Vitamins and Minerals (for final)

To promote B vitamin health, you should sleep for _______ hours.

7.5 - 7.8 **less than 7 or greater than 8 hours result in diminished returns

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is _______ mg per day for men and ______ mg per day for women

90 75 **pregnant women should take up to 120mg per day

________ prevents vitamin E from becoming a weak pro-oxidant. It refreshes and recharges vitamin E at photoreceptor outer segments. A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. ubiquinol F. ubiquinone

E. ubiquinol **ubiquinol is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10 **slide 64

The primary function of _______ is to enhance ABSORPTION of CALCIUM and PHOSPHORUS from the digestive track, which are necessary for BONE mineralization. A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

D. vitamin D

Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized by the skin? A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

D. vitamin D

_______ may be protective against PROSTATE CANCER A. taurine B. ubiquinol C. ubiquinone D. alpha lipoic acid E. selenium

E. selenium **slide 70

Which drugs interfere with production of CoQ10? A. beta blockers B. alpha agonists C. calcium channel blockers D. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors E. statins

E. statins **slide 66

This is the first antioxidant consumed when LDL is oxidized A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. ubiquinol F. ubiquinone

E. ubiquinol **ubiquinol is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10 **slide 64

The recommended dose for Astaxanthin is ________ mg/day

2

Smokers need more vitamin C than non-smokers A. true B. false

A. true **slide 52

Selenium is toxic in high amounts A. true B. false

A. true **slide 70

Ocular cells have the machinery to activate and regulate vitamin D metabolism. They are able to convert 25D3 (Calcidiol) into the functionally active 1,25D3 (Calcitriol) A. true B. false

A. true **the presence of vitamin D hydroxylases have been demonstrated in corneal epithelial, endothelial, scleral fibroblasts, non-pigmented ciliary body epithelial and adult retinal pigment epithelial cell lines. **slide 23

When taken orally, _______ may be slightly more effective A. ubiquinol B. ubiquinone

A. ubiquinol

Which is the ACTIVE antioxidant form for CoQ10? A. ubiquinol B. semiquinone C. ubiquinone

A. ubiquinol **slide 63

Retinal is synthesized from vitamin _____ obtained in diet A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

A. vitamin A

RBC production, reproduction, and VISION are the systemic functions for ___________ A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

A. vitamin A **slide 28

Which of the following vitamins are STORED to SIGNIFICANT extent in the body? (pick 3) A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 E. vitamin E **the other vitamins must be consumed regularly to maintain tissue health

Which of the following are examples of Fat soluble vitamins? A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

A. vitamin A D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

The B vitamins are _______ A. water soluble B. fat soluble

A. water soluble

Vitamin C is _______ A. water soluble B. fat soluble

A. water soluble

Vitamin B5 is known as ______

Pantothenic acid

_______ mg/day of vitamin C was used as an adjunctive therapy for CORNEAL ULCERS.

1000 **slide 54

Ubiquinone is also known as _______

CoQ10 **coenzyme Q10

Vitamin B12 is known as ______

Cobalamin

Except for deficiencies of ______ and ______, microminerals deficiencies are uncommon in developed countries. (pick 2) A. chromium B. copper C. iodine D. iron E. manganese F. molybdenum G. selenium H. zinc

D. iron H. zinc

Vitamin B7 is known as ______

Biotin

Vitamin B1 is known as ______

Thiamine

Light _______ sodium channels and turns rods ______ A. opens; on B. opens; off C. closes; on D. closes; off

D. closes; off **slide 32

Astaxanthin is a _______ pigment CAROTENOID found primarily in MARINE SOURCES. A. blue B. green C. yellow D. red

D. red

Long term studies have found that people who take more than _______ mg of supplemental vitamin C per day have a 25% lower risk of coronary heart disease than those who do not take vitamin C supplements. A. 90 B. 75 C. 200 D. 500 E. 700

E. 700 **slide 52

Which B vitamin helps the body break down protein and maintain the health of RED BLOOD CELLS, the NERVOUS SYSTEM, and parts of the IMMUNE SYSTEM? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

E. B6 (pyridoxine) **slide 48

Vitamin D is also a neuro-regulatory steroid A. true B. false

A. true

Niacin is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

C. B3

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is also known as _______

ubiquinone

Females should drink no more than ______ alcoholic drink per day. This may cause low levels of vitamin B. Males should drink no more than ______ alcoholic drink per day.

1 2

What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of PRE-FORMED vitamin A? **Retinol is the pre-formed vitamin A

3,000 micrograms/day **slide 31

We need at least _______ IU per day of vitamin D to prevent systemic disease

30 **slide 12

Toxicities to vitamin D in persons over 8 years of age occur in doses exceeding ________ IU.

4000 **symptoms/signs will include anorexia, polyuria, weight loss, arrhythmias

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) recommends _______ or more servings of fruits and vegetables.

5 **side 31

To absorb the right amount of vitamin D, all you need is have sun exposure 2 to 3 times a week for ________ minutes.

5-30

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin D is ______ IU per day and _______ IU over 70 years of age. The upper limit (UL) for vitamin D is ________ IU for ages 8 years and over.

600 800 4,000

_______ nmol/L constitutes a deficiency in Calcidiol or 25(OH)D? _______ nmol/L constitutes an adequate amount of Calcidiol or 25(OH)D?

< 30 nmol/L > 50 nmol/L **slide 9

Thiamine is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

A. B1

Which B vitamin strengthens the IMMUNE SYSTEM and improves the ability to withstand stressful conditions? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

A. B1 (thiamin) **slide 46

Ergocalciferol is vitamin ______. You get it from plant foods in diet. A. D2 B. D3

A. D2

Vitamin D can lead to toxicity, since it is a fat soluble vitamin A. true B. false

A. true **but not true if it is absorbed via sunlight **slides 9 & 11

This type of bipolar cell is OFF when rods are on A. On center Bipolar cell B. Off center Bipolar cell

A. On center Bipolar cell **slide 35

This disease is a result of vitamin D deficiency. It is common worldwide in CHILDREN. Bones do not calcify normally, resulting in impending growth and skeletal abnormalities. A. Rickets B. Osteomalacia C. Osteoporosis

A. Rickets **Rickets is a disease seen in developing countries due to lack of vitamin D, phosphorus, or calcium. It is defective mineralization or calcification of bones before epiphyseal closure.

Which of the following are properties of Astaxanthin? (select all that apply) A. anti-inflammatory B. UV protectant C. found in the human retina D. possibly reduces H. pylori load and ulcer symptoms

A. anti-inflammatory B. UV protectant D. possibly reduces H. pylori load and ulcer symptoms **Astaxanthin is NOT found in the human retina but is capable of crossing the blood-brain/retina barrier

Which of the following essential trace minerals is NOT INCORPORATED INTO ENZYMES or hormones required in metabolism? A. chromium B. copper C. iodine D. iron E. manganese F. molybdenum G. selenium H. zinc

A. chromium

Placing SPF will _______ your vitamin D intake when you are out in the sun A. decrease B. increase

A. decrease **and hence you will need to spend more time in the sun to get vitamin D

The ________ the equator a person lives, the higher the risk of multiple sclerosis. A. farther away from B. closer to

A. farther away from **slide 21

Select the true response A. humans are able to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the body B. humans are unable to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the body

A. humans are able to produce CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) in the body **slide 61

According to Western Australia Study and Korea study, _______ levels of vitamin D have been associated with high myopia. A. low B. high

A. low **lower myopia progression with longer time outdoors **so is it really the low vitamin D or is it because now we are indoors reading and doing other near tasks?

According to a study in March 2014 by Mohr S et al., higher serum Calcidiol were associated with ______ in patients diagnosed with breast cancer A. lower mortality rates B. higher mortality rates

A. lower mortality rates **calcidiol or 25(OH)D is the type of vitamin D made in the liver **slide 18

Retinol is the ________ while beta carotene is the ________ A. preformed vitamin A; provitamin A B. provitamin A; preformed vitamin A

A. preformed vitamin A; provitamin A **slide 29

Which are beneficial properties of CoQ10? (select all that apply) A. reduces BP B. helps gain weight C. helps lose weight D. decreases myocardial damage due to ischemia E. Huntington's disease

A. reduces BP C. helps lose weight D. decreases myocardial damage due to ischemia E. Huntington's disease **slide 65

Which of the following are examples of macrominerals (minerals your body needs in larger amounts)? (pick 3) A. sodium B. copper C. iodine D. iron E. magnesium F. molybdenum G. selenium H. potassium

A. sodium E. magnesium H. potassium **slide 55

_________ has shown to be cytoprotective in retinal and optic nerve disease. A. taurine B. ubiquinol C. ubiquinone D. alpha lipoic acid E. selenium

A. taurine

Vitamin C helps the body form and maintain CONNECTIVE TISSUE, including collagen found in the cornea A. true B. false

A. true

According to a study in July 7, 2014 Journal of Clinical Oncology Plasma Vitamin D by Zgaga et al., mortality from COLON CANCER was ________ lower in the group with the highest plasma levels of vitamin D2 A. 1/4 B. 1/3 C. 1/2 D. 3/4

B. 1/3 **slide 19

Light converts _____ to ____ A. all-trans retinal; 11-cis retinal B. 11-cis retinal; all-trans retinal

B. 11-cis retinal; all-trans retinal

Riboflavin is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

B. B2

Which B vitamin strengthens protects cells from oxygen damage and plays a key role in ENERGY METABOLISM via metabolism of fats, ketone bodies, carbohydrates, and proteins? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

B. B2 (riboflavin) **slide 46

Corneal collagen cross-linking with ________ and UV-A light is used as a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia/keratoconus to make the cornea stronger. A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

B. B2 (riboflavin) **slide 47

This form of vitamin D is known as D3, can be synthesized by the skin, and is found in animal foods in diet. A. Ergocalciferol B. Cholecalciferol

B. Cholecalciferol

Which bipolar cells are ON with light, and activate ganglion cells, which send signals via optic nerve to brain? A. On center Bipolar cell B. Off center Bipolar cell

B. Off center Bipolar cell **slide 35

This disease is seen in ADULTS. It is the loss of bone mineralization and bone SOFTENING due to inadequate vitamin D and mineral intake. A. Rickets B. Osteomalacia C. Osteoporosis

B. Osteomalacia **also known as "adult rickets" - "soft bones"

_________ AMD is more likely to have vitamin D deficiency. A. Dry B. Wet

B. Wet **vitamin D has anti-neovascular properties

There is no dietary reference intake (DRI) for ________ A. retinol B. carotenoids

B. carotenoids

CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) is ubiquitous in the body. This is a _______ nutrient. A. water soluble B. fat soluble

B. fat soluble

________ vitamin D levels is associated with fewer dry eye disease symptoms. A. lower B. higher

B. higher **higher vitamin D levels had a small, but favorable effect on DES symptoms. **slide 25

Select the true response A. humans are able to produce vitamin C in the body B. humans are unable to produce vitamin C in the body

B. humans are unable to produce vitamin C in the body **we must get it from our diet

Astaxanthin ________ A. decreases HDL levels B. increases HDL levels

B. increases HDL levels **Astaxanthin is a red pigmented carotenoid with anti-inflammatory and UV protecting properties found in marine sources (e.g. salmon, shrimp)

CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) acts primarily at the ___________ MITOCHONDRIAL enzyme complex to assist cells in ENERGY production. A. outer B. inner

B. inner

Darker skin individuals need ________ time outdoors to absorb vitamin D A. less B. more

B. more **slide 13

Which is the RADICAL form of CoQ10? A. ubiquinol B. semiquinone C. ubiquinone

B. semiquinone **slide 63

Which is more common? A. vitamin D deficiency B. vitamin D insufficiency

B. vitamin D insufficiency

According to studies, beta-carotene ________ A. causes lung cancer with or without 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate B. causes lung cancer with or without 325 mg of aspirin C. A and B D. does not cause lung cancer when taken with 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate E. does not cause lung cancer when taken with 325 mg of aspirin F. C and D

C. A and B

Which B vitamin helps keep the SKIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, and DIGESTIVE SYSTEM healthy? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

C. B3 (niacin) **slide 48

Smoking and alcohol increase the risk for _________ A. Rickets B. Osteomalacia C. Osteoporosis

C. Osteoporosis **slide 17

This disease is more common in WOMEN (post-menopause). It leads to reduced height, bone fractures, and less calcium in bones with loss of density. A. Rickets B. Osteomalacia C. Osteoporosis

C. Osteoporosis **slide 17

Taurine is a(n) ________ A. mineral B. vitamin C. amino acid

C. amino acid

Which of the following are examples of macrominerals (minerals your body needs in larger amounts)? (pick 3) A. chromium B. copper C. chloride D. iron E. manganese F. calcium G. selenium H. phosphorus

C. chloride F. calcium H. phosphorus **slide 55

In the _______, vitamin D acquires a final pair of oxygen and hydrogen to become CALCITRIOL. A. skin B. liver C. kidney

C. kidney

Which of the following are NOT converted into vitamin A? (select al that apply) A. retinol B. beta carotene C. lutein D. zeaxanthin

C. lutein D. zeaxanthin **slide 29

Cho et al., 2014 did a study on vitamin C oral and IV for patients admitted with INFECTIOUS KERATITIS. What were the results? A. there were no statistical differences between the placebo group and the oral and IV vitamin C groups B. the group taking oral vitamin C (3g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacity C. the group taking IV vitamin C (20g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacity

C. the group taking IV vitamin C (20g/day) had the greatest reduction in size of corneal opacity **IV vitamin C was more beneficial than oral supplementation especially in younger patients and those with hypopions **slide 53

Which is the fully OXIDIZED form of CoQ10? A. ubiquinol B. semiquinone C. ubiquinone

C. ubiquinone **slide 63

A diet deficient in _______ can lead to SCURVY. A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

C. vitamin C **Scurvy is characterized by muscle weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, bleeding under the skin, soreness and stiffness of the joints, anemia, fatigue, and depression.

Ascorbic acid is the synthetic ingredient in _______ A. vitamin A B. vitamin B12 C. vitamin C D. vitamin D E. vitamin E F. vitamin K

C. vitamin C **slide 50

_______ mg of vitamin C WAS the daily dose used in studies showing reduced risk of CATARACTS. A. 90 B. 75 C. 200 D. 500 E 700

D. 500 **slide 52

Which B vitamin influences normal GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

D. B5 (pantothenic acid) **slide 48

Which of the following may be useful in PERIPHERAL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY? A. taurine B. ubiquinol C. ubiquinone D. alpha lipoic acid E. selenium

D. alpha lipoic acid **improves insulin signaling and stimulates glutathione synthesis

Calcidiol or 25(OH)D is measured in the ______ to determine levels, but the active form is calcitriol. A. skin B. liver C. kidney D. blood

D. blood **slide 7

The active form of vitamin D is ______ A. vitamin D2 B. vitamin D3 C. calcidiol or 25(OH)D D. calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin or 1,25(OH)2D

D. calcitriol or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin or 1,25(OH)2D

Biotin is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

F. B7

Which B vitamin helps BREAK DOWN PROTEIN and CARBOHYDRATES and helps the body MAKE HORMONES? It is also helpful in maintaining normal blood sugar, and strengthening hair and nail. A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

F. B7 (biotin) **slide 49

Vitamin D may be good for patients with ________ A. asthma B. multiple sclerosis C. hypertension D. kidney disease E. cardiovascular disease F. all of the above

F. all of the above **slide 21

Folic Acid is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

G. B9

Which B vitamin helps cells make and maintain DNA and is important in PRODUCING RED BLOOD CELLS. A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

G. B9 (folic acid) **slide 49

Vitamin B9 is known as ______

Folic Acid

Cobolamin is vitamin ______ A. B1 B. B2 C. B3 D. B5 E. B6 F. B7 G. B9 H. B12

H. B12

Pernicious anemia is a result of vitamin _______ deficiency. A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyroxidine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

H. B12 (cobolamin) **slide 43

Which B vitamin plays a role in the body's growth and development, and produces BLOOD CELLS, NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION (MYELIN SHEATH), and how the body uses folic acid and carbohydrates? A. B1 (thiamin) B. B2 (riboflavin) C. B3 (niacin) D. B5 (pantothenic acid) E. B6 (pyridoxine) F. B7 (biotin) G. B9 (folic acid) H. B12 (cobolamin)

H. B12 (cobolamin) **slide 49

Vitamin B3 is known as ______

Niacin

Vitamin B6 is known as ______

Pyroxidine

Vitamin B2 is known as ______

Riboflavin

The CARET and ATBC studies showed a significant increase in _______ cancer risk among participants taking ______

lung beta-carotene **slide 39

Taurine is an amino acid and is in abundance in _______ and _______ foods

meats shellfish