Vertebrate Zoology Terms and Questions
Select all of the following that refer to a condition in which two sets of chromosomes are present.
2n diploid
What phenotypic ratio represents the results of a cross of tall plants (Tt) with dward plants (Tt)?
3 tall to 1 dwarf
In the sugar of a nucleotide, the____carbon is bonded to a phosphate, and the____carbon is bonded to an -OH group.
5':3'
A recessive allele usually results from which of the following?
Alteration of the enzyme necessary for the production of the product. mutation of the dominant gene.
A recessive allele usually results from which of the following?
Alteration of the enzyme necessary for the production of the product/mutation of the dominant gene
Mutations can be characterized by which of the following?
Always random The only source of new genetic material Changes in nucleotide sequences
Darwin noticed that all of the finches on the Galapagos were similar suggesting a common____.
Ancestry
Match each cell structure with its corresponding description in prophase.
Centriole pairs: replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
Mutations can be characterized by which of the following?
Changes in nucleotide sequences The only source of new genetic material always random
In an individual organism, every somatic cell has the same number of____.
Chromosomes
What cell structure carries hereditary information or genes?
Chromosomes
Which of the following occurs during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the nuclear region.
Select all of the following that are true about alleles and gene loci.
Coat color in rabbits is controlled by multiple alleles for some traits, a single gene locus can have multiple alleles Seed color in the garden pea is controlled by two alleles Multiple alleles for a gene can arise by mutation
____anatomy studies the similarity of living and fossilized species' structures to infer evolutionary relationships.
Comparative
Because proteins in cells consist of 20 common amino acids, the 4 nucleotides of DNA must
Consist of 3-base coding units
Some traits on the same chromosomes are not inherited together due to ____ over, which occurs during the first phase of meiosis.
Crossing
_____-_____results in unique combinations of genes and is therefore a form of genetic recombination.
Crossing-over
Select the term that refers to the division of cytoplasm between the two daughter cells following mitosis.
Cytokinesis
_____is the division of the cytoplasm following____
Cytokinesis/Mitosis
_____is the division of the cytoplasm following____.
Cytokinesis/mitosis
Select all of the following that occur during anaphase.
Kinetochore microtubles shorten, sister chromatids separate, centrosomes move farther apart
The importance of Malthus's observation that populations of organisms can produce more offspring than their environment can support is important to evolution because____.
It provides a mechanism by which natural selection can work.
What was the imporatnce of the essay by Malthus to Darwin's thinking on evolution?
It showed that all populations could reproduce at a rate high enough to outstrip the resources of their environment.
Which of the following was proposed by Gregor Mendel?
Laws governing transmission of traits
What observation does not contribute to the principle of natural selection?
Less fit individuals always die before reproducing.
At one point, it was assumed that the Earth was only a few thousand years old. Who first suggested that the age of the Earth should be measured in millions of years?
Lyell
In both the case of incomplete dominance and codominance, both alleles of a heterozygous individual generate about equal amounts of the two enzymes and products. Describe the resulting phenotype.
May be intermediate May exhibit products of both alleles
What process reduces the chromosome number in a cell from diploid to haploid?
Meiosis
Ribosomes consist of____and are composed of protein and ____.
Two subunits/rRna
Darwin noted that natural selection operates because some individuals are better adapted to their environment and therefore produce more offspring than other. In order for this mechanism to work, there must be____.
Variation among individuals
Adaptive radiation often occurs on oceanic archipelagos because of____?
Varying environmental conditions on different islands multiple opportunites for allopatric speciation increased opportunities for founder events to occur
____structures have no apparent function, but may be used to infer evolutionary relationships.
Vestigial
How does natural selection produce new species?
When new adaptations accrue in one population over time, that population will diverge from others and form a new species.
Organic evolution is when populations____.
change over time.
A___is a single DNA strand of a chromosome produced by replication during the S phase of interphase.
chromatid
Due to DNA replication during interphase, each chromosome at prophase consists of two identical, sister____.
chromatids
Chromosomes are linear bodies composed of a complex of DNA and protein called____.
chromatin
Structures within the nucleus that consist of loosely condensed chromatin are called____.
chromosomes
The inheritance pattern in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed in a heterozygote is called____.
codominance
The inheritance pattern in which both alleles of a gene are equally expressed in a heterozygote is called_____.
codominance
A three-base sequence found in mRNA that codes for an amino acid is called a(n):
codon
Before cell division, the chromatin_____, and the distinct chromosomes can be recognized and characterized.
condenses.
When two unrelated species have similar structures, the structures arose via_____evolution
convergent
Before Darwin shipped out on the HMS Beagle, he subscribed to the prevailing opinion that the Earth was____6,000 years ago and had not changed since.
created
During cell division, the division of the cytoplasm is called_____.
cytokinesis
During_____, a cleavage furrow deepens and constricts the plasma membrane until the edges fuse and cell division is complete.
cytokinesis
Match each nucleotide component to its correct description.
cytosine: pyrimidine base that pairs with guanine
Fossilization occurs most commonly when sediment covers an organism to slow the process of____.
decomposition
Match each nucleotide component to its correct description.
deoxyribose: sugar present in DNA backbone
A cross involving organisms with two pairs of characteristics is called ____ cross.
dihybrid
Select all of the following that are fossils:
dinosaur bone insect in amber petrified fecal material imprint of a leaf in a coal bed
Which of the following events take place during anaphase I?
dyads move toward each pole homologous chromosomes separate
Darwin observed that for finches and tortoises differences in____was the driver for multiple species to arise from a single ancestor on the Galapagos.
environment.
Organic____is decent with modification
evolution
Match each cell structure with its corresponding description in prophase.
nuclear envelope: disintegrates.
The repeating unit of a nucleic acid is called a____and consists of sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
nucleotide
Nucleic acids are composed of repeated subunits called
nucleotides
The production of eggs in females by the process of meiosis is called____.
oogenesis
Changes in nucleotide sequences are called____ ____; these changes may result from the deletion, replacement, or addition of nucleotides.
point mutation.
Genetic variation can be quantified by measuring the proportion of____loci within a population.
polymorphic
In translation, mRNA is read by ribosomes, and a(n)____is formed.
polypeptide
Which of the following could be the genotype of the homozygous recessive form of a trait?
pp
During the phase depicted in the figure, a second group of microtubules attach to one of the poles of the cell and to the kinetochore of each chromatid at the other end of the microtubule. The phase depicted is____.
prometaphase
Artificial selection involves
humans selecting individual organisms with particular traits for breeding.
The principle of_______ _______ states that the behavior of one pair of chromosomes does not influence the behavior of any other pair when the homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase I and segregate.
independent assortment
During prophase, microtubules that encounter and bind to chromosomes are called______microtubals.
kinetochore
The mitotic phase depicted in the figure is____.
metaphase
Changes in allele frequencies of natural populations is known as____.
microevolution.
The process of nuclear division in somatic cells is called____and results in the delivery of a complete set of genetic instructions to daughter cells.
mitosis
The ____ clock dates evolutionary events through DNA
molecular
A cross involving only one pair on genes and a single trait is called a____ ____.
monohybrid cross
Darwin's observation that organisms have great potential fertility is important to natural selection because it means that
not all organisms will be able to survive to reproduce
What process is depicted in the figure?
replication
Match each nucleotide component to its correct description.
ribose: sugar present in RNA backbone
The arrows in the figure show a pair of genetically identical____ ____.
sister chromatids
In evolutionary biology, differential reproductive success among organisms means that____
some organisms produce more offspring than others over the course of their lives.
The production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis is called____.
spermatogenesis
Match each cell structure with its corresponding description in prophase.
spindle: formed by microtubular apparatus between the two centrosomes
A type of RNA called____brings free amino acids to ribosomes in the order dictated by the mRNA.
tRNA
Put the following stages of translation in the order that they occur, beginning with charging the tRNA at the top.
1. A tRNA synthetase charges its tRNA molecule by attaching an amino acid specified by the anticodon. 2. The charged tRNA enters the ribosome as specified by the mRNA codon. 3. A peptide bond forms between the amino acide on the tRNA and the preceding amino acid in the growing polypeptide chain. 4. The ribosome moves down the mRNA
Rank the levels that occur during meiosis II, starting with the first event.
1. Dyads line up at spindle equators of each celll; 2. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles; 3. Four haploid daughter cells form.
Match each number on the diagram of a DNA double helix to its correct label.
1: 3 end 2: phosphate 3: Deoxyribose.
Match the number in the figure with its corresponding structure.
1: homologous chromosomes 2: centromere 3: spindle microtubule
Match the number in the figure with is corresponding structure.
1: nontemplate DNA strand 2: template-DNA strand 3: RNA 4: RNA polymerase
Which of the following can a gene encode? Select all that apply.
A protein, like a histone polypeptide that is part of a protein mRNA rRNA
If the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA template strand is TAGGCTACG, then the complementary DNA strand added during DNA replication would be:
ATCCGATGC
Match each letter in the figure of transcription to is correct label.
A: DNA B: RNA Polymerase
Variation in chromosome structure...
Can be induced by environmental influence, can occur spontaneously, may involve breaks in chromosomes
Which of the following are true about G1 phase of interphase?
Cell growth occurs It is typically the longest interval of interphase
The sequence on the tRNA called the____forms complementary base pairs with the codon in mRNA.
Anticodon
The codon on the mRNA determins what____on the tRNA can base-pair with it, which ultimately determines what____is brought to the ribosome and is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
Anticodon;amino acid
In which habitat is adaptive radiation most likely to occur?
Archipelagos
Match each statement with the type of reproduction it describes.
Asexual reproduction: progeny are genetically identical to parents/cell division by mitosis only Sexual reproduction: reduction division called meiosis produces gametes/progeny contain genetic information from two parents
____have chromatin that remains in a dispersed state throughout their life.
Bacteria Prokaryotes
Why can't wild populations continuously increase at exponential rates?
Because there is always a limit to the amount of critical resources in the environment.
In addition to On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Darwin also published topics that include____.
Breeding, Orchids, & Zoology
If the codon GCA is exposed on the mRNA during translation, then a tRNA with the anticodon____will bring the amino acide____into the ribosome.
CGU/alanine
Studying nuclear and mitochondrial ____may lead to direct evidence of evolution
DNA
Chromatin is composed of which of the following?
DNA DNA-binding proteins
The constricted area of a chromosome is called the____and is the location of the kinetochore proteins.
centromere
Alfred Russel Wallace's paper on evolution was published in the same journal as one of Darwin's papers in 1856. This motivated____to shorten and publish his manuscript On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection the following year.
Darwin
Select all of the following that occur at the telophase of mitosis.
Daughter chromosomes form clusters at opposite poles. Chromosome deconodense. Spindle fibers disappear.
Most body cells in an organism contains 2 sets of chromosomes and are____, but the gametes that are produced by____in the reproductive organs are haploid.
Diploid/meiosis
The following events take place during the stage depicted in the figure.
Division of the cytoplasm begins a mitotic spindle disappears a nuclear envelope re-forms
Rank the events that occur during meiosis II, starting with the first event.
Dyads line up at spindle equators of each cell. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles. Four haploid daughter cells form.
Match each type of cell with its correct cell cycle description.
Early embryonic cells: rapid cell division, G1, phase greatly shortened, rapid DNA synthesis Central nervous system cells: Stop dividing early in fetal development and enter a permanent G0 Cells subject to abrasion: constantly replaced by mitosis
Phylogeny determine the____relationships among species.
Evolutionary
Scientists can assess the overall environmental health of a region by examining which of the following?
Extinction risk species diversity genetic diversity
Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?
Extinction/Speculation
True or False: Eykaryotes have fewer histone proteins and more DNA than prokaryotes.
False
True or false: the histone proteins generate negative charges which attract the positive charges of DNA's phosphate groups.
False
True or false: Adaptive mutations occur as a result of need.
False: mutations are random.
Which of the following are true about mutations?
Fuel evolution the majority arise in body-cells can be expressed in the phenotype
Put the phases of the cell cyle in order that they occur, beginning with G1 at the top.
G1 S G2 Mitosis Cytokinesis
Match the phase with its corresponding cell cycle activities.
G2: Replication of the mitochondria G1: Early growth phase of the cell M: Cytokinesis
Observations made during Darwin's time in the____is what in large part lead to his ideas on evolution.
Galapagos Islands
Select all of the following that are germ cells.
Gametes, eggs, sperm
Special germ cells called____transmit genetic information from parent to offspring in sexually reproducing organisms.
Gametes.
There is variation among individuals in a population but in order for natural selection to occur at leas some of this variation must be____.
Heritable
There is variation among individuals in a population but in order for natural selection to occur at least some of this variation must be____.
Heritable
Chromatin is composed of____proteins and DNA.
Histone
____genes, which determine body regions are found in both arthropods and vertebrates inferring a common ancestor.
Homeobox
Phylogenetic trees are constructed by examining____structures, genes and/or proteins.
Homologous
____is when structures and/or functions in two different organisms are derived from a common ancestor.
Homology
Darwin unearthed fossils of extinct____-like species that were distinctly different from the modern versions that were brought to South America by the Spanish.
Horse
Which of the following is not an example of adaptive radiation?
Horses
An organism may exhibit an intermediate phenotype in the case of____.
Incomplete dominance codominance
In____, neither allele of a gene is dominant over the other, and hybrid offspring possess a phenotype that is intermediate between those of its parents, such as in the pink-flowered offspring of red and white four o'clock flowers.
Incomplete dominance.
Match each structural aberration of chromosomes with its correct description.
Inversion: a portion of chromosome is reversed such that genes are in the reverse order Translocation: sections are exchanged between nonhomologous chromosomes Deletion: a section or block of genes is lost from a chromosome Duplication: an extra section is inserted into a normal chromosome
During____, sister chromatids are still joined at the centromere and each kinetochore is attached to a centrosome by a kinetochore microtubule.
Metaphase
The process of nuclear division in somatic cells is called____ and results in the deliery of a complete set of genetic instructions to daughter cells.
Mitosis
A recessive allele usually results from which of the following?
Mutation of the dominant gene/alteration of the enzyme necessary for the production of the product.
The Darwinian inference that there is a continuous struggle for survival is based on what observation?
Natural resources are limited.
Adaptive traits may become____or detrimental when the environment changes.
Neutral
Select the components of a nucleotide.
Nitrogenous base sugar phosphate group
In a phylogenetic tree,____represent an ancestral species and ____ represent an evolutionary connection between species.
Nodes/branches
Darwin extracted many fossils from dry river beds in____.
South America
How does transcription differ from DNA replication?
Only one of two DNA strands is transcribed Only one or a few genes are exposed
In the absence of limitations, all species can reproduce at exponential rates. Darwin noted this fact in his observation that____.
Organisms have great potential fertility.
____trees are used to show lines of decent amount various species.
Phylogenetic.
Which of the following can a gene encode?
Polypeptide that is part of a protein a protein, like a histone mRNA rRNA
Which of the following can a gene encode?
Polypeptide that is part of a protein. rRna A protein, like a histone mRNA
The most common kind of euploidy is called ____, wherein an organism has three or more sets of chromosomes.
Polyploidy
What type of gametes can an organism with the genotype Rr produce?
R & r
Select the types of nucleic acids that are present in cells.
RNA/DNA
______alleles are those whose expression can be masked.
Recessive
_____alleles are those whose expression can be masked.
Recessive.
Interphase can be characterized by which of the following?
Stage during which cell growth occurs period between the end of cytokinesis and beginning of the mitotic division stage during which DNA synthesis occurs
______involves the transmission of DNA from individuals of one generation to the next generation.
Reproduction
In eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a regulatory sequence of bases called the promoter and joins?
Ribose nucleotides
____, the sites of protein synthesis, consist of large and small subunits that organize the codon and anticodon pairing.
Ribosomes
What observation is not critical for inferring differential reproductive success among individuals in a population?
Some variation is heritable.
Match each item on the left with its correct description on the right.
TT: genotype of Mendel's tall plants Round seeds: seed shape phenotype Alleles at a gene locus: genotype Dwarf plant height: phenotype
Which of the following would not be considered a limited resource affecting the growth of a population?
The amount of oxygen present in the air.
The interval between one cell division and the next cell division is called:
The cell cycle.
Select all of the following that are true about meiosis I.
The chromosomes of each homologous pair separate during meiosis I. The total chromosome number in each daughter cell after meiosis I is haploid. At telophase of the first melotic division, each pole of the cell contains one dyad of each tetrad from prophase.
The G2 stage can be characterized by which of the following?
The final stage of interphase chromosomes begin condensation replication of centrioles protein synthesis
Select all of the following that are true about the sex chromosomes X and Y.
They are homologous chromosomes but unlike in size and shape. Genes on one do not have allelic counterparts on the other.
Match the term with its corresponding definition.
Transcription: synthesis of an RNA molecule from DNA Translation: formation of protein from RNA
The process whereby mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce polypeptides is called____.
Translation.
In humans, half of sperm carry an X chromosome, and half of sperm carry a Y chromosome. (True or False)
True
Match each type of sex determination to its correct description.
XX-XO sex determination: females have two sex chromosomes, and males only have one XX-XY: females have two like sex chromosomes, and males have two unlike sex chromosomes. ZZ-ZW: Males have two like sex chromosomes, and females have two unlike sex chromosomes
In multicellular organisms, the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell produces a cell called a_____, from which all cells of that generation originate.
Zygote
Match each nucleotide component to its correct description.
adenine: purine base that pairs with thymine in DNA
In a DNA double helix, the number of thymines equals the number of_____, and the number of guanines equals the number of_____, which suggests that the nitrogenous bases pair up
adenines/cytosines
A sequence on the tRNA called the ____ forms complementary base pairs with the codon in mRNA.
anticodon
A sequence on the tRNA called the____forms complementary base pairs with the codon in mRNA.
anticodon.
The two strands in a DNA double helix run in opposite directions, meaning they are____to each other and that the 5' end of one strand is opposite the____end of the other strand.
antiparallel/3'
Fossilization is most likely to occur in____environments, due to the slowing decay.
aquatic.
Mitosis is the only mechanism for the transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring in ______ reproduction.
asexual
Conservation geneticists aim to
assess the genetic health of populations preserve the genetic variation within species preserve alleles that could be lost
Match each cell structure with its corresponding description in prophase.
asters: formed by microtubules that radiate outward from centrosomes.
Chromosomes that determine sex are called sex chromosomes, and chromosomes that do not determine sex are called____
autosomes.
Variation in chromosome structure____.
can occur spontaneously may involve breaks in chromosomes can be induced by environmental influence
Paleontology is the study of the ____record.
fossil
A sequence of bases in DNA that codes for the synthesis of one polypeptide is called a____.
gene
The basic unit of hereditary information is the called the____
gene
The science of genetics is the study of:
genes and how they are transmitted.
Mendel's hereditary "factors" that transmitted traits came to be called...
genes.
The fact that____information is passed from generation to generation with variation sometimes arising means that all living forms are related to ancestral forms.
genetic
The allelic combination for a trait in a diploid organism is called the______, while the visible characteristics of the trait are called the_____.
genotype/phenotype
A cell has a ______ chromosome number if only one chromosome of each homologous pair is present.
haploid
A cell has a____chromosome number if only one chromosome of each homologous pair is present.
haploid
One example of a mutation being favorable under some conditions is:
heterozygosity for sickle-cell anemia producing resistance to malaria
An individual carrying two different alleles for a locus is____.
heterozygous
Two chromosomes that contain similar genes and usually have the same size and shape are called____chromosomes.
hologous
The triplet codes of DNA are___into codons of mRNA
transcribed
The process illustrated in the figure is____.
transcription
A DNA molecule is composed of _____two polynucleotide chains arranged to form a____.
two/double helix
The geological principle of____claims that forces of wind, rain, rivers, volcanoes and geological uplift shape the earth today just as in the far past.
uniformitarianism
DNA contains all of the nitrogenous bases shown in the figure except____.
uracil
Match each nucleotide component to its correct description.
uracil: pyrimidine base that pairs with adenine in RNA
Adaptive traits become common_____.
with successive generations
The first diploid cell of an offspring generation is called the____.
zygote