VLE pharma
When there is a need for urine alkalinization in a dog, which of the following agents is the drug of choice?
. Ammonium chloride
The LEAST significant route of excretion for drugs and their metabolic derivatives is:
. Billiary ract
Which is the nutritional disease of dogs that can effectively treated with niacin?
. Blacktongue
Disinfectant and antiseptic of wood tar and coal tar derivative is is contraindicated in this animal?
. Cats
An abundant lipoid and high vacularity makes which system of the body attract more anesthetic?
. Central nervous system
Longest acting digitaloids
. Digitoxin
This catecholamine in contrast to the others selectively cause vasodilation of renal and splanchnic (mesenteric) circulation with myocardial stimulation:
. Dopamine
When indicated to a horse which of these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is most potent?
. Flunixin meglumine
Cephalosporine as a group are classified as bactericidal because they
. Inhibit development of the bacterial cell wall
Which of the following statements aptly describes methicillin?
. It is a parenteral penicillin that is resistant to B-lactamase
Which of these would be the ideal choice in anesthesizing reptiles?
. Ketamine
5. Prostaglandin effective in terminating pregnancy or treating pyometra in cow According to dose requirement
. PG F
Which of these anesthetic is contra-indicated in cesarean section because it will completely inhibit fetal respiration:
. Pentobarbital
This hormone is sometimes called antifertility agent because it blocks gonadotropin output and pituitary gonadotropin release:
. Progesterone
6. One of these drugs is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Which one of them?
. Succinylcholine
Acute hemorrhagic syndrome is best treated with this systemic
. Whole blood
Fluid therapy of choice in acute renal failure where hyperkalemia or hypercalcemia is present:
0.9% Saline
As an anti-inflammatory agent, which of these drugs is least effective?
Acetaminophen
Which of these agents could cause vasodilation?
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is very essential to the maintenance of body homeostasis but it can not be used therapeutically because aside from its very brief action, it
Acts simultaneously at various tissue sites, thus no selective therapeutic response is achieved
Which of these clinical procedures must not be performed while an animal is undergoing serial vaccination?
Administration of dexamethasone
Benzimidazole anthelmintic with activity against liver fluke:
Albendazole
Generally, which of these group of drugs are most effective in the treatment of serious gram negative infections in animals?
Aminoglycosides
This group of antibiotics exert their antibacterial effect by binding with their ribosomes and interferes with protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides
All of the following agents have hepatotoxic activity EXCEPT:
Amoxicillin
Identify which drug is a CNS stimulant:
Amphetamine
Which of the following agents is a central nervous system stimulant, appetite suppressor and could cause mood elevation?
Amphetamine
All of these agents are potent vasodilator except one which is a potent vasoconstrictor:
Angiotensin 11
Clopidol, amprolium, monensin, moduramicin are common therapeutic of usefulness as:
Anticoccidials
Antidote for the warfarin poisoning in dog or cuomarin toxicosis in cattle
Aquamephyton
The most sensitive animal to the effect of histamine is the guinea pig which dies by:
Asphyxation thru bronchial constriction
All of the following ophthalmic preparation are effective in causing miosis and reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucomatous eye EXCEPT:
Atropine
Which of the following drugs will you indicate for synechia (Adhesion of iris to cornea or lens)?
Atropine and esserine
Adverse effects associated with therapeutic use of sulfonamides, except:
Bacterial antimetabolite
This plant is the source of atropine
Belladona
Which of the following drugs causes stimulation of the intestinal and urinary bladder?
Belthanicol
This dermatologic preparation which is keratolytic antimicrobial and antiseborrheic is metabolized to benzoic acid during skin penetration.
Benzoyl peroxide
This cholinomimetic drug is useful in treating urinary bladder atony in cats.
Bethanicol
Niacin can effectively treat this nutritional disease of dogs
Blacktongue
The phenothiazine tranquilizers (e.g. acepromazine) depresses blood pressure by:
Blocking the interaction of norepinephrine with adrenergic receptor sites in the blood vessels
In determining the dose of a drug which is the determinant most often considered?
Body weight
Psylium seeds, wheat bran and prunes are examples of:
Bulk laxatives
How does angiotensis 11 increases blood pressure?
By stimulating vasoconstrictionand stimulating aldosterone secretion
Poisoning from which agent can be effectively treated with 100% oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Lack of hepatic glucoronyl transferase (drug metabolizing enzyme) mekes aspirin potentially toxic to this specie:
Cat
How does the opoids diphenoxylate and loperamide bring about their anti-diarrheal effect?
Cause segmental gut contraction
When an animal is hypersensitive to penicillin, the other drug to watch that will most likely cause similar reaction is:
Cephalosporins
Which of these vascular beds is least responsive to the adrenergic agonist effect of epinephrine
Cerebral blood vessel
Ruminal acidosis in cow can be alleviated by
Changing ruminal content
In the treatment of malignant tumor which of the following procedures is most effective?
Chemotherapy and surgery combined
The ban on the use of these broad spectrum anti-biotic on food producing animals because its used is associated with induction on aplastic anemia has reduces greatly veterinarians armamentarium of effective antimicrobial drugs.
Chloramphenicol
How would you control the excessive gastric acid secretions which usually accompanies stomach ulcer formation
Cimetidine
The following agents are useful in the healing of gastric ulcer except:
Corticosteroids
In Cushing's disease, the excess of this hormone is diagnostic of this ailment?
Cortisol
Screwworm infestation in sheep and goats can be controlled with sprays containing:
Coumaphos
Which of these drugs blocks the impulse transmission of the neuro- transmitter junction by competing with acethylcholine
Curare
Pernicious anemia in human is associated with lack of which nutrients?
Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12)
All the B-vitamins are synthesized by the ruminant microflora except this one which will require cobalt in the process:
Cyanocobalamine (B12)
Aspirin, phenylbutazone and indomethacin are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which irreversibly inhibits:
Cyclooxygenase
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), chronic superficial keratitis (pannus) and pigmentary keratitis are most responsive to which ophthalmic preparation?
Cyclosporine
Adverse effect of flouroquinolones on immature animals
Damage to weight bearing joints
Which of these corticosteroids has the least effect on the water and electrolyte balance of the body?
Dexamethasone
. Which of the following agents is the most extensively used dermatologic penetration enhancer in veterinary medicine?
Diethyl suffixed
This drug when indicated is specifically directed to the underlying pathology of congested heart failure
Digoxin
Which of the following aminoglycosides is not effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Dihydrostreptomycin
Which parenteral anthelmintic should you use on a puppy which is severely infested with hookworm and its intestinal absorption is compromised because of a concurrent parvoviral ailment?
Disophenol
Diabetes mellitus is most prevalent in this animal:
Dog
The most effective drug for treating central respiratory depression caused by barbiturates and inhalant anesthetics in dogs, horses and cat is:
Doxopram
Because it is more completely absorbed and slowly excreted, which tetracycline is most effective in canine ehrlichiosis?
Doxycycline
Drug of choice for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dog is:
Doxycycline
This is a potent antitraumatic shock and also anti-emetic but is usually used in veterinary medicine in combination with fentanyl to produce neuroleptonalgesia:
Droperidol
What is the meaning of half life of a drug?
Drug concentration in the body to be reduced by ½
Ipecac syrup could cause these effect on cats:
Emesis
The transmembrane transport mechanism is which the cell membranes engulf droplets of solution that are released inside the cell is
Endocytosis
To correct simple constipation which of the following measures are you going to perform or administer?
Enemas (e.g. soapy water)
The bronchial spasm during anaphylactoid or asthmatic conditions can be reversed by this drug because of its potent bronchodilator effect:
Epinephrine
This agent must not be indicated during halothane anesthesia because it could induce cardiac arrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation:
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine are potent myocardial stimulants. In the order of their strength which of these reflects the more potent to weakest myocardial stimulant?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol
In some animals and human, development of blood dyscrasias (pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia) may occur following the use of these agents, EXCEPT:
Erythromycin
The primary cause of bloat in cattle is:
Failure or inability to eructate the gas accumulated
Chronic administration of mineral oil may lead to deficiency of these nutrient:
Fat soluble vitamin
effect of this drug can be reversed by nalorphine:
Fentanyl
Which of these agents could cause (poisoning) lameness, bone and tooth abnormalities?
Flouride
Drug of choice for prostatitis with concurrent urinary tract infection:
Flouroquinolones
Most potent non-narcotic analgesic in relieving visceral pain especially in horses:
Flunixin neglumine
Most serious side effect on prolong and contuous antibiotic therapy
Fungal suprainfaction
How would you minimize the risk of undesirable suppression of the hypophyseal-pituitary axis (HPA) when using short-acting glucocorticoids:
Give twice the normal dose on alternate
Blood glucose raising hormone
Glucagon
Which of these agent is an insulin antagonist?
Glucagon
Dermatologic disorders in animals like allergic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, phemphigoid and eosinophilic granuloma are most responsive to which agent?
Glucocorticoids
This anticholenergic agent is as good if not better than Atropine as pre-anesthetic agent because of the advantage of causing less cardiac side effects (less tachycardiac response) and less CNS side effects (less penetration of blood brain barriers)
Glycopyrrolate
of the following agents could postpone estrus in a bitch, except:
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH
Lincomycin is an antibiotic whose spectrum of activity includes:
Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma
The requirement for Fe in the life of a normal animal is during
Growth
Which of the following drugs will increase the fluidity (expectorant) of respiratory secretions?
Guaifenesin
Its bronchodilator effect makes this inhalant anesthetic the best choice for parasite with history of respiratory ailment (e.g. asthma, bronchospasm):
Halothane
Because it is hydrolyzed slowly, this local anesthetic makes the duration of its action longest:
Hexylcaine
Best result is obtained in the treatment of cryptorchidism in a dog by serial injection of:
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) C. Megestrol acetate
When you anesthesize your surgical patient, what would be most ideal anesthesia you have to attend to:
Hypnosis, analgesia and muscle relaxation
What is incriminated in the pathogenesis of acanthosis nigricans?
Hypofunction of the thyroid glands
Acepromazine is an ideal preanesthetic agent except that it has this unwanted effect:
Hypotensive
This chemotherapeutic agent is ineffective against feline babesiosis but highly effective against bovine, equine and canine babesiosis
Imidocarb dipropionate
Clavulanic acid is classified as anti-infective because of this important action:
Inactivates bacterial beta-lactamases
Para symphatomimetic drug will cause all the following:
Increase cardiac function
Which of the following conditions will you not expect to occur after administering phenothiazine tranquilizers?
Increased heart rate and output
The primary effect of parathyroid hormone is:
Increased mobilization of calcium from bones
Major function of parathyroid hormone include which one of the following:
Increased mobilization of calcium from the bone
Which of the following effects is not a pharmacologic property of halothane?
Increases cardiac output
Atropine sulfate when given as pre-anesthetic agent will cause this beneficial effect:
Inhibit bronchiolar secretion
Quinolones act against bacteria by:
Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Gastrointestinal ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is brought about by:
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase
Which of these agents is hypoglycemic?
Insulin
Which major route of drug administration will provide a more predictable concentration of the drug and greater control over the rate of introduction?
Intravenous
. Which of the following is accurate regarding Clavulanic acid:
It is a beta-lactamase inhibitor
If diethylstilbestrol is injected to a cow, what is going to happen
It will go into estrus without ovulation
This antiparasitic is not indicated in certain types of canine breed (e.g. Collies, Shetland and old English sheepdog) because it readily crosses their blood brain barrier thus causing CNS toxicity:
Ivermectin
Indiscriminate administration of antibiotics that will impair its guts microbial synthesis, ingestion of dicuomarol from moldy sweet cloves or warfarin from rodenticide will cause deficiency of this vitamin:
K
Salicylic acid oinment is used as a
Keratolytic
The most significant way whereby drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body of an animal is through the:
Kidneys
The reason when neomycin is used only topically and for bowel sterilization is because of the potential toxic effects on the:
Kidneys and ears
This drug is an anthelmintic but works also as an immune modulator:
Levamisole
Which of these drug wll you indicate when a dog suffers from dangerous ventricular dysrhythemia during general anesthesia?
Lidocaine
If your patient has a microbial infection involving staphylococcus spp. or streptococcus spp. But he is sensitive to penicillin and cephalosporins which penicillin substitute will you indicate that most likely do the job?
Lincomycin
Which of these antimicrobials is most effetive against anaerobic bacteria?
Metronidazole
These drug are most effective when used against anaerobic bacteria:
Metronidazole/ clindamycin
The true statement about digestion in horses is
Microbial digestion of polysaccharides takes place mainly in the colon
What is the action of cimitidine?
Minimizes gastric acid secretion
All of these are effects of glucocorticoids when administered except:
Monocytopenia
The therapeutic usefulness of Ketoconazole is in the treatment of:
Mucocutaneous candidiasis
Tylosin, Lincomycin and Spectinomycin are all effective against this organism:
Mycoplasma spp
When administered parenterally Isoproterenol produces:
Myocardial stimulation
How do you acidify the alkaline urine of a cat via oral route?
NH4Cl
How do you reverse the toxic effect of inovar-vet (fentanyl-droperidol) administered over dose to a dog?
Naloxone hydrochloride (narcan)
Most rapid recovery of consciousness would occur after discontinuing administration of which anesthetic?
Nitrous oxide
The undesirable ability of aspirin-like drugs to induce gastric ulceration is attributed to their inhibition of which prostaglandin, these normally suppresses acid secretion?
PG12
Prostaglandin which is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and thromboembolism:
PG12 (Protocyclin)
What will most likely occur as a result of interaction when penicillin is added to dextrose solution (with pH 8 or greater)?
Penicillin will be inactivated
Which antibiotics are chemically related so that bacterial cross-resistance is usually observed?
Penicillin/cephalosporins
For long term seizure control in dogs, the anti-convulsant of choice is:
Phenobarbital
Most effective anticonvulsant with the widest spectrum of activity in different convulsive patterns:
Phenobarital
. Which of these drugs will you indicate to reverse the toxic effects of atropine when given in overdose?
Physostigmine
It is only this animal whose young routinely needs iron prophylactic treatment:
Pig
After calcium and phosphorus, the 3rd most abundant mineral in the body is:
Potassium
Ivermectin and Milbemycin exerts their antiparasitic effects by
Potentiating the release and effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Cortisol causes peristalsis of the gut aside from causing:
Profuse salivation
How does an anti-diuretic hormone work on the kidney? It
Promotes water reabsorption by distal convulated tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney
Local anesthetic for the eye used when performing glaucoma diagnosis or cauterizing corneal ulcer:
Proparacaine hydrochloride
If carbonic anhydrase is inhibited by certain drug what will be the result?
Rate of aqueos humor formation decreased
General vascular effect of the glucocorticoids on blood elements:
Reduces lymphocytes and eosinophils
All of the following are possible adverse effects of thiazide diuretics except
Remission of edematous swelling
The desirable qualities of an ideal anthelmintic does NOT include
Require long withholding periods due to residual effects
Which of these lines of treament will be most effective in combating congested heart failure?
Restrict sodium intake and increase sodium excretion
Principal source of ruminal water and fluid medium for microbial growth
Saliva from salivary gland
Which of these agents blocks muscarinic receptor in the periphery and central nervous system?
Scopolamine
Baby pigs mothered by sow deficient of this element predisposes them to toxicosis with injectable iron preparations:
Selenium
Which of the following nutrients protects the liver from dietary hepatic necrosis aside from being essential in tissue respiration?
Selenium
Part of the prescription that gives instruction for the administration of medicine
Signa
Which of these anticoagulant is used to preserve blood sample for laboratory work-up?
Sodium citrate
1. Systemic antifungal agents with significant efficacy against actinomycosis and Actinobacillosis in cattle.
Sodium iodide
Actinomycosis and actinobacillosis in cattle can be effectively treated with:
Sodium iodine
Arecoline is of value in treating esophageal obstruction because
Stimulate secretion of saliva which aids in passage of food
When a drug is applied on the surface of the skin which is the major barrier to absorption?
Stratum corneum
If the following groups of microbes were veterinary urinary pathogens which of them will be most susceptible to sulfonamide treatment?
Streptococcus spp.
3. Serious or fatal drug interaction can occur when an animal on anticholinesterase therapy is given
Succinylcholine
All of the following neuromuscular blocking agents belong to the competitive or nondepolarizing group except:
Succinylcholine
Prevalent complication when bovines are subjected to general anesthesia
Suffocation due to bloat
8. Eimeria stiedae infection is a serious parasitic disease of rabbits which can be effectively treated by
Sulfadimethoxine
When selecting a sulfonamide for susceptible bacterial intestinal ailment this would be the drug of choice because of its poor solubility in the gut:
Sulfaguanadine
Tightly bound to plasma protein drugs have much longer elimination half-lives and is best exemplified by which of the following drugs:
Sulfamethoxazole
Which of these drug interaction is synergistic?
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
The anticoccidial mechanism of action of this antiprotozoan agent is brought about by interfering in the early phase of folate synthesis:
Sulfonamide
Which of these drugs has thyroid carcinogenic potebtial?
Sulfonamides
An animal under methoxyflourane anesthesia should not be treated parenterally with one of the following drugs to avoid impairment of renal function:
Tetracycline
Bacteriostatic drugs are dependent in patients body defenses (e.g. phagocytosis, antibody) in final elimination of infecting. It is therefore, rational Not to indicate this drug in septicemia.
Tetracycline
Basic mechanism of antimicrobial action of this drug is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis:
Tetracycline
Which of these anti-infective drug is highly effective in the treatment of chlamydia, rickettsia (e.g. Erlichia canis) and mycoplasma infection?
Tetracycline
2. Syngamus trachea, the gapeworm of poultry can be effectively treated with:
Tetramizole
One distinct advantage of per oral route of drug administration over parenteral means is
The danger of the acute drug reaction is lesser
A graded dose-response curve is an indicative of
The extent of receptor occupancy
9. Which drug incompatibility is manifested when physostigmine and atropine are simultaneously administered in the eye?
Therapeutic
What is common to ingestion of braken fern and prolonged periods of eating raw fish?
Thiamine deficiency
Why is it that ivermectin is ineffective against trematodes?
Treaties does not utilized gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as neurotransmitter
7. Eclampsia in bitch and milk fever in cow are brought about primarily by
Tremendous drain on the calcium stores of the body during lactation
The organophosphorous anthelmintic effective on whipworm is
Trichlorfon
Nitrofurantoin is therapeutically useful in the treatment of
Urinary tract infections cause by susceptible bacteria (e.g. E. coli, Staphylococcus)
Deficiency of these vitamin is quite often seen in poultry, protracted disease of the liver and exposure to decoumarin
Vitamin K
Butamisole is an injectable anthelmintic used in dogs to treat
Whipworm
Which of these agents is an emollient hydrocarbon?
White petrolatum
Where is angiotensin 11 formed
Within the blood
Deficiency of these trace element in lambs will cause demyelination of spinal cord and cerebral necrosis reffered to as enzootic ataxia:
copper
Isopropyl alcohol is most effective germicidal when diluted with water at a final concentration by weight at:
50%
A 1000 ml of 9% saline solution in 5% dextrose contains how much of each ingredients?
90 grams of salt and 50 grams of dextrose
If a practitioner is unable to type the blood of a donor and recipient before blood transfusion, which type of blood could be given safely assuming that both recipient and donor never have any transfusions prior?
A-negative
One of these basic principles in treating congestive heart failure in dog accompanied by ascites is:
A. C. Restrict sodium intake and induce mild diuresis
Which of the following agents will you recommend for disinfecting skin hides contaminated by anthrax spores?
2.5% HCL
Which of the following measurement is approximately equal to 1 fluid ounce?
30 ml
Drug molecules pass across the cell membrane either by specialized transport process or by
a. passive transfer process