Visual Arts & Architecture: 20th Century

Fernand ____ (1881-1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually modified into a more figurative, populist style. His boldly simplified treatment of modern subject matter has caused him to be regarded as a forerunner of pop art.

Leger (Pic: Still Life with a Beer Mug)

_____ was a French artist, known for both his use of color and his fluid & original draughtsmanship. He is commonly regarded as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. The intense colorism of the works he painted between 1900 and 1905 brought him notoriety as one of the Fauves (wild beasts). Many of his finest works were created in the decade or so after 1906, when he developed a rigorous style that emphasized flattened forms and decorative pattern. After 1930, he adopted a bolder simplification of form. His mastery of the expressive language of color and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Henri Matisse (Pic: Le Luxe II, 1907-08)

Edward ____ (1882-1967) was an American realist painter and printmaker. While he is widely known for his oil paintings, he was equally proficient as a watercolorist and printmaker in etching. His career benefited decisively from his marriage to fellow-artist Josephine Nivison, who contributed much to his work, both as a life-model and as a creative partner. He was a minor-key artist, creating subdued drama out of commonplace subjects 'layered with a poetic meaning', inviting narrative interpretations, often unintended. He was praised for 'complete verity' in the America he portrayed.

Hopper (Automat, 1927)

Robert ____ (1928-2018) was an American artist associated with the pop art movement. His "LOVE" print, first created for the Museum of Modern Art's Christmas card in 1965, was the basis for his 1970 Love sculpture and the widely distributed 1973 United States Postal Service "LOVE" stamp.

Indiana (Pic: 1973 LOVE stamp)

The style of technology-driven, unadorned, stripped-to-essentials architecture in the industrialized nations since the 1930s has been called ______ or simply modernism. Architects who worked in this style are Robert Venturi and Michael Graves.

International Style

______ (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker whose work is associated with abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and pop art. He is well known for his depictions of the American flag and other US-related topics. His' works regularly sell for millions of dollars at sale and auction, including a reported $110 million sale in 2010. At multiple times his have held the title of most paid for a work by a living artist.

Jasper Johns (Pic: Flag, Encaustic, oil and collage on fabric mounted on plywood, 1954-55)

______ is the world headquarters and administration building of S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine, Wisconsin. Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright the building was constructed from 1936 to 1939. Its distinctive "lily pad" columns and other innovations revived Wright's career at a point when he was losing influence. It and the nearby 14-story Johnson Wax Research Tower were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Johnson Wax Headquarters (Pic: 1969 photo of headquarters building with tower)

_____ (1879-1935) was a Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, whose pioneering work and writing had a profound influence on the development of non-objective, or abstract art, in the 20th century. Born in Kyiv to an ethnic Polish family, his concept of Suprematism sought to develop a form of expression that moved as far as possible from the world of natural forms (objectivity) and subject matter in order to access "the supremacy of pure feeling"and spirituality. He is considered to be part of the Ukrainian avant-garde that was shaped by Ukrainian-born artists who worked first in Ukraine and later over a geographical span between Europe and America.

Kazimir Malevich

_____ is art from any medium that contains movement perceivable by the viewer or depends on motion for its effect. Canvas paintings that extend the viewer's perspective of the artwork and incorporate multidimensional movement are the earliest examples of kinetic art. More pertinently speaking, kinetic art is a term that today most often refers to three-dimensional sculptures and figures such as mobiles that move naturally or are machine operated. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor, or the observer.

Kinetic art

Ernst ____ (1880-1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker and one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke. He volunteered for army service in the First World War, but soon suffered a breakdown and was discharged. His work was branded as "degenerate" by the Nazis in 1933, and in 1937 more than 600 of his works were sold or destroyed.

Kirchner (Pic:Vier Holzplastiken)

Gustav ___ (1862-1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. He is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objects d'art. His primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism. In addition to his figurative works, which include allegories and portraits, he painted landscapes. Among the artists of the Vienna Secession, he was the most influenced by Japanese art and its methods.

Klimt (The Vienna Secession is an art movement, closely related to Art Nouveau.) (Pic: Section of the Beethoven Frieze by Gustav Klimt in the Secession Building)

Obsession with self and with abstraction led to a major American art movement after WWII, ______, whose chief exponents were Clyfford Still, Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, and Robert Motherwell. Other Americans took this movement into the area of color-field painting, a cooler, more reserved formalism of simple shapes and experimental color relationships: Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Jospeh Albers, and Ad Reinhardt.

Abstract Expressionism (Developed in New York City in the 1940s, it was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York at the center of the Western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.)

The greatest Cuban artist and one of the most important figures in the history of art was Pablo Picasso; Les Demoiselles d'Avignon; Three Musicians; Ma Jolie). His use of ____ and ____ tribal art, and his emphasis on taking objects apart and reassembling them---thus showing a subject's multiplicity of aspects and dissolving time and space---led to similar experiments by other artists.

African, Oceanic (Pic: Three Musicians)

Josef ____ (1888-1976) was a German-born artist and educator. He taught at the Bauhausand Black Mountain College, headed Yale University's department of design, and is considered one of the most influential teachers of the visual arts in the twentieth century. As an artist, he worked in several disciplines, including photography, typography, murals and printmaking. He is best known for his work as an abstract painter and a theorist. His book Interaction of Color was published in 1963.

Albers (Pic: Josef Albers, Proto-Form)

_____ (1928-1987) was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a leading figure in pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s. Some of his best known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans and Marilyn Diptych (Monroe), the experimental films Empire and Chelsea Girls , and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable.

Andy Warhol (Pic: Campbell's Soup Cans; sometimes referred to as 32 Campbell's Soup Cans)

Alexander _____ (1887-1964) was a Ukrainian and American avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist. He was one of the first to apply the principles of Cubism to architecture, analyzing human figure into geometrical forms.

Archipenko (Pic: La Vie Familiale (Family Life), 1912)

The _____ was an artistic movement in the United States during the late 19th-early 20th century that is best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods. The movement, which took some inspiration from Walt Whitman's epic poem Leaves of Grass, has been seen as emblematic of the spirit of political rebellion of the period.

Ashcan School (Pic: Everett Shinn, Cross Streets of New York, 1899)

The _____ was a German art school operational from 1919-1933 that combined crafts & the fine arts. The school became famous for its approach to design, which attempted to unify the principles of mass production with individual artistic vision and strove to combine aesthetics with everyday function. The school championed abstract art, geometric design, machine-age elements, and restricted ornament.

Bauhaus (Pic: The Bauhaus emblem, designed by Oskar Schlemmer, was adopted in 1921.)

Thomas Hart _____ (1889-1975) was an American painter and muralist. He was at the forefront of the Regionalist art movement. The fluid, sculpted figures in his paintings showed everyday people in scenes of life in the US. His work is strongly associated with the Midwestern US, the region in which he was born and which he called home for most of his life. He also studied in Paris, lived in New York City for more than 20 years and painted scores of works there, summered for 50 years on Martha's Vineyard off the New England coast, and also painted scenes of the American South and West.

Benton (Pic: In 1924, Benton depicted three landmarks in New York City's Madison Square within his painting New York, Early Twenties.)

Umberto _____ (1882-1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures. Despite his short life, his approach to the dynamism of form and the deconstruction of solid mass guided artists long after his death.

Boccioni (Pic: The City Rises)

Constantin ____ (1876-1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter and photographer who made his career in France. Considered one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th-century and a pioneer of modernism, he is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. As a child he displayed an aptitude for carving wooden farm tools. His art emphasizes clean geometrical lines that balance forms inherent in his materials with the symbolic allusions of representational art. He sought inspiration in non-European cultures as a source of primitive exoticism. However, other influences emerge from Romanian folk art traceable through Byzantine and Dionysian traditions.

Brancusi (Pic: The Kiss)

_____ architecture, also called New Brutalism, is an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterized by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome color palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.

Brutalist

Alexander ____ (1898-1976) was an American sculptor known both for his innovative mobiles (kinetic sculptures powered by motors or air currents) that embrace chance in their aesthetic, and static "stabiles" monumental public sculptures. He didn't limit his art to sculptures; he also created paintings, jewelry, theatre sets and costumes.

Calder (Red Mobile, 1956, Painted sheet metal and metal rods, a signature work by Calder)

Giorgio de ____ (1888-1978) was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. In the years before WWI, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists. His most well-known works often feature Roman arcades, long shadows, mannequins, trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and of Friedrich Nietzsche, and for the mythology of his birthplace. After 1919, he became a critic of modern art, studied traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work.

Chirico (Pic: The Song of Love, 1914)

Charles Chase ____ (born July 5, 1940) is an American painter, artist and photographer. He makes massive-scale photorealist portraits. He often paints abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally. He also creates photo portraits using a very large format camera. Even though a catastrophic spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint.

Close (Pic: Mark (1978 - 1979), acrylic on canvas)

_____ painting is a style of abstract painting that emerged in NYC during the 1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to abstract expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering abstract expressionists. It is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane. The movement places less emphasis on gesture, brushstrokes and action in favour of an overall consistency of form and process. In this type of painting "color is freed from objective context and becomes the subject in itself.

Color field (Pic: Kenneth Noland, Beginning, 1958)

_____ is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic, technical, and material concerns. Some works of conceptual art, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions.

Conceptual art

____ is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture. It has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. By its blatant visual decomposition and reassemblage of observed reality, the movement seemed the most direct call for the total destruction of realistic depiction and for abstraction.

Cubism (The movement was pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.)

John Steuart ____ (1897-1946) was an American painter whose career spanned the years from 1924 until his death. He was noted for his paintings depicting rural life in his home state, Kansas. He was hailed as one of the three great painters of American Regionalism of the first half of the twentieth century. His works were painted with movement, which was conveyed by the free brush work and energized forms that characterized his style. His control over brushstrokes created excited emotions such as fear and despair in his paintings.

Curry (Pic: Freeing of the Slaves; The Union Army, marching through, has just delivered the Emancipation Proclamation)

Dada or ____ was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Developed in reaction to WWI, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with radical left-wing and far-left politics.

Dadaism (The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It is frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability.)

The German Expressionist portrayed disturbing phycological truths through highly personal styles and disjointed compositions, and they frequently worked in woodcut. These German artists banded together from 1905 to 1913 in a group called ______; their aims were unabashedly revolutionary, and their work was meant to shock. Their compositions emphasized distortion, angular and contoured figures, sometimes screaming color, and outrageous themes. The groups members were Ernst Kirchner, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Erich Heckel, Otto Mueller, Max Pechstein, and Emil Nolde.

Die Brucke (The Bridge)

Marcel ____ (1887-1968) was a French-American painter and sculptor whose work is associated with Cubism, Dada, and conceptual art. He is commonly regarded as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. He has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art, and he had a seminal influence on the development of conceptual art. By the time of World War I he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists as "retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind.

Duchamp (Pic: Marcel Duchamp's Readymade, 1913)

Max ____ (1891-1976) was a German (naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958) painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, he was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism. He had no formal artistic training, but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage, an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages.

Ernst (Pic: Ubu Imperator, 1923)

Richard ____ (born May 14, 1932) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of the founders of the international photo-realist movement of the late 1960s. Author Graham Thompson writes "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like Richard Estes, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."

Estes (Telephone Booths (1968), Oil on canvas.)

_____ is a modernist movement in art originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists have sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism

____ is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While the style of Fauvism began around 1904 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few years, 1905-1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were André Derain and Henri Matisse. Other Faves were Georges Braque, Maurice Vlaminck, and peripherally, Georges Rouault, whose art was distinctly religious.

Fauvism (Pic: André Derain, 1906, Charing Cross Bridge, London)

______ (1867-1959) was an American architect who designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. He believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture." He played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing generations of architects worldwide through his works.

Frank Lloyd Wright (Pic: Miniature replica of the Fallingwater building)

______ (1880-1916)was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of German Expressionism. He was a founding member of Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it. His mature works mostly depict animals, and are known for bright colouration. In the 1930s, the Nazis named him a degenerate artist as part of their suppression of modern art. However, most of his work survived World War II, securing his legacy. His work is now exhibited in many eminent galleries and museums. When up for auction, his major paintings attract large sums, with a record of £12,340,500 ($24,376,190) for Weidende Pferde III (Grazing Horses III).

Franz Marc

_____ was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. It glorified modernity and aimed to liberate Italy from the weight of its past.

Futurism (Pic: Gino Severini, 1912, Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin)

_____ (1882-1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. Braque's work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame and notoriety of Picasso.

Georges Braque (Pic: 1908, Maisons et arbre)

Alberto _____ (1901-1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman and printmaker. His work was particularly influenced by artistic styles such as Cubism and Surrealism. Philosophical questions about the human condition and existential and phenomenological debates played a significant role in his work. Around 1935 he gave up on his Surrealistic influences in order to pursue a more deepened analysis of figurative compositions. Between 1938 and 1944 his sculptures had a maximum height of seven centimeters. Their small size reflected the actual distance between the artist's position and his model. In this context he self-critically stated: "But wanting to create from memory what I had seen, to my terror the sculptures became smaller and smaller". After WWII, he created his most famous sculptures: his extremely tall and slender figurines.

Giacometti (Pic: Cat, 1954)

Juan ___ was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France most of his life. Closely connected to the innovative artistic genre Cubism, his works are among the movement's most distinctive.

Gris (Pic: 1916, Woman with Mandolin, after Corot)

Duane ____ (1925-1996) was an American artist and sculptor. He was known for his life sized realistic sculptures of people. He cast the works based on human models in various materials, including polyester resin, fiberglass, Bondo, and bronze. His sculptures include the hyper-realistic "Housepainter II" and "Hermes,". His sculpture of a black man whitewashing a brown wall underscores the curators' point that ancient marbles were originally brightly colored — and that the whiteness of Classical art is a fiction that has "colored" the Western view of perfection.

Hanson

_____ is a glass-box skyscraper in New York City. The building was designed in the International Style by Gordon Bunshaft & Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM). Constructed from 1950 to 1952, it was the second curtain wall skyscraper in New York City after the United Nations Secretariat Building.

Lever House

Jacques ____ (1891-1973) was a Cubist sculptor. He retained highly figurative and legible components in his work leading up to 1915-16, after which naturalist and descriptive elements were muted, dominated by a synthetic style of Crystal Cubism. In 1920 he held his first solo exhibition, at Léonce Rosenberg's Galerie L'Effort Moderne in Paris. Fleeing the Nazis he moved to the US and settled in New York City and eventually Hastings-on-Hudson.

Lipchitz (Pic: 1917, L'homme à la mandoline)

René _____ (1898-1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist. He became well known for creating a number of witty and thought-provoking images. Often depicting ordinary objects in an unusual context, his work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art, and conceptual art.

Magritte (Pic: 500 francs showing portrait of Magritte)

_____ (1902-1981), was a Hungarian-born modernist architect, and furniture designer. At the Bauhaus he designed the Wassily Chair and the Cesca Chair which is "among the 10 most important chairs of the 20th century." He extended the sculpture vocabulary he had developed in the carpentry shop at the Bauhaus into a personal architecture that made him one of the world's most popular architects at the peak of 20th-century design. His work includes art museums, libraries, college buildings, office buildings, and residences. Many are in a Brutalist architecture style, including the former IBM Research and Development facility which was the birthplace of the first personal computer.

Marcel Breuer (Pic: The Cesca Chair)

_____ was the promotion of mural painting starting in the 1920s, generally with social & political messages as part of efforts to reunify Mexico under the post-Mexican Revolution government. It was headed by "the big three" painters, Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco and David Siqueiros. From the 1920s to about 1970s many murals with nationalistic, social and political messages were created on public buildings in Mexico as well as in the United States.

Mexican muralism (Pic: Mural by Diego Rivera showing the pre-Columbian Aztec city of Tenochtitlán)

_____ (1886-1969) was a German-American architect and is regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. He abandoned the ornamental vocabulary of the past for glass and steel skyscrapers and concrete office blocks.

Mies van der Rohe (Pic: National Gallery, Berlin)

Joan ___ (1893-1983) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona. Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as Surrealism but with a personal style, sometimes also veering into Fauvism and Expressionism. He was notable for his interest in the unconscious or the subconscious mind, reflected in his re-creation of the childlike. His difficult to classify works also had a manifestation of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, he expressed contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois society, and declared an "assassination of painting" in favor of upsetting the visual elements of established painting.

Miro

László _____ (1895-1946) was a Hungarian painter & photographer as well as a professor in the Bauhaus school. He was highly influenced by constructivism and a strong advocate of the integration of technology and industry into the arts. The art critic Peter Schjeldahl called him "relentlessly experimental" because of his pioneering work in painting, drawing, photography, collage, sculpture, film, theater, and writing.His largest accomplishment may be the School of Design in Chicago, which survives today as part of the Illinois Institute of Technology, which art historian Elizabeth Siegel called "his overarching work of art". He also wrote books and articles advocating a utopian type of high modernism.

Moholy-Nagy (Pic: Jealously, 1927)

Henry ____ (1898-1986) was an English artist. He is best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, he produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War, along with other graphic works on paper. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. His works are usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces.

Moore (Pic: Reclining Woman, 1930)

Robert _____ (1915-1991) was an American abstract expressionist painter, printmaker, and editor. He was one of the youngest of the New York School, which also included Philip Guston, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, and Mark Rothko. Trained in philosophy, he became an artist, regarded as among the most articulate of the abstract expressionist painters. He was known for his series of abstract paintings and prints which touched on political, philosophical and literary themes, such as the Elegies to the Spanish Republic.

Motherwell (Pic: Elegy to the Spanish Republic No. 110)

Louise ____ (1899-1988) was an American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic, wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures. She made constructions and wall sculptures from scraps of everyday objects.

Nevelson

Barnett ____ (1905-1970) was an American artist. He is seen as one of the major figures in abstract expressionism and one of the foremost of the color field painters. His paintings are existential in tone and content, explicitly composed with the intention of communicating a sense of locality, presence, and contingency.

Newman (Pic: Onement 1, 1948)

Emil ____ (1867-1956) was a German-Danish painter and printmaker. He was one of the first Expressionists, a member of Die Brücke, and was one of the first oil painting and watercolor painters of the early 20th century to explore color. He is known for his brushwork and expressive choice of colors. Golden yellows and deep reds appear frequently in his work, giving a luminous quality to otherwise somber tones. His watercolors include vivid, brooding storm-scapes and brilliant florals.

Nolde (Pic: The Burial/Die Grablegung)

_____, No. 2 is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. The work is widely regarded as a Modernist classic and has become one of the most famous of its time. Before its first presentation at the 1912 Salon des Indépendants in Paris it was rejected by the Cubists as being too Futurist. It was then exhibited with the Cubists at Galeries Dalmau's Exposició d'Art Cubista, in Barcelona, 20 April-10 May 1912. The painting was subsequently shown, and ridiculed, at the 1913 Armory Show in New York City.

Nude Descending a Staircase

____, short for optical art, is a style of visual art that uses optical illusions. Op art works are abstract, with many better known pieces created in black and white. Typically, they give the viewer the impression of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibrating patterns, or of swelling or warping.

Op art (Pic: Movement in Squares, by Bridget Riley 1961)

José Clemente ____ (1883-1949) was a Mexican caricaturist and painter, who specialized in political murals that established the Mexican Mural Renaissance. He was the most complex of the Mexican muralists, fond of the theme of human suffering, but less realistic and more fascinated by machines. He was known for being a politically committed artist, and he promoted the political causes of peasants and workers.

Orozco (Pic: Gods of the Modern World)

_____ or Orphic Cubism was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colors, influenced by Fauvism, the theoretical writings of Paul Signac, Charles Henry and the dye chemist Eugène Chevreul. This movement, perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by František Kupka, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, who relaunched the use of color during the monochromatic phase of Cubism.

Orphism (Pic: Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Windows on the City, 1912)

_____ (1881-1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and theatre designer. Regarded as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Pablo Picasso (Pic: Guernica)

The _____ is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and built between 1957 and 1958 in the modernist style. It has been the residence of every Brazilian president since Juscelino Kubitschek. The building is listed as a National Historic Heritage Site.

Palácio da Alvorada

_____ (1879-1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included cubism, expressionism, and surrealism. He experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held to be as important for modern art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting for the Renaissance. His works reflect his dry humor and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.

Paul Klee (Nocturnal Festivity, 1921)

Designed by SOM, the _____ is modernist classic built to be the world headquarters for the Pepsi-Cola Company. Completed in 1960, the pristine aluminum and glass structure contains approximately 142,500 gross square feet of office space that is organized against an offset core. The overall building plan is flexible and accommodates several clearly defined functions efficiently, both spatially and structurally.

Pepsi-Cola building

Robert ______ (1925-2008) was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the Pop art movement. He is well known for his Combines (1954-1964), a group of artworks which incorporated everyday objects as art materials and which blurred the distinctions between painting and sculpture.

Rauschenberg (Pic: Canyon, 1959)

______ is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other graphic media, in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium. Although the term can be used broadly to describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer specifically to a group of paintings and painters of the American art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Photorealism (Pic: John's Diner with John's Chevelle, 2007, by John Baeder, oil on canvas)

Francis ____ (1879-1953) was a French avant-garde painter. After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism. His highly abstract planar compositions were colorful and rich in contrasts. He was one of the early major figures of the Dada movement in the United States and in France. He was later briefly associated with Surrealism, but would soon turn his back on the art establishment.

Picabia (Pic: La Source [The Spring])

______ (1872-1944) was a Dutch painter and art theoretician who is regarded as one of the great artists of the 20th century. He is known for being one of the pioneers of 20th-century abstract art, as he changed his artistic direction from figurative painting to an increasingly abstract style, until he reached a point where his artistic vocabulary was reduced to simple geometric elements. His art was highly utopian and was concerned with a search for universal values and aesthetics. He proclaimed in 1914: "Art is higher than reality and has no direct relation to reality. To approach the spiritual in art, one will make as little use as possible of reality, because reality is opposed to the spiritual. We find ourselves in the presence of an abstract art. Art should be above reality, otherwise it would have no value for man." His art, however, always remained rooted in nature.

Piet Mondrian (Pic: Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930)

Jackson _____ (1912-1956) was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was widely noticed for his technique of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface ("drip technique"), enabling him to view and paint his canvases from all angles. It was also called all-over painting and "action painting", since he covered the entire canvas and used the force of his whole body to paint, often in a frenetic dancing style. This extreme form of abstraction divided the critics: some praised the immediacy of the creation, while others derided the random effects. In 2016, Pollock's painting titled Number 17A was reported to have fetched US $200 million in a private purchase.

Pollock (Pic: Number 17A)

____ is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In this form of art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material.

Pop art (Pic: Eduardo Paolozzi, I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947). Part of his Bunk! series, this is considered the initial bearer of "pop art" and the first to display the word "pop".)

Man ____ (1890 -1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all. He was best known for his pioneering photography, and he was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer. He is also noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself.

Ray (Pic: Landscape [Paysage Fauve])

Odilon ____ (1840-1916) was a French symbolist painter, printmaker, draughtsman and pastellist. Early in his career he worked almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography. During the 1890s he began working in pastel and oils, which quickly became his favorite medium. He is perhaps best known today for the "dreamlike" paintings created in the first decade of the 20th century, which were heavily inspired by Japanese art and which, while continuing to take inspiration from nature, heavily flirted with abstraction.

Redon (Pic: Arbres sur un fond jaune)

American _____ is an American realist modern art movement that included paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest. It reached its height of popularity from 1930 to 1935, as it was widely appreciated for its reassuring images of the American heartland during the Great Depression.

Regionalism

Adolph "Ad" _____ (1913-1967) was an abstract painter active in New York beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s. He was a member of the American Abstract Artists and was a part of the movement centered on the Betty Parsons Gallery that became known as abstract expressionism. He was also a member of The club, the meeting place for the New York School abstract expressionist artists during the 1940s and 1950s. He wrote and lectured extensively on art and was a major influence on conceptual art, minimal art and monochrome painting. Most famous for his "black" or "ultimate" paintings, he claimed to be painting the "last paintings" that anyone can paint. He believed in a philosophy of art he called Art-as-Art and used his writing and satirical cartoons to advocate for abstract art and against what he described as "the disreputable practices of artists-as-artists".

Reinhardt

Bridget ____ (born 24 April 1931) is an English painter known for her singular op art paintings. She lives and works in London, Cornwall and the Vaucluse in France.

Riley (Pic: Bolt of Colour, 2017-2019)

Diego ____ (1886-1957), was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York; this was before he completed his 27-mural series known as Detroit Industry Murals. As of 2018, Rivera holds the record for highest price at auction for a work by a Latin American artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller and David Rockefeller, sold for US $9.76 million.

Rivera (Pic: The Rivals)

______ (1885- 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colors and geometric shapes. His later works were more abstract. His key influence related to bold use of color and a clear love of experimentation with both depth and tone.

Robert Delaunay

Mark _____ (1903-1970), was an American abstract painter of Latvian Jewish descent. He is best known for his color field paintings that depicted irregular and painterly rectangular regions of color, which he produced from 1949 to 1970. He did not personally subscribe to any one school; however, he is associated with the American Abstract Expressionist movement of modern art.

Rothko (Pic: No. 3/No. 13 (Magenta, Black, Green on Orange), 1949)

______ ( 1923-1997) was an American pop artist. During the 1960s he became a leading figure in the new art movement. His work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the comic strip, he produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied, often in a tongue-in-cheek manner. His work was influenced by popular advertising and the comic book style. His artwork was considered to be "disruptive". He described pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting". Whaam! and Drowning Girl are generally regarded as Lichtenstein's most famous works as well as Look Mickey. His most expensive piece is Masterpiece, which was sold for $165 million in January 2017.

Roy Lichtenstein

_____ was an installation art piece by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, which was completed on September 10, 1976. The art installation was first conceived in 1972, but the actual project took more than four years to plan and build. After it was installed, the builders removed it 14 days later, leaving no visible trace behind. It was a 24.5-mile-long nylon fence along the hills of Sonoma and Marin counties in Northern California.

Running Fence

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (____) is a global architectural, urban planning and engineering firm. It was founded in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings. In 1939, they were joined by engineer John O. Merrill. The firm opened its second office, in New York City, in 1937 and has since expanded all over the world, with offices in San Francisco (1946), Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., London, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai and Dubai.

SOM

Kurt ____ (1887-1948) was a German artist who worked in several genres and media, including dadaism, constructivism, surrealism, poetry, sound, painting, sculpture, graphic design, typography, and what came to be known as installation art. He is most famous for his collages, called Merz Pictures.

Schwitters (Pic: Das Undbild, 1919)

Mies van der Rohe's apartment building in Chicago's Lake Shore Drive are rectangular blocks (1948-51), and his _____ building in New York is perhaps the most famous example of the trend. of skyscraper glass rectangles.

Seagram

David ____ (1896-1974) was a Mexican social realist painter, best known for his large murals in fresco. He was a member of the Mexican Communist Party, and a Stalinist and supporter of the Soviet Union who led an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Leon Trotsky in May 1940.

Siqueiros (Pic: La nueva democracia ("The New Democracy"), 1945)

John ____ (1871-1951) was an American painter and etcher. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Ashcan school of American art. He is best known for his urban genre scenes and ability to capture the essence of neighborhood life in New York City, often observed through his Chelsea studio window. He has been called the premier artist of the Ashcan School, and also a realist painter who embraced the principles of Socialism, though he himself disassociated his art from his politics.

Sloan (Pic: McSorley's Bar, 1912)

_____ is a 1909 oil painting by George Bellows depicting two boxers fighting in the private athletic club situated across from his studio. It is part of the Ashcan School movement known in particular for depicting scenes of daily life in early twentieth century NYC, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods. Participants in the boxing ring were usually members of the club, but occasionally outsiders would fight with temporary memberships. These fighters were known as "stags".

Stag at Sharkey's

Clyfford ___ (1904-1980) was an American painter, and one of the leading figures in the first generation of Abstract Expressionists, who developed a new, powerful approach to painting in the years immediately following World War II. Still has been credited with laying the groundwork for the movement, as his shift from representational to abstract painting occurred between 1938 and 1942, earlier than his colleagues like Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, who continued to paint in figurative-surrealist styles well into the 1940s

Still (Clyfford Still, 1957-D No. 1, 1957)

_____ is an art movement focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors. It was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia, and announced in Malevich's 1915 Last Futurist Exhibition of Paintings 0.10, in St. Petersburg, where he, alongside 13 other artists, exhibited 36 works in a similar style. The term refers to an abstract art based upon "the supremacy of pure artistic feeling" rather than on visual depiction of objects.

Suprematism (Pic: Kazimir Malevich, Black Square, 1915)

_____ was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the unconscious mind through the imagery. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes, sometimes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects, and developing painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Its aim was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality

Surrealism

Der Blaue Reiter (_____) was a group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. The group was founded by a number of Russian emigrants and native German artists. They considered that the principles of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München had become too strict and traditional. Der Blaue Reiter was an art movement lasting from 1911 to 1914, fundamental to Expressionism, along with Die Brücke which was founded in 1905.

The Blue Rider (Wassily Kandinsky, cover of Der Blaue Reiter almanac)

______ is a 1931 painting by artist Salvador Dalí and one of the most recognizable works of Surrealism. First shown at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, since 1934 the painting has been in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, which received it from an anonymous donor. It is widely recognized and frequently referenced in popular culture, and sometimes referred to by more descriptive titles, such as "Melting Clocks", "The Soft Watches" or "The Melting Watches".

The Persistence of Memory

Jan _____ (1858-1928) was a Dutch-Indonesian painter, who worked in various styles, including Symbolism, Art Nouveau, and Pointillism. His early work was influenced by the Amsterdam Impressionism movement.

Toorop (Pic: Portrait of Marie Jeanette de Lange [1900])

Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture. He is acknowledged for his design work on the ______ Secretariat building. The building is a 505-foot tall skyscraper and the centerpiece of the headquarters of the UN in New York City. It is the first skyscraper in New York City to use a curtain wall.

United Nations

Victor _____ (1906-1997), was a Hungarian-French artist, who is widely accepted as a "grandfather" and leader of the Op art movement. His work entitled Zebra, created in the 1930s, is considered by some to be one of the earliest examples of Op art.

Vasarely

Maurice ____ (1876-1958) was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement. He was one of the Fauves at the controversial Salon d'Automne exhibition of 1905.

Vlaminck (Pic: Barges on the Seine)

_____ (1883-1969) was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School who is regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. His design for The Bauhaus School building featured glass facades---pure line and geometric shapes.

Walter Gropius

______ (1866-1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. He is generally credited as the pioneer of abstract art. He began painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30. Following the Russian Revolution, Kandinsky "became an insider in the cultural administration of Anatoly Lunacharsky" and helped establish the Museum of the Culture of Painting. However, by then "his spiritual outlook... was foreign to the argumentative materialism of Soviet society", and opportunities beckoned in Germany, to which he returned in 1920. There he taught at the Bauhausschool of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France, where he lived for the rest of his life, becoming a French citizen in 1939 and producing some of his most prominent art.

Wassily Kandinsky (Pic: Improvisation 27 [Garden of Love II])

The Bauhaus's simplified and usually geometric-oriented aesthetic influenced architecture, industrial and commercial design, sculpture, and the graphic arts for half a century. In _____ can be seen the most obvious results of this new tradition, the simplified, sleek structures of Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright.

architecture

In the face of the horror of World War I, shock value and humor were the artistic weapons of choice for the Dada artists (Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Hans Arp, Kurt Schwitters, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst), whose "anti-art" or "nonart" works often assembled any materials available ("___ objects"), from news paper clippings and photographs to bicycle wheels.

found

Some Important trends in American art in the 20th century were reflective of a democratic and consumer society. The ____ and ____ during the first half of the century created art that was dynamically realistic---representative of a youthful and vigorous America---and whose subjects were accessible to the average person. John Sloan, George Bellows, Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, and John Stuart Curry were among those who celebrated the American scene in paintings, and frequently in murals for public buildings and through widely available fine prints.

muralists, social realists

In the first decades of the twentieth century, pure abstraction, with little or no relation to the ____ world, was approached in the more emotional, expressionistic, color-oriented paintings of Wassily Kandinsky (with Franz Marc, a proponent of the Blue Rider school), Robert Delaunay, and Paul Klee.

outside

Sculpture & painting, from the beginning of the 20th century, built upon the rejection of realistic proportions and naturalistic depiction, substituting a breakup of form and play of shape and color. The new freer form of art centered around the _____ of the artist and celebrated personal style and the manipulation of two-dimensional pectoral elements. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries this evolved in a number of directions. Some artists turned to explore mystical, symbolic, and phycological truths: Symbolists, expressionists, and the exponents of art nouveau.

personality

In the last twenty years, the austerity of modernism has been redirected into a more decorative and humanistic style, often termed ______, which incorporates cultural influences, imaginative decorative touches, and historical architectural elements into designs of appropriate to modern technology and uses.

postmodernism (Pic: Portland Building (1982), by architect Michael Graves, an example of Postmodern architecture)

Important _____ what manipulated abstract shapes and/or were influenced by tribal arts in the 20th century include Constantin Brancusi, Henry Moore, Hans Arp, and Alberto Giacometti.

sculptors

Inspired by the psychoanalytic writings of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, the subconscious and the metaphysical became another important element in 20th century art, especially in the work of the ______ artists Salvador Dali, Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte, Joan Miro, and Yves Tanguy.

surrealist

Frank Lloyd Wright was perhaps the 20th century's greatest innovator, who transformed both commercial and residential architecture in structures that perfectly matched their ______, broke with the decorative language of the past, and offered ______ in working & living spaces. Such private residences as the Robie House (1909) in Illinois and Fallingwater (the Kaufman house) in Pennsylvania brilliantly and innovative mingle interior and exterior space.

surroundings, functionalism (Pic: Frederick C. Robie House)

Architecture in the 20th century announced a clean break with the past, building upon the ____ and ____ innovations of such 19th-century masters as Joseph Paxton and Louis Sullivan.

technical, structural