Visual anatomy and physiology MIDTERM Chapter 16 17 18 19 20
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti- A sera but not with the anti- B or anti- D sera. Which of the following is not true?
Bill's plasma contains Rh antibodies.
What occurs at "B" on the graph?
semilunar valve closes
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
Oxytocin
A decrease in blood CO2 levels would cause
WRONG**increased respiratory rate
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
build up bone.
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood- tissue exchange.
capillaries
Growth hormone does all of the following except
cause fat accumulation within adipocytes
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.
endocrine; nervous
The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the
external elastic membrane
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is
fibrinogen
Melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia
in very young children
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
increased hematocrit
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the
internal elastic membrane
Edema is not favored when
interstitial fluid movement increases.
The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.
interventricular septum
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of
iron
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except
is responsive to osmoreceptors
Sensory neurons that are part of the chemoreceptor reflexes are found in all of the following except the
lungs
Various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
The muscle layer of the heart is the
myocardium
The role of antigen- presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except
phagocytosis
Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except
pulmonary valve stenosis
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
The lymphocytes are most important in
fighting infection
A hematocrit provides information on
formed elements abundance
Each hemoglobin molecule contains
four iron atoms
Pacemaker cells in the SA node
generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
A typical adult hematocrit is
higher in males than females.
An increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is termed
hyperchromic
All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are
important in coagulation
An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in
increased erythropoiesis
After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect
increased reticulocyte count
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except
inhibition of the immune response
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
An elevated hematocrit value is termed
polycythemia
A person's blood type is determined largely by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops
Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
pulmonary arteries
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the
red bone marrow
As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit
tetany
The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in
the medulla
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
*heart
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
B and T cells
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2."
B cells
T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of
B cells
The cells responsible for antibody- mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B cells
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.
CD4 T
________ cells provide cell- mediated immunity.
CD8 T
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the
CNS
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
Cortex
___ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are
IgA
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are
IgM
Thyroid hormone contains the element
Iodine
How does a treatment with anti- Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation.
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
It is considered a large vein.
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Overall, the most common blood type is
O
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except
OXT
Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?
OXT
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
PRL
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
PTH
________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer patches
Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
Total peripheral resistance
Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except
an increase in cardiac output
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
body organs; right atrium
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Hematology can detect all of the following except
body temperature
What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph?
both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to
both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.
If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions,
both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize
In comparing a trained athlete to a non- athlete, which of these comparisons is false?
both hearts weigh about the same
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
both production and release
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
both right coronary artery and left coronary artery
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
brain
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
calcitonin
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
calmodulin
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.
calmodulin
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
capillaries
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?
capillary
RBCs move single file through this structure.
capillary
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
capillary hydrostatic pressure
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
carbohydrates
Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except
carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues.
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells
The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as
cardiac tamponade
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells
All of the veins listed are deep veins except
cephalic
Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?
channeling blood away from the heart
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendineae
After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would not occur?
circulatory shock
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve
________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
coagulation
________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.
collaterals
The function of the atrium is to
collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle
Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.
colony stimulating factors
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids.
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaries
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
coronary sinus
Identify the hormone labeled "1."
corticotropin (ACTH)
A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is
cortisol
Cortisol released from the zona fasciculata is converted by the liver to
cortisone
Identify the structure labeled "6."
cusp of tricuspid valve
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus- infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except
decrease levels of calcium ions
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except
decreased blood flow
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber
decreases
When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base
decreases
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?
defend against specific pathogens or toxins
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult
descending aorta
Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except
diabetes
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
Platelets function in all of the following except
dissolving a formed clot
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
doubled
The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except
during periods of fasting
Identify the structure labeled "1."
efferent lymphatic
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than
either 37.2°C or 99°F.
The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?
elastic
The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.
endocardium
Which of the following is mismatched?
endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
In cardiac muscle, calcium ions
enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels
White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the
eosinophils
The visceral pericardium is the same as the
epicardium
The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
epinephrine
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
epinephrine
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
The process of red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________
erythropoietin; kidneys
Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ________ pathway.
extrinsic
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries
Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to
form stacks
There are ________ pulmonary veins.
four
Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
free and fixed macrophages
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
function independently of the endocrine system
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated
Identify the region labeled "5."
germinal center
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone.
All target cells
have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments.
Cells that help regulate the antibody- mediated immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
The earliest precursor cells that give rise to blood cells are
hemangioblasts
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except
hematuria
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin
Which of the following proteins functions to store or transport oxygen?
hemoglobin
Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that
her hemoglobin level is normal.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?
hormone that regulates blood cell formation
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
hypothalamus
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
in one direction only
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except
increase in blood pressure
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in
increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system
David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause
increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation
Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).
Which of the following is not true of basophils?
increased production during parasitic infections
In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________ membrane permeability to ________ ions
increased sodium
The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except
increases edema.
Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except
inhibition of EPO secretion
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
The ________ separate(s) the two atria.
interatrial septum
Plasma is closest in ionic composition to
interstitial fluid.
Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except
intrinsic
Platelet factor (PF- 3) is a factor in the ________ pathway.
intrinsic
After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called
involution
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
is running a fever
What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph?
isovolumetric contraction
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
isthmus
Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the
kidney
The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except
kidney
Which of the following does not affect blood flow through the body?
kidney disease
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack a nucleus
Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline.
left
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium
The left border of the heart is formed by the
left atrium and left ventricle.
Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the
left coronary artery
The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the
left coronary artery
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle and right ventricle
Which of the following is false concerning neutrophils?
less abundant than lymphocytes
If bile ducts are blocked, which of the following would not occur?
less hemolysis would occur
Identify the structure labeled "21."
ligamentum arteriosum
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by
liver
Sinusoids can be found in the
liver
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
Destruction of the supra- optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
loss of ADH secretion
The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?
muscular
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except
nerves
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunity
What does the circle label "5" indicate on the graph?
peak systolic pressure
The cavity that contains only the heart is the
pericardial cavity
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.
plasma
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
plasmin
Which of the following is not a component of plasma?
platelets
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
precapillary sphincter
Contractions of the papillary muscles
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
produce a fever
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
produce hormones
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.
prolactin; corticotropin
The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of
proteins
Identify the structure labeled "19."
pulmonary semilunar valve
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary valve
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve
The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the
pulmonary veins
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it
pumps a greater volume
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to red bone marrow.
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is
red bone marrow
Granulocytes form in
red bone marrow.
In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in
red bone marrow.
Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?
red cells are about 18 um in diameter
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
reduces; increases
If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?
regurgitation back into the right atrium
Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except
release of renin
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
Lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens.
The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as
reticulocytes
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation
reticulocytes
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the
right atrium
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the
right coronary artery
Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the
right ventricle
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm.
right ventricle
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called
sensitization
When blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis.
separated
The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called
septa
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time
several
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node
The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the
sinusoids
The normal pH of blood is
slightly alkaline.
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
somatomedins
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except
steroid hormones
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except
steroid hormones.
Analyzing of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except the
stroke volume.
The cephalic vein merges with the axillary vein to become the
subclavian vein.
The fetal cardinal veins later form the adult
superior and inferior vena cavae
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
suprarenal
These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
systemic venous system
________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation
systole; diastole
The testes produce
testosterone
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes
Vasculogenesis refers to
the formation of the first vessels.
Angiogenesis refers to
the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.
Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to
the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.
Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?
the peak pressure in the ventricle
Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.
The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,
the ventricles will beat more slowly
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
If the blood types of a donor and recipient are compatible, then
there is no reaction between antibodies and antigens.
All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that
they are granulocytes.
All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except
third and fourth heart sounds.
The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the
thoracic cavity
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by
thrombin
The thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
thymus
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Identify the hormone labeled "4."
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Identify the hormone labeled "5."
thyroxin (thyroid hormones
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then
to open
are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
tonsils
Identify the structures labeled "4."
trabeculae
Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called
trabeculae carneae
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
tunica externa
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
tunica intima
The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the
tunica media
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
tunica media
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called
vasoconstriction
Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?
viruses
An equivalent term for epicardium is
visceral pericardium
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except
viscosity about the same as water.
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to
voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open
The most abundant component of plasma is
water
All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
The mitral valve closing is associated with all of the following except
when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure.
When will the blood pressure be greater?
when the peripheral vessels constrict
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood
Shelly has a hormone- secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
zona reticularis
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
All of the answers are correct
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to
All the above are correct - pH - oxygen - carbon dioxide
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2
Helper T cells do all of the following except
destroy target cells using perforins
As the heart rate slows, ________ get(s) longer.
diastole
Nonspecific defenses would not include
antibodies
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
Regulatory T cells act to
Supress antigens
The cells directly responsible for cell- mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
T
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T helper
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.
The right and left common iliac arteries branches off of the
abdominal aorta
Which of the following is false concerning monocytes?
about same size as basophils
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells
Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
adenohypophysis
Identify the structure labeled "3."
afferent lymphatic
Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumin
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
aldosterone
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na + is the action of
aldosterone
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
amino acid derivatives
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen
An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except
an increase ATP production
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
arterioles dilate
Where is blood pressure highest?
artery
The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called
atrial systole
During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the
atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
The earlike extension of the atrium is the
auricle
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
All of the vessel names below refer to both an artery and a vein except
basilic
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located
between left atrium and left ventricle
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false?
bind complement
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except
blood
All of the following occur during exercise except
blood flow to skin decreases
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels
is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.
Autoregulation
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute.
80-100
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters.
5-6
Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States.
50
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55; 92
The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute.
6,000
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
9
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
Lymph nodes range in diameter from
1 mm to 25 mm
At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts
1 second
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45 percent
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
100
Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit?
16
Below are some of the factors involved in the extrinsic clotting pathway.
2, 1, 6, 4, 3, 5
Arrange the following vessels in the order in which blood would pass through them 1. pulmonary venules 2. pulmonary trunk 3. pulmonary veins 4. alveolar capillaries 5. pulmonary arterioles 6. pulmonary arteries
2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them. 1. left atrium 2. pulmonary arteries 3. systemic veins 4. right ventricle 5. right atrium 6. pulmonary veins
3, 5, 4, 2, 6, 1
You are caring for a female adult patient who weighs 40 kg (90 lbs). Assuming no loss of blood, what would her approximate blood volume be?
3.8 L
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate?
A trained athlete
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
ACTH levels
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?
ADH
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
Neurons of the supra- optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
ADH and OXT
During ventricular systole, the
AV valves are closed
The first heart sound is heard when the
AV valves close
Materials can move across capillary walls by
All of the above filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion
The hypophyseal portal system
All of the answers are correct
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
All of the answers are correct.
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
All of the answers are correct. experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. increases water intake.
Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?
Antibodies
What occurs at "A" on the graph?
Aortic semilunar valve opens
Which parts of the following statement are true? The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle, located within the interventricular septum.
Both parts of the statement are true.
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
Endocrine
Red cell production is stimulated by a kidney- derived hormone called
Erythropoietin (EPO)
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
Estrogen
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
Compared to arteries, veins
Have thinner walls
Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?
Heart
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
Helper T cells
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs.
Hemoglobin molecules
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?
Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system.
If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?
MSH
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
MSH
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
Medulla
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of mature erythrocytes
RBC count
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
The coronary arteries
All of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation except
The heart rate decreasing as stroke volume decreases.
Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is
The left subclavian artery
Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true?
The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.
Lymphocyte production does not occur in
The liver
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into
The right lymphatic duct
Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found.
WRONG 2 outer cortex
Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must
WRONG either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.
The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells
WRONG helper T
Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
WRONG**decreased blood colloidal pressure
Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except
Z lines
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein.
In which of the following would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?
a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver
What is perforin?
a protein produced by NK cells
ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long- term compensation for
a serious hemorrhage
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
When renin is released from the kidney,
angiotensin I formation is triggered.
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure.
aortic
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"?
apex of heart
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
are produced by the adrenal medulla.
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they
are smaller in diameter
Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?
arteries
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the
arteriole
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except
lymph vessels
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes
Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
lymphoid tissues
The coronary sulcus is a groove that
marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.
median eminence
The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the
mediastinum
Sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes are found in the
medulla oblongta
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes
cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
memory
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
mineralocorticoids
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
monocytes
Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.
more than 30
Which of the following statements about blood is false?
normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?
often elevated in allergic individuals
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except
osmolarity of interstitial fluids
An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.
oxygenated, systemic
Identify the hormone labeled "13."
oxytocin
Identify the structure labeled "8."
papillary muscles
Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased
parasympathetic innervation
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
vasodilation
Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
vein
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
venae cavae
The relaxation phase of the lower chambers of the heart is called
ventricular diastole
The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the
ventricular ejection of ventricular systole
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
The thoroughfare channel ends at the
venule
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the
venules
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
