VETT 113 Exam 1 Prep
Which of the following are ways that the normal flora protect animals from disease?
- compete and crowd out pathogenic bacteria - help boost the immune system - produce compounds that kill other bacteria - lower pH of their surroundings so that other bacteria can't grow
Which of the following are accurate descriptions regarding fomites?
- considered to be the cause of indirect contact transmission of pathogens - can be disinfected - any contaminated object that may be the source of an infection
List things that can increase the risk of bites
- fear - pain - hunger - dominance - personality
Bacteria
- made up of only one cell - typically prefer the milder temperature of the healthy human body
What should the medical team include when evaluating a bite wound?
- medical history - time elapsed - identifying animal type - understanding circumstances
Protozoa
- microscopic, one-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated water - parasites or predators - usually cause disease
List ways that you can be exposed to microbes in the veterinary practice
- poor washing - pet bathing - lacerations
Fungi
- primitive plant - found in air, soil, on plants, in water - thousands exist on earth (mushrooms, yeast, mold, mildew) - can live in the human body without causing illness
List some of the common zoonotic diseases encountered in the veterinary practice.
- rabies - bacterial infection - fungal infection - parasites
What are some clinical signs associated with infection with strep or staph infections?
- redness - painful swelling at or near the site that progresses toward the body
What parts of the body contain normal flora?
- skin - upper respiratory tract - gastrointestinal tract - urinary and genital openings
List methods to minimize the hazards associated with animal handling.
- stay alert - dress appropriately - wash hands - wear PPE
What other bacteria can be found in bite wounds?
- streptococcol infection - staphylococcol infection
Describe the clinical signs associated with infection by this bacterium?
- swelling - heat - reddening - discharge
What should you do if bitten by an animal
- wash wound with soap and water - scrub well and run water over it for several minutes - apply an antiseptic solution - follow up with a PCP
What precautions should you take when treating animals with a contagious disease
- wear PPE - thoroughly wash area with disinfecting agent - thoroughly wash hands with a disinfecting agent - change clothes
Viruses
-among the smallest microbes - not cells - consist of 1 or more molecules of DNA or RNA - rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, multi-sided
What are the 4 major groups of microorganisms?
1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Protozoa
What are the 10 most common OSHA violations in a veterinary facility?
1. Hazard Communication Program 2. Certification of PPE Assessment 3. Fire and Emergency Plans 4. Employee Training Documentation 5. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 6. Appropriate PPE 7. Chemical Labeling 8. OSHA Forms 9. Human food in Unsafe Locations 10. Waste Anesthetic Gases
List 2 common internal parasites
1. Hookworm 2. Roundworm
List 5 examples of pathogenic bacteria
1. Salmonella 2. Pasteurella 3. Escherichia coli 4. Pseudomonas 5. Staphylococcus 6. S. pseudointermedius (MRSA)
List 4 major types of infection
1. Viral (rabies) 2. Fungal (ringworm) 3. Bacterial (lyme disease) 4. Parasitic (roundworm/hookworm)
List the 3 basic shapes of bacteria
1. cocci (spherical) 2. baccillis (rods) 3. spiral
List and describe 3 primary ways that bacteria are classified
1. staining 2. shape 3. need for oxygen
Which type of bite wound becomes more infected and why?
A puncture wound by a cat, because cat mouths are horrifying and with punctures the bacteria has a harder time escaping. ~
Endotoxin
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
pandemic
An epidemic that is geographically widespread and affects a large proportion of the population
Which of the following are hazards that you may be exposed to in the veterinary practice?
Animal bites and scratches Exposure to zoonotic diseases Harmful chemicals Radiation
Define "sharps"
Anything that can lacerate: needles, glass, etc
Define "facultative" as it pertains to oxygen requirements for bacterial growth
Can live with or without oxygen
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
mortality/.mortal
death
What are some things that increase the risk of infection from dog and cat bites
delaying treatment
Zoonotic Disease
disease that can be passed between animals and humans
reportable diseases
diseases that medical professionals are required to notify state or federal authorities of
Prokaryotes
do not have a "true" nucleus and are relatively simple cells; genetic material found loose in the cell; bacteria
The level of disease occurrence where the disease is found at a fairly constant, low, incident rate in a group/population of animals is termed:
endemic
Ethylene Oxide
gas used to sterilize surgical instruments and other supplies
Herpes virus and Feline Calicivirus are examples of pathogens that can remain dormant in a host for weeks to years and may cause disease to develop if the animal is stressed or immunocompromised. This is known as a _______ infection.
latent
What is the color of a gram + bacterium
purple
Define "obligate" as it pertains to oxygen requirement for bacterial growth
requires, or "obligated" to have oxygen
A ____________ infection (often times due to bacteria) may develop after the body/immune system is weakened by an inital infection with a different microbe (often times a virus)
secondary
endemic
stable low-lying illness within a population
epidemiology
study of the cause, incidence, source, method of transmission, and distribution of disease in a population
epidemic
upsurge of an illness within a population
Formalin
used for preserving tissues, diagnostic tests, and sterilization
A living organism that does not itself cause disease but serves to transmit an infectious organism from one host to another is called a/an:
vector
Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections
lack symptoms but may still have signs of infection
When should you wash your hands?
- after handling medications or lab samples - after treating patients or cleaning cages - before and after using the restroom - before lunch and meal breaks - before leaving work
List a disease of humans and one of animals caused by each category
- bacteria: meningitis/pneumonia - virus: chickenpox/hepatits - fungi: athlete's foot/sinusitis - protozoa: melaria/diarrheal disease
What parts of the body do NOT normally contain microbes?
- cardiovascular system - muscles and skeleton - liver - glands - kidney - urinary bladder - lungs - brain and spinal cord - blood - cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
a/an _____________ is a type of injury where the skin is torn away from the underlying tissue and bone
Avulsion
Most of the organisms that make up the normal flora are:
Bacteria
Why is it important to know and use scientific names of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and parasites?
Consistency despite languages around the world, clarification between the subtle differences between host-specific microbes
What is meant by "strain" of bacteria
Different types of the same species, differing in genetic makeup and chemical components. Certain vaccines only work on certain strains.
Describe the proper handling of needles and syringes after use
Direct disposal into sharps container
Describe the difference between dog bites and cat bites
Dog bites are more often to crush and tear, but cat bites are more often to puncture and infect
Which of the following are characteristics of dog bite wounds:
Less than 20% become infected
A pandemic refers to:
Epidemics that spread to several countries/new continents (worldwide), which affect large numbers of animals/people.
___________ are organisms that are quite complex and have a true nucleus (which contains the genetic material) surrounded by a membrane. Organisms in this group include fungi, animal, and plant cells.
Eukaryotes
Bite-associated infections may result in which of the following?
Infection of the blood Pain Swelling Redness
T or F: PPE stands for Pet Protection Equipment
False
T/F: A system infection occurs when a microbe enters the body and is confined to a specific area.
False
T/F: Viruses are considered to be alive
False
Which of the following are vectors
Fleas Mosquitos Ticks Flies
Which of the following chemicals used in the veterinary clinic are thought to be carcinogenic in humans?
Formalin Ethylene Oxide
Factors such as age, lifestyle, concurrent diseases, and stress are known as:
Host risk factors
List a danger of animal bites
Infection
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
Pathogenic micro-organisms
Microbes capable of causing disease in humans and animals
Normal Flora
Microorganisms that live on or within a body and compete with disease-producing microorganisms to provide a natural immunity against certain infections
Why are bite wounds to the hand often more serious?
More compartments and less soft tissue result in less natural protection and more infection
Sharps
Needles or other sharp objects.
Is it easy to tell how severe the tissue damage is just by looking at the surface wound?
No
By law, certain diseases must be reported to health officials at local, state, or federal levels and these diseases are labeled as:
Notifiable diseases
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
What is the most common bacteria recovered from bite wounds?
Pasteurella
The most common bites associated with infection is caused by:
Pasteurella spp.
PPE
Personal Protection Equipment
A/an __________ wound is one where the tooth penetrates the skin and can seed bacteria deep into the wound, with skin sealing over the wound.
Puncture
List 1 zoonotic viral disease that is generally fatal to affected mammals and is spread through contact with virus laden saliva. What animal species are susceptible to this virus?
Rabies. Every mammal is susceptible but most common infected are: bats, raccoons, and skunks
List an example of a fungal infection. How can this microbe be spread?
Ringworm. It is spread by contact with an infected animal through the spores on your person or clothing.
SDS
Safety Data Sheet; includes additional precautions, instructions, and advice for handling a product
Glutaraldehyde
Sterilizes hard instruments without the use of an autoclave
Explain proper methods of lifting objects and animals.
Straight back, lifting with legs. Ask for assistance with 40lbs+.
What do some technicians and veterinarians generally do after being bitten by an animal in the clinic. Why is it a bad idea?
They delay treatment, which gives time for infection to take root.
T/F: Localized infection occurs when the microbe enters the body and is confined to a specific area.
True
T/F: Some bacteria are capable of producing spores which allow them to survive in the environment for a prolonged period of time.
True
Clinical signs and symptoms
Visible signs of an illness or infection
Animal and human saliva is heavily contaminated with:
bacteria
The type of vector where the microbe multiplies within the vector's body is a:
biologic vector
Eukaryotes
have a defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane; more complex; fungi, protozoa, plant and animal cells
Carcinogenic/Carcinogen
having the potential to cause cancer
A/an _____________ disease is one whose cause is unknown
idiopathic
morbidity/morbid
illness or abnormal condition/diseased/unhealthy
Should covered food and drink be stored in the same refrigerator as laboratory samples, drugs, and vaccines?
no
Taxonomy
orderly classification of organisms into groups
What is the color of a Gram-negative bacteria?
pink
