Vertebral column, abdominal muscles
What is the function of the spinous process?
*Attachment site for muscles and ligaments* that move and stabilize the vertebral column
What is the outer collar of the intervertebral disc?
Anulus fibrosus
What is the function of the transverse process?
Attachment site for muscles and ligaments
How do you tell if it's a thoracic vertebrae?
Body is smaller, transverse processes are thick and are anterior, angled at 45 degrees, longer, allows rotation but cant bend backward or forward
What curvatures concave posteriorly? (also called secondary curvatures)
Cervical and lumbar curvatures
Which vertebral column ligament is thin and relatively weak?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What way does the abdominal cavity project?
Projects superiorly into the rib cage
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
Spinal nerve and spinal cord pass through
What does the inferior articular process join with on each vertebrae?
Superior articular process
What structure do the ventral rami of the sacral spinal nerves go through?
Ventral foramina
What is the function of the body of a vertebrae?
bears weight
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs
What does the sternal end of the ribs articulate with?
costal cartilage
What is the function of the erector spinae muscles?
extend vertebral column/stand up
What is the sternal body?
makes up bulk of sternum
Which are the "true ribs"?
1-7
What does the head of the rib articulate with on the vertebrae? (2 spots)
- Inferior demi facet of superior vertebrae -superior demi facet of inferior vertebrae
How many vertebrae are there?
-24 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar)
What is the coccyx?
-3-5 fused vertebrae -most inferior part
What is the sacrum?
-5 fused vertebrae - articulates hip bones of pelvis
What is the atlas vertebrae?
-C1 -no spinous process, transverse foramen, big joint surfaces -holds up head
What is the axis vertebrae?
-C2 -odd shaped, transverse foramen, dens sticks inferiorly
What is the function of the transversus abdominus?
-Unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column -bilateral: compression of abdominal contents, flex the vertebral column
What is the function of the external oblique?
-Unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column to same side, rotate the opposite side -Bilateral: flex the vertebral column, compress abdominal contents
What is the function of the internal oblique?
-Unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column to the same side, rotate to the same side -Bilateral: flex the vertebral column, compress abdominal contents
Why are they called the "floating ribs"?
-becasue they do not articulate with the sternum -lie in muscles of body wall
What are the three layers of skin in the abdominal wall?
-camper's facia (superficial fat) -scarpa's fascia (thin membrane) -investing fascia (superficial to muscle)
What are the three layers of muscle in the abdominal wall?
-endoabdominal fascia (deep to muscle) -exterperitoneal fascia (fat layer) -parietal peritoneum
What is the function of the rectus abdominus?
-flex vertebral column, tilt pelvis posteriorly, compress abdominal wall
What is the xiphoid process?
-forms the inferior end of the sternum -ossifies around age 40
What is the sternal angle?
-is where the manubirum meets the sternal body. -acts as hinge; allowing sternal body to swing anteriorly as we inhale
What makes up the sternum?
-manubrium (superior) -sternal angle -body (middle) -xiphisternal joint -xiphiod process (inferior)
What is the function of the thoracic cage?
-protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs -attachment site for many muscles of the back, neck, chest and shoulders -support shoulder girdle and upper limbs
What are the two features of the manubrium?
-suprasternal notch (aka jugular notch): central indentation of the superior border -clavicular notches: articulate with clavicles
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
-thoracic vertebrae posteriorly -ribs laterally -sternum and costal cartilage anteriorly
what are the functions of the vertebral column?
-transmits weight from trunk to lower limbs -protects spinal cord -attachment point for ribs -attachment for neck and back muscles
What are the main muscles of abdominal wall?
-transversus abdominus - linea alba -internal oblique -external oblique -rectus abdominus
What is the xiphisternal joint?
-where the left and right costal margins diverge -between xiphoid process and sternal body
Which are the "floating ribs"? (part of the "false ribs")
11 & 12
Which are the "false ribs"?
8-12
What is the function of the curvatures?
Acts as a spring
What are the two major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Which vertebral column ligament is strong and wide?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What structure do the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves go through?
Dorsal foramina
What are the muscles of the outer layer of the trunk wall?
External oblique, external intercostals
What are smooth joint surfaces called?
Facets
What are ribs composed of?
Hyaline costal cartilage
What are the three erector spinae muscles?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
What are the muscles of the middle layer of the trunk wall?
Internal oblique, internal intercostals
What is a cushion-like pad that's composed of 2 spaces?
Intervertebral discs
How do you tell if it's a lumbar vertebrae?
Large body bears a lot of weight, prevents rotation at lumbar level, allows flexion and extension, short spinous processes.
What passes through the intervertebral foramen?
Nerves from the spinal cord
What is the inner sphere of the intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus
What are the three concentric musculotendinous layers of the trunk wall?
Outer layer, middle layer, inner layer
What is the trunk midline? (technically it's a concentric musculotendinous layer)
Paired rectus abdominus and sternum
What shape does the vertebrae have regularly?
S shape
What is the structure where the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity?
Sacral promontory
What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
Shock absorption
What does the diaphragm separate?
Thoracic and abdominal cavities
What curvatures convex posteriorly? (also called primary curvatures)
Thoracic and sacral curvatures
What are the muscles of the inner layer of the trunk wall?
Transversus abdominus, sternum
How do you tell if it's a cervical vertebrae?
articular faucets differ in size, spinous processes are forked, has transverse foramen
Why are ribs 8-12 "false ribs"?
have an indirect articulation with sternum
Why are ribs 1-7 the "true ribs"?
have direct articulation with the sternum by costal cartilage
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
hyperextension (bending too far backward)
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
intervertebral discs
Where do ALL ribs attach posteriorly?
thoracic vertebrae
Why does the vertebral column become progressively larger as you move from cervical to coccyx?
to support weight
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with on a vertebrae?
transverse costal facet (on transverse process)
What are the costal articulations of the sternal body?
where the costal cartilages of ribs 2-7 articulate
