Visual anatomy and physiology MIDTERM Chapter 16 17 18 19 20

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti- A sera but not with the anti- B or anti- D sera. Which of the following is not true?

Bill's plasma contains Rh antibodies.

What occurs at "B" on the graph?

semilunar valve closes

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

Oxytocin

A decrease in blood CO2 levels would cause

WRONG**increased respiratory rate

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

build up bone.

________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood- tissue exchange.

capillaries

Growth hormone does all of the following except

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

endocrine; nervous

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the

external elastic membrane

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

Melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia

in very young children

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

increased hematocrit

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the

internal elastic membrane

Edema is not favored when

interstitial fluid movement increases.

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.

interventricular septum

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

is responsive to osmoreceptors

Sensory neurons that are part of the chemoreceptor reflexes are found in all of the following except the

lungs

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

The muscle layer of the heart is the

myocardium

The role of antigen- presenting cells in immunity is to do all of the following except

phagocytosis

Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except

pulmonary valve stenosis

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

The lymphocytes are most important in

fighting infection

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

four iron atoms

Pacemaker cells in the SA node

generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

A typical adult hematocrit is

higher in males than females.

An increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is termed

hyperchromic

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are

important in coagulation

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

increased erythropoiesis

After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect

increased reticulocyte count

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

inhibition of the immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

An elevated hematocrit value is termed

polycythemia

A person's blood type is determined largely by the

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

pulmonary arteries

All the circulating red blood cells originate in the

red bone marrow

As a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit

tetany

The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in

the medulla

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

*heart

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2."

B cells

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

The cells responsible for antibody- mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

B cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.

CD4 T

________ cells provide cell- mediated immunity.

CD8 T

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the

CNS

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

Cortex

___ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are

IgM

Thyroid hormone contains the element

Iodine

How does a treatment with anti- Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation.

Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?

It is considered a large vein.

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.

Overall, the most common blood type is

O

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

OXT

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH

________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer patches

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

Tolerance

refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.

Total peripheral resistance

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except

an increase in cardiac output

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.

body organs; right atrium

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Hematology can detect all of the following except

body temperature

What occurs at the area labeled "D" on the graph?

both AV valves open and diastolic refilling begins

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to

both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions,

both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize

In comparing a trained athlete to a non- athlete, which of these comparisons is false?

both hearts weigh about the same

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

both production and release

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.

both right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

brain

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

calcitonin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

RBCs move single file through this structure.

capillary

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

carbohydrates

Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except

carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues.

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as

cardiac tamponade

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry oxygen

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells

All of the veins listed are deep veins except

cephalic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

channeling blood away from the heart

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendineae

After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would not occur?

circulatory shock

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with

closing of the mitral valve

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

coagulation

________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.

collaterals

The function of the atrium is to

collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle

Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.

colony stimulating factors

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids.

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

coronary

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the

coronary sinus

Identify the hormone labeled "1."

corticotropin (ACTH)

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol

Cortisol released from the zona fasciculata is converted by the liver to

cortisone

Identify the structure labeled "6."

cusp of tricuspid valve

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

Platelets are

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus- infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except

decrease levels of calcium ions

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

Inflammation produces all of the localized effects except

decreased blood flow

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

decreased heart rate and force of contraction.

When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber

decreases

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base

decreases

Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?

defend against specific pathogens or toxins

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

depolarization of the atria

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta

Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except

diabetes

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.

differential count

The process of fibrinolysis

dissolves clots

Platelets function in all of the following except

dissolving a formed clot

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

doubled

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except

during periods of fasting

Identify the structure labeled "1."

efferent lymphatic

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2°C or 99°F.

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery?

elastic

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.

endocardium

Which of the following is mismatched?

endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other

In cardiac muscle, calcium ions

enter the cell through slow voltage gated ion channels

White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the

eosinophils

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

epicardium

The adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

epinephrine

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The process of red blood cell production is called

erythropoiesis

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________

erythropoietin; kidneys

Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ________ pathway.

extrinsic

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries

Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to

form stacks

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

four

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

function independently of the endocrine system

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated

Identify the region labeled "5."

germinal center

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone.

All target cells

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments.

Cells that help regulate the antibody- mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

The earliest precursor cells that give rise to blood cells are

hemangioblasts

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except

hematuria

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is

hemoglobin

Which of the following proteins functions to store or transport oxygen?

hemoglobin

Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16 g/dL of blood. This value indicates that

her hemoglobin level is normal.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates blood cell formation

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

in one direction only

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except

increase in blood pressure

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in

increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system

David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause

increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Which of the following is not true of basophils?

increased production during parasitic infections

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of ________ membrane permeability to ________ ions

increased sodium

The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves all of the following functions except

increases edema.

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except

inhibition of EPO secretion

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

The ________ separate(s) the two atria.

interatrial septum

Plasma is closest in ionic composition to

interstitial fluid.

Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except

intrinsic

Platelet factor (PF- 3) is a factor in the ________ pathway.

intrinsic

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever

What occurs at the circled label "4" on the graph?

isovolumetric contraction

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

isthmus

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the

kidney

The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except

kidney

Which of the following does not affect blood flow through the body?

kidney disease

RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their

lack a nucleus

Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline.

left

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

Pulmonary veins carry blood to the

left atrium

The left border of the heart is formed by the

left atrium and left ventricle.

Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the

left coronary artery

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

left coronary artery

The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.

left ventricle and right ventricle

Which of the following is false concerning neutrophils?

less abundant than lymphocytes

If bile ducts are blocked, which of the following would not occur?

less hemolysis would occur

Identify the structure labeled "21."

ligamentum arteriosum

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

liver

Sinusoids can be found in the

liver

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Destruction of the supra- optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

loss of ADH secretion

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery?

muscular

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except

nerves

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunity

What does the circle label "5" indicate on the graph?

peak systolic pressure

The cavity that contains only the heart is the

pericardial cavity

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin

Which of the following is not a component of plasma?

platelets

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the

precapillary sphincter

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever

Which of the following is not a function of blood?

produce hormones

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

prolactin; corticotropin

The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins

Identify the structure labeled "19."

pulmonary semilunar valve

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

pulmonary valve

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the

pulmonary veins

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it

pumps a greater volume

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

recycled to red bone marrow.

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is

red bone marrow

Granulocytes form in

red bone marrow.

In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in

red bone marrow.

Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?

red cells are about 18 um in diameter

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?

regurgitation back into the right atrium

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except

release of renin

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens.

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as

reticulocytes

Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

reticulocytes

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation

reticulocytes

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

right and left lungs

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

right atrium

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

Coronary veins empty into the

right atrium

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the

right breast

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

right coronary artery

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the

right ventricle

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm.

right ventricle

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization

When blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis.

separated

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called

septa

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time

several

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

sinoatrial node

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the

sinusoids

The normal pH of blood is

slightly alkaline.

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

somatomedins

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

steroid hormones

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

steroid hormones.

Analyzing of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except the

stroke volume.

The cephalic vein merges with the axillary vein to become the

subclavian vein.

The fetal cardinal veins later form the adult

superior and inferior vena cavae

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

suprarenal

These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.

systemic venous system

________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation

systole; diastole

The testes produce

testosterone

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels.

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to

the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.

Which of the following is greater during left ventricular systole?

the peak pressure in the ventricle

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,

the ventricles will beat more slowly

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

If the blood types of a donor and recipient are compatible, then

there is no reaction between antibodies and antigens.

All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that

they are granulocytes.

All of the following contributes to turbulent blood flow except

third and fourth heart sounds.

The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the

thoracic cavity

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by

thrombin

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Identify the hormone labeled "4."

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Identify the hormone labeled "5."

thyroxin (thyroid hormones

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then

to open

are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

tonsils

Identify the structures labeled "4."

trabeculae

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.

tricuspid

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?

tunica externa

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

tunica intima

The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the

tunica media

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called

vasoconstriction

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

viruses

An equivalent term for epicardium is

visceral pericardium

Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except

viscosity about the same as water.

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

voltage-gated calcium channels remaining open

The most abundant component of plasma is

water

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

The mitral valve closing is associated with all of the following except

when the left atrial pressure exceeds the left ventricular pressure.

When will the blood pressure be greater?

when the peripheral vessels constrict

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood

Shelly has a hormone- secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

zona reticularis

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

All of the answers are correct

Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to

All the above are correct - pH - oxygen - carbon dioxide

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

Helper T cells do all of the following except

destroy target cells using perforins

As the heart rate slows, ________ get(s) longer.

diastole

Nonspecific defenses would not include

antibodies

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen

Regulatory T cells act to

Supress antigens

The cells directly responsible for cell- mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

T helper

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.

The right and left common iliac arteries branches off of the

abdominal aorta

Which of the following is false concerning monocytes?

about same size as basophils

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

activates B cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of proenzyme exposed to collagen

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

adenohypophysis

Identify the structure labeled "3."

afferent lymphatic

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na + is the action of

aldosterone

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

amino acid derivatives

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

an increase ATP production

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

arterioles dilate

Where is blood pressure highest?

artery

The contraction phase of the upper chambers of the heart is called

atrial systole

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

The earlike extension of the atrium is the

auricle

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

base

All of the vessel names below refer to both an artery and a vein except

basilic

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

basophils

The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located

between left atrium and left ventricle

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

bicuspid

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false?

bind complement

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except

blood

All of the following occur during exercise except

blood flow to skin decreases

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels

is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.

Autoregulation

Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute.

80-100

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6

The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters.

5-6

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States.

50

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

55; 92

The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute.

6,000

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Lymph nodes range in diameter from

1 mm to 25 mm

At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts

1 second

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45 percent

If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit?

16

Below are some of the factors involved in the extrinsic clotting pathway.

2, 1, 6, 4, 3, 5

Arrange the following vessels in the order in which blood would pass through them 1. pulmonary venules 2. pulmonary trunk 3. pulmonary veins 4. alveolar capillaries 5. pulmonary arterioles 6. pulmonary arteries

2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3

Arrange the following structures in the correct order as blood would pass through them. 1. left atrium 2. pulmonary arteries 3. systemic veins 4. right ventricle 5. right atrium 6. pulmonary veins

3, 5, 4, 2, 6, 1

You are caring for a female adult patient who weighs 40 kg (90 lbs). Assuming no loss of blood, what would her approximate blood volume be?

3.8 L

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is

4 months

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate?

A trained athlete

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

Neurons of the supra- optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and OXT

During ventricular systole, the

AV valves are closed

The first heart sound is heard when the

AV valves close

Materials can move across capillary walls by

All of the above filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion

The hypophyseal portal system

All of the answers are correct

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

All of the answers are correct.

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body

All of the answers are correct. experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. increases water intake.

Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood?

Antibodies

What occurs at "A" on the graph?

Aortic semilunar valve opens

Which parts of the following statement are true? The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle, located within the interventricular septum.

Both parts of the statement are true.

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

Endocrine

Red cell production is stimulated by a kidney- derived hormone called

Erythropoietin (EPO)

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

Estrogen

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

Compared to arteries, veins

Have thinner walls

Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?

Heart

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

Helper T cells

________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs.

Hemoglobin molecules

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system.

If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?

MSH

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

Medulla

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

QRS complex

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of mature erythrocytes

RBC count

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

The coronary arteries

All of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation except

The heart rate decreasing as stroke volume decreases.

Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is

The left subclavian artery

Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true?

The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.

Lymphocyte production does not occur in

The liver

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

The right lymphatic duct

Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found.

WRONG 2 outer cortex

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

WRONG either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells

WRONG helper T

Which of the following factors will not increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

WRONG**decreased blood colloidal pressure

Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except

Z lines

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein.

In which of the following would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?

a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long- term compensation for

a serious hemorrhage

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

In which of the following would the resistance be greater?

a vessel 10 microns in diameter

When renin is released from the kidney,

angiotensin I formation is triggered.

A person with Type A blood has

antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure.

aortic

The inferior point of the heart is called the

apex

Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"?

apex of heart

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by the adrenal medulla.

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they

are smaller in diameter

Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats?

arteries

The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the

arteriole

Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except

lymph vessels

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

lymphoid tissues

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

median eminence

The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the

mediastinum

Sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes are found in the

medulla oblongta

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

memory

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

mineralocorticoids

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

monocytes

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.

more than 30

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils?

often elevated in allergic individuals

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except

osmolarity of interstitial fluids

An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.

oxygenated, systemic

Identify the hormone labeled "13."

oxytocin

Identify the structure labeled "8."

papillary muscles

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased

parasympathetic innervation

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except

vasodilation

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

venae cavae

The relaxation phase of the lower chambers of the heart is called

ventricular diastole

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the

ventricular ejection of ventricular systole

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular repolarization

The thoroughfare channel ends at the

venule

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the

venules

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

venules