Victimology Exam 2: Traditional Crimes
Cyber attacks
Computer viruses, denials of service, electronic vandalism or sabotage
What is there an absence of during an act of larceny?
Confrontation with the victim or the use of force to take the property
(T/F) Homicide is mostly an inter-racial event.
False (it is intra-racial)
What is the second elating cause of injury-related deaths in the US?
Firearms
Advance free fraud schemes
Forms that all share a common theme of enticing victims to send funds or pay fees in exchange for a promised item or service that would benefit them
Instead of looking at the annual homicide rates, what have researchers begun to look at?
Lifetime murder victimization rates (the chances of dying from homicide)
Parricide
The killing of a parent by a child
Intimate femicide
The killing of women by their intimate male partners
What is a potent predictor of lethal and non-lethal injuries?
Weapon involvement, especially firearms
Other possible types of larceny
-Fraud -Forgery -Embezzlement
What are Newman's seven types of cybercrime?
-Hacking into computer systems -Privacy violations -Identity theft -Phishing -Information theft -Denial of service -Virus attacks
Common methods by which traditional fraud was carried out
-Home repair schemes -Appliance or auto repair schemes -Insurance fraud -Award scams -Membership fraud -Financial or investment fraud -Charity fraud -800 number phone scams
For female simple assault, who is most likely the offender?
A well known friend, acquaintance, or family member
Forty percent of all homicide victims were between what ages?
17-29
Fraud
'An act in which attempts are made to deceive with promises of goods, services, or financial benefits that do not exist, were never intended to be provided, or were misrepresented'
Aggravated assault
'An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury'
Arson
'Any willful or malicious burning or attempting to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle, or personal property of another'
Robbery
'The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear'
Burglary
'The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft'
Larceny/theft
'The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another'
Criminal homicide
'Willful (non negligent) killing of one human being by another'
Three headings in the 11 types of mass-marketing fraud
-Advance free fraud schemes -Bank and financial account schemes -Investment opportunity schemes
What are some ways personal victimization can impact someone?
-Economically (loss of property) -Medical costs -Psychological and emotional impacts
How do survivors of the 'isolated sudden murder' and 'serial murder' react?
-Experiences the typical grief pattern
Death notification procedures
-Information gathering (anticipate questions and reactions that may occur) -Control and direction (define the situation for the survivor in a factual and honest way) -Assessment (gauge how the recipient reacts to the news) -Referral (funeral arrangements, body release, police procedures)
What are the three main reasons for lack of definitive data on mass-marketing offenses?
-Many of these offenses are relatively new crime forms -There is no systematic method for collecting and disseminating information -Many individuals either do not know they have been victimized or do not report the event due to embarrassment
How do survivors of the 'domestic homicide' react?
-May feel guilt for failing to intervene -May believe that if they had become involved, the victim would still be alive
What are the two most common forms of larceny?
-Motor vehicle -Shoplifting
What are common features in mass-marketing fraud?
-Offenders can target victims anywhere in the world -There is an attempt to convince victims to provide funds or access to funds in return for a promised service or benefit
Four primary sources necessary for an individual to steal someone's identity
-Public records -Commercial database -Employment/school records -Family records
What are the DOJs two broad types of mass-marketing fraud?
-Schemes that seek to obtain relatively small amounts of money from large number of victims -Seeks to maximize the return on a smaller number of potential victims
Kübler-Ross' four stages of the grief process
-Shock and denial -Anger -Isolation -Acceptance/recovery
Key's five homicide survivor patterns
-The alcohol or drug related murder -The domestic violence homicide -The gang-related murder -The isolated sudden murder -The serial murder
How do survivors of the 'alcohol or drug related murders' react?
-They typically knew of the victim's use -They had some warning ahead of time of potential dangerous behavior -May feel relieve once the event occurs
How do survivors of the 'gang-related homicide' react?
-Typically expected and they feel like they had no control over it -They may think that the victim was also a homicide offender
Rates for aggravated and simple assault
1/410 and 1/1240
Phishing
A method of identity theft that involves acquiring information electronically by the offender posing as a legitimate business that requires the individual to provide personal information
For female aggravated assault, who is most likely the offender?
A non stranger
Non-primary homicide
A situation in which the victim did not know the offender very well
What are the two categories fo assault?
Aggravated and simple
Simple assault
An attempt to commit a battery against another person
Denial of service
An intentional interruption of access to a compute network
What is the most common form of cyber attack?
Being infected with a virus
Who are the most likely to be murdered?
Black males (1/856)
Who is more victimized in terms of aggravated assault?
Blacks (others are more often simple assault victims)
What does racial composition show in regard to homicide?
Blacks experience an overrepresentation in homicide victimization
Primary homicide
Both the victim and the offender shared a primary relationship
Infanticide
Child homicide
Personal crimes
Crimes directed against people (murder, robbery, assault etc)
Property crimes
Crimes that involve taking or damaging others' property (Burglary, arson)
What does the NVDRS use to collect information?
Death certificates, medical examiner reports, police files, crime labs, and fatality review teams
Investment opportunities schemes
Entail the manipulation of stocks or securities to raise or lower their value
(T/F) Arson is typically addressed in victimization surveys.
False
(T/F) Burglar is confined to where an individual lives.
False
(T/F) Females are victimized more than males in regard to robbery?
False
(T/F) Relying on annual homicide measure is an accurate way of studying victimization.
False
Who are less likely overall to be assaulted?
Hispanics
What does the CDC state the leading cause of death among young black males is?
Homicide
What is one method that has emerged as a means of support for grieving survivors?
Homicide support groups
What is a primary concern in regard to identity theft?
How potential offenders access these records and documentation in order to steal someone's identity
Bank and financial account schemes
Involve getting victims to disclose personal and financial information that the offender can use to access the victim's funds or valuables
Why is robber classified by the FBI as a personal crime?
It requires a face-to-face confrontation between the victim and offender that involves the potential use of force in completing the theft offense
UCR Part 1 Crimes
Murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson
Eldercide
Murders involving elderly victims
What are the odds of an individual becoming a murder victim in their lifetime?
One in 4,009
Who is the most likely perpetrator in the majority of infanticide cases?
Parent or parent substitute
According to NCVS, who are the majority of victims of identity theft?
People who live in households with incomes of $75,000 and over and who are between the ages of 25-64
Offense rates
Reflects the number of offenses per some number of individuals
Ransomware
Software that blocks use of a computer and/or access to information on a computer until a ransom is paid
Who is more likely to rob a female?
Someone they know
Supplementary Homicide Reports
Supplemental reports to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting System which gather details about homicides in the United States, including information about the offender, the victim, and the incident
What did the CDC launch with the goal of collecting information for all suicides, homicides, and unintentional firearm deaths in the US?
The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)
What is one fundamental concern regarding violent deaths?
The US does not have a comprehensive national clearinghouse that stockpiles data regarding them
Patricide
The act of killing one's father
Matricide
The act of killing one's mother
Anticipatory grief
The preparations that people can make to cushion the impact of death when a loss is imminent or expected to take place
Death notification
The process of announcing that a death has occurred usually done bu law enforcement, victim advocates, or representatives from the medical examiners or coroners office
What is critical to the grief process?
The provisions of support for the survivor
Why is gauging the extent of fraud difficult?
The secrecy of the initial act and the lack of information
Where do the majority of robberies occur?
The street (4/10)
Mass-Marketing fraud
The use of one or more mass communication techniques to: present fraudulent solicitations to numbers of perspective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions with them, or to transmit the proceeds of the fraud to financial institutions
Cyber theft
Theft of money, computer-based embezzlement, theft o intellectual property, fraud, and theft of data
(T/F) A victim is more likely to be killed by someone with whom he or she is acquainted than by a stranger.
True
(T/F) Homicide victimization is concentrated among the younger segments of society.
True
(T/F) Males are more victimized than females in regard to assault.
True
(T/F) More than half of all residential burglaries take place during the day.
True
(T/F) More than half of the time, males are assaulted by strangers in both categories?
True