, alveoli E. bronchi, trachea, larynx, bronchioles, alveoli
B. larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Plant symbiosis with ____ has allowed more than 80% of plant species to access both phosphorus and nitrogen in soil primarily via increased surface area of the root and symbiotic organism. A. nitrogen fixing bacteria B. mycorrhizal fungi C. rhizobia D. parasites E. epiphytes
B. mycorrhizal fungi
In the heart of a fish, where would you expect to find oxygenated blood? A. atrium B. nowhere; oxygenated blood does not travel through a fish heart C. ventricle
B. nowhere; oxygenated blood does not travel through a fish heart
Removing plants from an area, as occurs when crops are harvested, removes a great deal of nitrogen. One of the ways farmers enable soils to naturally recover nitrogen content is: A. adding bacteria to the soil. B. planting the field with legumes. C. leaving the soil bare and removing any plants that would consume nitrogen. D. adding industrially produced fertilizer.
B. planting the field with legumes.
How does oxygen get into our circulatory system? A. It diffuses from our lungs directly into our hearts. B. It is co-transported with CO2; both move against a concentration gradient from the alveoli of the lungs into capillaries. C. It is actively transported from the alveoli of our lungs into capillaries. D. It is actively transported from our lungs into our hearts. E. It diffuses from the alveoli of our lungs into capillaries.
E. It diffuses from the alveoli of our lungs into capillaries.
Applying fungicides to plants may result in a phosphorus deficiency. What is the most likely explanation for this observation? A. The fungicide inhibits nitrogen fixation. B. The fungicide destroys phosphorus transporters in the plasma membrane of root cells. C. After fungicide is sprayed, plant cell walls impede the uptake of phosphorus to limit the amount of fungicide that enters the plant. D. The fungicide blocks ATP synthesis in the plant cells, so phosphorus cannot be absorbed into plant cells. E. The fungicide destroys mycorrhizal symbionts.
E. The fungicide destroys mycorrhizal symbionts.
The pulmonary veins: A. carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. B. carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium. C. carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. D. carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium. E. carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
E. carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is ________. A. basal lamina B. nervous tissue C. muscle tissue D. epithelial tissue E. connective tissue
E. connective tissue
Which type of tissue is characterized by having few cells and lots of extracellular matrix? A. muscle tissue B. nervous tissue C. basal lamina D. epithelial tissue E. connective tissue
E. connective tissue
Countercurrent exchange is found in ____ where _____. A. fish gills; oxygen rich blood flows in the opposite direction of oxygen poor water. B. vertebrate lungs; oxygen rich blood flows in the opposite direction of oxygen poor water. C. fish gills; oxygen rich water flows in the same direction of oxygen poor blood. D. vertebrate lungs; oxygen rich water flows in the opposite direction of oxygen poor blood. E. fish gills; oxygen rich water flows in the opposite direction of oxygen poor blood.
E. fish gills; oxygen rich water flows in the opposite direction of oxygen poor blood.
Which of the following statements about open and closed circulatory systems is FALSE? a.Open circulatory systems use muscular hearts to pump blood through blood vessels, whereas closed circulatory systems lack any kind of muscular pump. b.Closed circulatory systems operate under higher pressure than open circulatory systems. c.Closed circulatory systems can more effectively control the flow of blood to specific body regions than open circulatory systems. d.Closed circulatory systems have higher resistance to flow than open circulatory systems.
a. Open circulatory systems use muscular hearts to pump blood through blood vessels, whereas closed circulatory systems lack any kind of muscular pump.
Which of the following correctly matches a digestive system organ with function? a.Stomach - produces amylase b.Liver - secretes pepsin c.Small intestine - nutrient digestion and absorption d.Large intestine - secretes pepsin e.Gallbladder - produces bile
c.Small intestine - nutrient digestion and absorption
How is pressure generated to drive the flow of sugars from leaves to sinks within the plant? A.Sucrose is actively transported out of phloem cells located in the leaves. Water then exits the phloem by osmosis. This causes a decrease in turgor pressure in the phloem cells located in the leaves. B.Phloem cells in leaves contract to generate pressure. This causes sucrose to move down through the rest of the plant. C.Sucrose is actively transported into phloem cells located in the leaves. Water then enters the phloem by osmosis. This causes an increase in turgor pressure in the phloem cells located in the leaves. D.Sugars and water are transported into xylem cells. Turgor pressure increases in xylem, which drives the movement of sugars from the leaves.
C.Sucrose is actively transported into phloem cells located in the leaves. Water then enters the phloem by osmosis. This causes an increase in turgor pressure in the phloem cells located in the leaves.
Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is FALSE? A.All plant cells have primary cell walls; some cells may also secrete a secondary cell wall. B.The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, formed while the cells are still growing. C.The primary cell wall contains an abundance of collagen D.The secondary cell wall contains complex components such as lignin that are rigid.
C.The primary cell wall contains an abundance of collagen
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding respiration in mammals? A. O2 diffuses from the capillaries into the air in the alveoli. B. Air moves in a uni-directional fashion through the lungs. C. Gas exchange occurs in the bronchioles. D. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
D. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
You are studying a species of plant that makes many lateral roots. You search and search for a mutant of this species that cannot make lateral roots, because you want to find a plant that lacks _______ cells in the root. A. Vascular cambium B. Endodermal C. Root hair D. Pericycle
D. Pericycle
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. The cell will burst. B. Nothing will happen. C. Water will flow into the cell. D. Water will flow out of the cell.
D. Water will flow out of the cell.
The basal lamina is: A. an area found wherever two different types of tissues meet. B. the layer of cells found beneath all animal epithelial tissues. C. the space between two adjacent plant cells' cell walls. D. a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all animal epithelial tissues.
D. a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all animal epithelial tissues.
Epithelial tissues have a polarity, where one side is called apical and ____ and the other sides is called basolateral and ___. A. connects to the basal lamina and connective tissue; faces the environment B. is where diffusion primarily occurs; is where cadherins anchor neighboring cells together C. is where cadherins anchor neighboring cells together; is where diffusion primarily occurs D. faces the environment; connects to the basal lamina and connective tissue
D. faces the environment; connects to the basal lamina and connective tissue
The movement of sucrose from source to sink is driven by: A. low pressure potential at the source B. high pressure potential at the sink. C. transpiration at the sink. D. high pressure potential at the source.
D. high pressure potential at the source.
Which of the following would typically be considered a major carbohydrate source in vascular plants? A. seeds B. roots C. flowers D. mature leaves
D. mature leaves
The ability of plants to change their form depending on the environment is called____. A. totipotent B. transformation C. transpiration D. phenotypic plasticity
D. phenotypic plasticity
Plant cells can communicate from cell to cell via: A. desmosomes B. gap junctions C. intermediate filaments D. plasmodesmata
D. plasmodesmata
When roots take up mineral ions, they are built up against their concentration gradient. Both anion and cation transport utilizes an electrochemical gradient set up by proton pumps. Therefore, mineral ion transport is generally considered to be: A. osmosis B. primary active transport C. diffusion D. secondary active transport
D. secondary active transport
Which of the following correctly matches a digestive system organ with its function? A. large intestine - secretion of bile B. liver - storage of bile C. small intestine - secretion of pepsin D. stomach - storage of food and some digestion of protein E. pancreas - compartment where fats are digested
D. stomach - storage of food and some digestion of protein
Many adaptations in plants and animals increase surface area. Which of the following is NOT an example of a tissue with increased surface area? A. branched systems of capillaries in animals and roots in plants B. flattened leaf surfaces in plants C. folded villi of animal digestive tracts D. thick rounded storage tubers of plants E. flattened gill lamellae of fish
D. thick rounded storage tubers of plants
Dermal tissue in plants includes specialized cell types including: A. xylem and phloem. B. tracheids and vessels. C. cuticle. D. trichomes and stomata.
D. trichomes and stomata.
Tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells are components of: A. dermal tissue. B. ground tissue. C. meristematic tissue. D. vascular tissue.
D. vascular tissue.
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.3 M sucrose. The solution has a Ys of -1.5 MPa. The plant cell has a Ys of -3.0 MPa and a Yp of +1.0. You allow the cell to come to equilibrium in the sucrose solution. What will the pressure potential (Yp) of the cell be after equilibrium? A.-1.5 MPa B.-1 MPa C.+1 MPa D.+1.5 MPa
D.+1.5 MPa
Tree A is 5 meters tall, and tree B is 10 meters tall. Which tree has to expend more energy to move water up the trunk due to cohesion-tension and transpiration? A.Tree A B.Tree B C.Both trees expend the same amount of energy, since energy used in pumping water up the trunk in a tree is constant. D.Both trees expend virtually no energy, since water movement up the trunk of a tree is driven by evaporation of water from leaves.
D.Both trees expend virtually no energy, since water movement up the trunk of a tree is driven by evaporation of water from leaves.
What important role does the endodermis play in roots? A.The endodermis increases surface area to facilitate the absorption of as much water from the soil as possible. B.The endodermis provides the oxygen needed for root growth. C.The endodermis passively transports toxins from the soil into the root cortex. D.The endodermis acts as a selective filter and prevents certain ions and toxins from entering the xylem.
D.The endodermis acts as a selective filter and prevents certain ions and toxins from entering the xylem.
Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood? A.The right and left atria B.The right and left ventricle C.The right atrium and ventricle D.The left atrium and ventricle
D.The left atrium and ventricle
Rhizobium bacteria are found in the roots of plants such as legumes (e.g., peas and beans). These bacteria: A.help legumes absorb more water from the soil B.help legumes exclude sodium and toxic heavy metals from entering their roots C.help legumes increase the amount of nutrients (e.g., sodium and phosphorous) absorbed from the soil D.form nodules where nitrogen fixation can occur E.are responsible for major diseases, including leaf rot disease in legumes
D.form nodules where nitrogen fixation can occur
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. +2 MPa B. -1 MPa C. +1 MPa D. -0.5 MPa E. 0 MPa
E. 0 MPa
How many molecules of O2 can a single hemoglobin molecule carry when fully saturated? A. 8 B. 2 C. 1 D. 16 E. 4
E. 4
Solute potential A. is one of the factors determining how water moves between cells B. is always negative (except for in pure water) C. becomes more negative as the solute concentration increases D. A and B E. All of the above
E. All of the above
What is the advantage for birds and mammals of having a four-chambered heart? A. It allows for complete separation of systemic and pulmonary circulation. B. It allows for complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. C. It allows for different pressures in the systemic and pulmonary circuits. D. It allows for increased supply of oxygenated blood to active tissues. E. All of the above are correct.
E. All of the above are correct.
In the heart of a reptile or amphibian, where would you expect to find oxygenated blood? A. in the right atrium B. in the left atrium C. mixed with de-oxygenated blood in a common ventricle D. mixed with de-oxygenated blood in the right ventricle E. B and C
E. B and C
Which cell types are alive at maturity? A.Sclerenchyma B.Parenchyma C.Collenchyma D.A and B E.B and C
E. B and C
Arrange the following events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses from xylem into nearby sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Water diffuses into nearby xylem. 4. Sugar is actively transported into companion cells and diffuses into sieve tubes via plasmodesmata. 5. Sugar is transported into sink tissues. 6. Sugar moves down the stem.
2,4,3,1,6,5
Place the following four steps of animal nutrition in order, beginning with taking food into the digestive tract. i. Absorption ii. Digestion iii. Elimination iv. Ingestion
iv, ii, i, iii
