Victimology Final
In 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated _____ guns.
200 - 250 million
According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), the lowest annual reporting rates for rape as of 2016 have been about what percent, while the highest was what percent?
25 percent; 55 percent
What percentage of the assailants in the aggravated assaults of college students were strangers rather than acquaintances?
58 percent
A 1998 survey study estimated that what percentages of women and men, respectively, believed they were stalked at some point in their lives?
8 percent of women and 2 percent of men
By English common law definition, rape could only be committed by a male against whom?
A female who was not his wife
According to analysis of National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) data from 2005 to 2010, about what percentage of female sexual assault victims were so severely injured that they sought medical care?
About 35%
Of those police officers killed in the line of duty, about how many were working alone at the time they were slain?
About 40 percent
According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), which of these is true? More people are insured against medical expenses than against property losses. Medical and dental costs are more devastating than theft or vandalism expenses. Claims for larger losses are more likely to be reimbursed than for smaller ones. According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys, all of these are factual.
According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys, all of these are factual.
When people were polled in 2013 about whether they or close personal friend or relative had been a victim of a crime involving a gun, how many answered yes?
Almost one third
Which of these involves a neutral individual called in to break a deadlock?
Arbitration
Why are most street crime victims never compensated? Because the offenders are not caught Because the offender has little or no income Because the offender is incarcerated Because of any and/or all of these reasons
Because of any and/or all of these reasons
Which crimes outnumber forcible sex offenses on college campuses?
Burglaries
Which state was the first state legislature to criminalize stalking?
California
What did the Supreme Court rule in the Coker v. Georgia case?
Capital punishment was an excessive punishment for rape.
What is a type of restitution designed to make amends to society as a whole?
Community service
A go-between is necessary to facilitate the flow of information from one disputant to another in which process?
Conciliation
Which of the following is accurate about the Prison Rape Elimination Act? Congress passed this law to help enforce prisoners' Eighth Amendment rights. It was unrelated to the first national survey of the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Accountability for reducing sexual assaults was taken away from the wardens. This law applies only to federal but not state or local correctional institutions.
Congress passed this law to help enforce prisoners' Eighth Amendment rights.
Which issue is central to any rape complaint?
Consent
What kind of restitution happens when offenders, on their own initiative, go beyond what the law asks of them or their sentences require?
Creative
Until the late 1980s, most prosecutors were reluctant to pursue which kind of rape cases?
Date rape cases
Which of these are alternatives to prosecution? Allocutions Diversions Funnelings Attritions
Diversions
Which of the following statements regarding reporting rates is true? Fewer than a quarter of victims reporting rape to the NCVS also report to police. Nearly all female rape victims report the crime to the police. Almost no male victims of rape report the crime to the police. Approximately one out of every ten rape victims reports the crime to the police.
Fewer than a quarter of victims reporting rape to the NCVS also report to police.
In the United States, the crime of rape is now described as which of the following? Male-on-female Gender-neutral Adult-on-child Gender-specific
Gender-neutral
In terms of inmate homicide rates, the most dangerous state prison system from 2001 to 2014 (combined) among the following was in _____.
New Mexico
Money awarded to recover lost income is called:
Pecuniary damages
Those who re-experience their attacks over and over again in nightmares and flashbacks have symptoms of which disorder?
Post-traumatic stress disorder
In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right of persons accused of capital crimes to be represented by competent counsel provided by the government?
Powell v. Alabama
Which of the following is true of findings about sexual violence among prison inmates? Sexual violence among inmates was just rediscovered a few years ago. Females are more often assaulted in the first 24 hours after admission. Prison is the only place where rape jokes are not found "politically incorrect." Teens in juvenile institutions are less vulnerable than adults in prisons.
Prison is the only place where rape jokes are not found "politically incorrect."
Generally, what kind of laws stipulate that the defense cannot introduce evidence about the accuser's past sexual conduct unless the woman has previously been convicted of prostitution, has had consensual sex before with the defendant, or has an obvious incentive to lie?
Rape shield laws
Which of these embraces themes important to the victims' rights movement, especially empowerment, notification, direct involvement, offender accountability, and receiving restitution?
Restorative justice
What is a mode of conflict resolution called that relies on the use of force rather than negotiation and compromise, has a long and bloody history, and has as its goal revenge rather than reconciliation?
Retaliatory justice
Prior to the rise of governments and codification of laws, typical responses by injured parties and their kin were spontaneous acts of:
Revenge
Which of these is defined as suffering repeated rapes, generally by an intimate or acquaintance? Aggravated battery Cycle of violence Series victimization Aggravated assault
Series victimization
In which state was the earliest community service program established?
South Dakota
Arguments in favor of disclosing victims' names in the media include which of the following? The public has a right to know. The prosecutor has a right to know. All crimes are made public. Rape victims should not be favored.
The public has a right to know.
What does the legal use of self-defense require?
The threat posed by the aggressor must be imminent.
Among sexual assault victims, what is the status of wives whose husbands force them to submit to unwanted, degrading sexual acts?
They are least likely to report incidents, be believed by authorities, have their cases adjudicated, and secure convictions.
Why have some courts stricken down Son of Sam laws?
They can violate the 1st Amendment if not written carefully.
The belief that the woman's word alone should not be enough to secure a conviction in a rape case is based on which of these concerns? Defendants charged with rape are socially stigmatized. Some females might gain by making false accusations. The accused is entitled to the presumption of innocence.
This belief is based upon any and all of these concerns.
The word "rape" comes from the Latin word rapere. What does rapere mean?
To take by force
What the crime of rape was called in English common law?
Unlawful carnal knowledge
Regarding recent research into sexual assaults in the military, which of the following is true? Despite encouragement from the Department of Defense, victim reporting has not increased. Women are only 15 percent of service members, yet nearly half of those saying they were assaulted. Bullying or hazing with unwanted male-on-male sexual contact happens rarely in the military. Females are more likely to file complaints, but retaliation affected one-third of those who did.
Women are only 15 percent of service members, yet nearly half of those saying they were assaulted.
Suing private enterprises for third-party damages: never involves accusing the defendant of intentionally harming the plaintiff. usually involves gross negligence and breach of responsibility. requires proving that the enterprise did not take sufficient action to prevent a reasonably foreseeable crime. can accurately be described as having all of these characteristics.
can accurately be described as having all of these characteristics.
Which occupational group has the lowest rate of workplace assault?
college professors
Money awarded to repay expenses is most accurately called:
compensatory damages.
Stalking is an offense motivated by _____.
desire to dominate and subjugate
People who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be:
equalizers
The possibility that firearms can enable law-breakers to gain powerful advantages over their intended targets makes them:
facilitators.
A means of conflict resolution that begins with the wrongdoer's undergoing reintegrative shaming by describing the criminal incident to an assemblage of relatives, friends, and neighbors is called:
family group conferencing.
During the 1990s, the rates of all forms of violence at work _____.
fell considerably
Just as most criminals escape punishment, most also evade restitution. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as:
funneling
In 2009, the Hate Crime Statistics Act was amended a second time to include acts driven by the perpetrators' prejudices against the targets' perceived _____.
gender identity
For an incident of stalking to result in arrest, many state laws require that the targeted individual:
have "reasonable fear of death or grave bodily injury" arising from a credible threat of violence made by the aggressor
Currently, U.S. courts have the authority to order restitution:
in all states.
Which concept involves taking troublemakers out of circulation to protect the public?
incapacitation
A citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy under the:
individualist rationale.
The person asserting the right to self-defense must have a reasonable belief that harm is imminent. On what can this belief be based? he size of the adversary the time of day and the setting the presence or absence of a weapon it can be based on all of these factors
it can be based on all of these factors
When police officers are compelled to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, this is classified as:
justifiable homicide.
Of stalking incidents reported to the police, how many lead to prosecution?
less than a quarter
Which of the following is most typically a characteristic of hate crimes? lone offenders low levels of brutality prior relationships between victims and offenders high rates of reporting by victims
lone offenders
In which of the following situations, according to FBI data, are police officers at the highest risk of being killed?
making arrests
According to a recent study, what percent of inmates killed while held in local jails had not yet been convicted of any crime?
nearly 75 percent
The allegation that police officers failed to act to protect an individual, such as a witness for the prosecution, to whom they owed a special duty, is termed:
nonfeasance.
After an offender has served a period of incarceration, restitution can be included as a condition of:
parole.
In colonial America before the Revolution, criminal acts were handled primarily as:
private conflicts between individuals.
Money extracted to penalize wrongdoers and deter others from similar acts is most accurately termed:
punitive damages.
The use of violence is excused when a victim fearing great harm has no choice but to resort to force as a means of self-protection under the:
rationale of necessity.
With which of these is retributive justice most associated?
resolution via the criminal justice system
In ancient societies, what was intended to satisfy a thirst for vengeance as well as to repay losses?
restitution
What is an approach to resolving criminal cases called that rejects inflicting punishment and pursuing retribution in favor of seeking restitution followed by victim-offender reconciliation?
restorative justice
In general, the permissible use of appropriate force to protect one's life from an adversary whom one reasonably believes is threatening harm is known as the right to:
self-defense.
Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified as a way of preserving law and order under the:
social rationale.
In a few states, governments cannot be sued even when negligence has clearly contributed to the commission of crime, as the agents are protected by:
sovereign immunity.
Unlawful use of force against persons or property in order to intimidate a government or coerce some segment of the public into surrendering to political or social demands is called:
terrorism
According to your text, the situations of victims in the future will be shaped by: relying on the formal justice system. relying on weapons when under attack. seeking peacemaking opportunities. the interactions among all these things.
the interactions among all these things.
Using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries that the aggressor suffers are deserved, according to:
the punitive rationale.
In the years following the American Revolution, which of these were defined as wrongful acts that harmed specific persons?
torts
To prevent serious stalking outcomes, researchers have suggested the victim should _____. tell the offender to desist only once, then break off all contact log or journal to document the offender's stalking behaviors formulate plans for safety at home, in travel, and at work utilize all criminal and civil justice aids, plus the rest of these
utilize all criminal and civil justice aids, plus the rest of these
Which of the following is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing within the criminal justice system that embodies a do-it-yourself approach to settling disputes?
victim justice
What is the most common type of approach to restorative justice?
victim-offender mediation
Risk factors for slayings at work include working at establishments _____.
where cash transactions are made
Which sociological concept can be applied to rapes perpetrated by armed complete strangers against unsuspecting females who are ambushed in darkness via blitz attacks?
Ideal type
Under which conditions does the FBI have jurisdiction over a crime committed on a cruise ship while it was at sea?
If the victim is an American citizen and the ship is sailing from or returning to a U.S. port
Which of the following is true relative to making police officers' jobs safer? Improvements in training have made a difference. Improvements to their weapons have not helped. Gun control legislation has failed to protect them. Interpersonal violence nationwide has increased.
Improvements in training have made a difference.
Among these requirements of the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act (2010), which were intended, among other things, to collect and preserve forensic evidence? Installing stronger locks on the cabin doors Installing peepholes into cabin doors Installing medical personnel on board Installing surveillance cameras in corridors
Installing medical personnel on board
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), how does the change from 1992 to 2016 in the crime victimization rate for middle/junior high and high school students compare to the change over the same years in the victimization rate for all Americans?
It has fallen to about the same as the national rate
Currently, what is the status of vigilantism in America?
It is discussed much more often than it actually occurs.
What remains the key factor that distinguishes a sexual assault from an unpleasant sexual experience with an overly aggressive partner?
Lack of consent
Which of the following is true regarding marital rape? There is no such crime at this time, though several groups are attempting to have it recognized as a crime. Marital rape was outlawed long ago, even in English Common Law. Marital rape was not specified as a crime in any of the states until the mid-1970s. Marital rape is illegal today but only if the partners are no longer cohabitating.
Marital rape was not specified as a crime in any of the states until the mid-1970s.
What kind of restitution may be appropriate when the immediate casualties can't be identified?
Symbolic
Which workers suffer the highest rate of workplace homicides for any occupational group?
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
Among measures implemented that were designed to address sexual assaults and other sexual misconduct on college campuses, which of the following was chronologically LAST (most recent)? The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was established to coordinate federal efforts to identify best practices on campuses nationwide. Congress passed the Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act, requiring incidents of dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking to be included in annual campus crime statistics reports. The U.S. Department of Education's Civil Rights Office issued guidelines to adopt zero-tolerance policies toward sexual assaults on campus. All of these measures designed to address sexual misconduct on college campuses actually took place during different months or time periods within the same year.
The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was established to coordinate federal efforts to identify best practices on campuses nationwide.
Which types of lawsuits enable survivors to collect compensation for the loss of a loved one when the loss has occurred without justification or legitimate excuse?
Wrongful death suits
A meta-analysis of multiple research studies about male-on-male sexual assaults concluded that offenders and their victims tend to be which of the following?
Young
Reformers promote restitution as a means of ___. repayment to victims. rehabilitation of offenders. mutual reconciliation. achievement of all these.
achievement of all these.
Improvements in the criminal justice system related to bias crime include which of these? the passage of new laws increasing penalties for hate-related crime special steps being taken to investigate and solve hate-related crime district attorneys' being willing to prosecute bias crimes vigorously all these are criminal justice system innovations against bias crimes
all these are criminal justice system innovations against bias crimes
Mediation is a type of:
alternative dispute resolution.
As an intentional tort, which crime involves intentional, harmful physical contact that is painful, injurious, or offensive?
battery
Statistics measuring bias crimes may be unreliable due to which of the following? victims' not reporting the crimes police not being committed to keeping bias crime records not identifying motivations for crimes as bigotry bias crime statistics may be unreliable for all these reasons
bias crime statistics may be
