Victimology Exam 2: Traditional Crimes

Cyber attacks

Computer viruses, denials of service, electronic vandalism or sabotage

What is there an absence of during an act of larceny?

Confrontation with the victim or the use of force to take the property

(T/F) Homicide is mostly an inter-racial event.

False (it is intra-racial)

What is the second elating cause of injury-related deaths in the US?

Firearms

Advance free fraud schemes

Forms that all share a common theme of enticing victims to send funds or pay fees in exchange for a promised item or service that would benefit them

Instead of looking at the annual homicide rates, what have researchers begun to look at?

Lifetime murder victimization rates (the chances of dying from homicide)

Parricide

The killing of a parent by a child

Intimate femicide

The killing of women by their intimate male partners

What is a potent predictor of lethal and non-lethal injuries?

Weapon involvement, especially firearms

Other possible types of larceny

-Fraud -Forgery -Embezzlement

What are Newman's seven types of cybercrime?

-Hacking into computer systems -Privacy violations -Identity theft -Phishing -Information theft -Denial of service -Virus attacks

Common methods by which traditional fraud was carried out

-Home repair schemes -Appliance or auto repair schemes -Insurance fraud -Award scams -Membership fraud -Financial or investment fraud -Charity fraud -800 number phone scams

For female simple assault, who is most likely the offender?

A well known friend, acquaintance, or family member

Forty percent of all homicide victims were between what ages?

17-29

Fraud

'An act in which attempts are made to deceive with promises of goods, services, or financial benefits that do not exist, were never intended to be provided, or were misrepresented'

Aggravated assault

'An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury'

Arson

'Any willful or malicious burning or attempting to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle, or personal property of another'

Robbery

'The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear'

Burglary

'The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft'

Larceny/theft

'The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another'

Criminal homicide

'Willful (non negligent) killing of one human being by another'

Three headings in the 11 types of mass-marketing fraud

-Advance free fraud schemes -Bank and financial account schemes -Investment opportunity schemes

What are some ways personal victimization can impact someone?

-Economically (loss of property) -Medical costs -Psychological and emotional impacts

How do survivors of the 'isolated sudden murder' and 'serial murder' react?

-Experiences the typical grief pattern

Death notification procedures

-Information gathering (anticipate questions and reactions that may occur) -Control and direction (define the situation for the survivor in a factual and honest way) -Assessment (gauge how the recipient reacts to the news) -Referral (funeral arrangements, body release, police procedures)

What are the three main reasons for lack of definitive data on mass-marketing offenses?

-Many of these offenses are relatively new crime forms -There is no systematic method for collecting and disseminating information -Many individuals either do not know they have been victimized or do not report the event due to embarrassment

How do survivors of the 'domestic homicide' react?

-May feel guilt for failing to intervene -May believe that if they had become involved, the victim would still be alive

What are the two most common forms of larceny?

-Motor vehicle -Shoplifting

What are common features in mass-marketing fraud?

-Offenders can target victims anywhere in the world -There is an attempt to convince victims to provide funds or access to funds in return for a promised service or benefit

Four primary sources necessary for an individual to steal someone's identity

-Public records -Commercial database -Employment/school records -Family records

What are the DOJs two broad types of mass-marketing fraud?

-Schemes that seek to obtain relatively small amounts of money from large number of victims -Seeks to maximize the return on a smaller number of potential victims

Kübler-Ross' four stages of the grief process

-Shock and denial -Anger -Isolation -Acceptance/recovery

Key's five homicide survivor patterns

-The alcohol or drug related murder -The domestic violence homicide -The gang-related murder -The isolated sudden murder -The serial murder

How do survivors of the 'alcohol or drug related murders' react?

-They typically knew of the victim's use -They had some warning ahead of time of potential dangerous behavior -May feel relieve once the event occurs

How do survivors of the 'gang-related homicide' react?

-Typically expected and they feel like they had no control over it -They may think that the victim was also a homicide offender

Rates for aggravated and simple assault

1/410 and 1/1240

Phishing

A method of identity theft that involves acquiring information electronically by the offender posing as a legitimate business that requires the individual to provide personal information

For female aggravated assault, who is most likely the offender?

A non stranger

Non-primary homicide

A situation in which the victim did not know the offender very well

What are the two categories fo assault?

Aggravated and simple

Simple assault

An attempt to commit a battery against another person

Denial of service

An intentional interruption of access to a compute network

What is the most common form of cyber attack?

Being infected with a virus

Who are the most likely to be murdered?

Black males (1/856)

Who is more victimized in terms of aggravated assault?

Blacks (others are more often simple assault victims)

What does racial composition show in regard to homicide?

Blacks experience an overrepresentation in homicide victimization

Primary homicide

Both the victim and the offender shared a primary relationship

Infanticide

Child homicide

Personal crimes

Crimes directed against people (murder, robbery, assault etc)

Property crimes

Crimes that involve taking or damaging others' property (Burglary, arson)

What does the NVDRS use to collect information?

Death certificates, medical examiner reports, police files, crime labs, and fatality review teams

Investment opportunities schemes

Entail the manipulation of stocks or securities to raise or lower their value

(T/F) Arson is typically addressed in victimization surveys.

False

(T/F) Burglar is confined to where an individual lives.

False

(T/F) Females are victimized more than males in regard to robbery?

False

(T/F) Relying on annual homicide measure is an accurate way of studying victimization.

False

Who are less likely overall to be assaulted?

Hispanics

What does the CDC state the leading cause of death among young black males is?

Homicide

What is one method that has emerged as a means of support for grieving survivors?

Homicide support groups

What is a primary concern in regard to identity theft?

How potential offenders access these records and documentation in order to steal someone's identity

Bank and financial account schemes

Involve getting victims to disclose personal and financial information that the offender can use to access the victim's funds or valuables

Why is robber classified by the FBI as a personal crime?

It requires a face-to-face confrontation between the victim and offender that involves the potential use of force in completing the theft offense

UCR Part 1 Crimes

Murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

Eldercide

Murders involving elderly victims

What are the odds of an individual becoming a murder victim in their lifetime?

One in 4,009

Who is the most likely perpetrator in the majority of infanticide cases?

Parent or parent substitute

According to NCVS, who are the majority of victims of identity theft?

People who live in households with incomes of $75,000 and over and who are between the ages of 25-64

Offense rates

Reflects the number of offenses per some number of individuals

Ransomware

Software that blocks use of a computer and/or access to information on a computer until a ransom is paid

Who is more likely to rob a female?

Someone they know

Supplementary Homicide Reports

Supplemental reports to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting System which gather details about homicides in the United States, including information about the offender, the victim, and the incident

What did the CDC launch with the goal of collecting information for all suicides, homicides, and unintentional firearm deaths in the US?

The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)

What is one fundamental concern regarding violent deaths?

The US does not have a comprehensive national clearinghouse that stockpiles data regarding them

Patricide

The act of killing one's father

Matricide

The act of killing one's mother

Anticipatory grief

The preparations that people can make to cushion the impact of death when a loss is imminent or expected to take place

Death notification

The process of announcing that a death has occurred usually done bu law enforcement, victim advocates, or representatives from the medical examiners or coroners office

What is critical to the grief process?

The provisions of support for the survivor

Why is gauging the extent of fraud difficult?

The secrecy of the initial act and the lack of information

Where do the majority of robberies occur?

The street (4/10)

Mass-Marketing fraud

The use of one or more mass communication techniques to: present fraudulent solicitations to numbers of perspective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions with them, or to transmit the proceeds of the fraud to financial institutions

Cyber theft

Theft of money, computer-based embezzlement, theft o intellectual property, fraud, and theft of data

(T/F) A victim is more likely to be killed by someone with whom he or she is acquainted than by a stranger.

True

(T/F) Homicide victimization is concentrated among the younger segments of society.

True

(T/F) Males are more victimized than females in regard to assault.

True

(T/F) More than half of all residential burglaries take place during the day.

True

(T/F) More than half of the time, males are assaulted by strangers in both categories?

True