VTAH 260 - Knowledge Check 3

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Scurvy

Guinea pigs cannot manufacture vitamin C. Must be present in dietary supplement Clinical signs - Inappetence - Swollen, painful joints and ribs - Reluctance to move - Poor bone and teeth development - Spontaneous bleeding of gums Vitamin C degrades quickly in diets so best to give as a supplement or by feeding vegetables high in vitamin C, such as kale or cabbage

Rabbit Common Diseases: Trichobezoars

→ fancy name for hairballs Rabbits are fastidious groomers which predispose them to ingestion and subsequent accumulation of fur in the stomach. Rabbits are unable to vomit. Clinical signs: Commonly asymptomatic. At times anorexia, weight loss, and decreased fecal output. Treatment: Oral medication to help fur pass. Can surgically remove the Trichobezoar. Prevention: High-fiber diets

Primates account for less then _____ of all animals used in U.S. biomedical research facilities.

0.025%

Guinea Pig Common Bacterial Diseases: Conjunctivitis

A number of bacterial agents have been identified - Chlamydia psittaci - Staphylococcus aureus Most severe in guinea pigs between 1-3 weeks old Clinical signs - Ocular discharge - Photophobia - Reddened conjunctiva Adults asymptomatic Transmission Direct contact or aerosol

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Vaginitis/preputial infections

Accumulations of wet, soiled bedding can occur along prepuce or vagina Foreign body reaction with secondary infection Accumulations of sebaceous material in perineal area can cause local inflammation and infections. Males can get scrotal plugs when bedding adheres to prepuce. Treatment: - Remove bedding and gentle cleansing - Change type of bedding - Antibiotics may be necessary

What are the clinical signs associated with Listeria monocytogenes?

Anorexia, depression, weight loss, sudden death and abortion

General Old World Primate Characteristics

Arboreal adaptation Excellent manual dexterity Well-developed sense of sight Good hand-eye coordination Dependence on learned behavior Long infancy period Complex social organizations Opposable thumbs Tactile pad and nails on fingers and toes Binocular color vision Single offspring

Guinea Pigs Animal Models

Audiology: large tympanic bulla of the guinea pig allows easy visualization of internal ear structure Nutritional studies: dietary need for vitamin C mimics primate physiology Immunology: exhibit unique antigen responses (especially hypersensitivity reactions and infectious diseases) Dermal studies are often performed with guinea pigs, and the animals are occasionally used as a source of intestinal epithelium cells.

Hamster HUSBANDRY-RELATED DISEASES

BARBERING - see Rat Husbandry Diseases NASAL DERMATITIS Common name: red nose or sore nose Juvenile Gerbils Pathogen: Staphylococcus Clinical signs: -- Dermatitis and alopecia of the upper lip and nares Risk factors: Stress loss of cagemate, incompatible mating, and overcrowded conditions

Guinea Pigs Common Diseases - Bacterial diseases: Pneumonia

Bordetella bronchiseptica (rabbits, rats) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida Streptobacillus moniliformis - Zoonotic Clinical signs: dyspnea, oculonasal discharge, lethargy, and anorexia Prevention: Good husbandry and decrease stress.

List 2 unique characteristics of GP.

Born precocious - precocial young is important (born ready to go! - teeth, hear, eat solid food) Kurloff Cells Large tympanic bullae Palatal Ostium

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Pododermatitis

Bumblefoot or ulceration of foot Common in obese pigs Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus Predisposing factors Fecal contamination on cage bottom Wire-cage bottoms or abrasive bedding Clinical signs Swelling Lameness Inappetence Painful Treatment Debridement of wound, topical antibiotics Bandaging, systemic antibiotics, clean cages

Rabbit Common Diseases: Buphthalmia

Buphthalmia is a hereditary condition with an autosomal recessive inheritance common in New Zealand white rabbits. Affected animals have enlarged, protruding eyes, corneal opacity, and ulceration. One or both eyes can be infected, and rupture of the eye is possible. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, and affected animals are usually euthanized.

Guinea Pigs Behavior

Burrowing animals Very social Active throughout the day and night Not aggressive May become immobile for periods of up to 20 minutes when frightened Also vocalize when in pain or distress and in response to other stimuli, such as the sound of a food bag being opened. A number of distinct vocalizations have been described, some of which cannot be heard with the human ear

Guinea Pig Identification

Cage cards Descriptions of a particular animal's color patterns Ear notching Ear tags Tattooing Microchips Temporary identification can be accomplished with markers or dyes.

Rabbit Identification

Cage cards Ear Tattoos Microchips Temporary dye

Age-Associated Diseases - Hamsters Cardiovascular disease

Cardiomyopathy Atrial thrombosis

What causes Cavian Leukemia? How is it transmitted?

Caused by a coronavirus that is transmitted transplacentally

Guinea Pigs Common Viral Diseases: Cavian leukemia

Caused by a coronavirus that is transmitted transplacentally Stress factors and aging triggers Clinical signs - Rough coat - Lymphadenopathy - Hepatomegaly - Splenomegaly Usually fatal within 5 weeks of initial appearance of symptoms

Rabbit Common Diseases: Ulcerative Pododermatitis

Caused by: wire mesh floors Treatment: Clean lesions and topical antibiotics Prevention: Provide rabbits with Plexiglas resting board or resting mat.

What is the scientific name for the GP?

Cavia porcellus

Guinea Pig Common Bacterial Diseases: Mastitis

Close to weaning of young Pathogens: Pasteurella and Pseudomonas Clinical signs - Mammary glands inflamed and enlarged - Blood-tinged milk Can become systemic and lethal Treatment - Antibiotics and weaning young immediately

Hamster and Gerbils: ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED ENTEROCOLITIS

Commonly caused by the administration of certain antibiotics causing an overgrow of Clostridium difficile Clinical Signs: Watery diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, and rough coat Antibiotics that have been implicated include penicillin, cephalosporins, and gentamicin. Hamsters are highly susceptible

Rabbit Common Diseases: Moist dermatitis

Commonly referred to as "slobbers" Result of bacterial infection of skin Caused by: malocclusion or poor husbandry Foul-smelling exudative dermatitis is present around the folds of the dewlap. Treatment is aimed at correcting the cause. Topical or systemic antibiotics are usually helpful.

Guinea Pig Common Bacterial Diseases: Tyzzer's disease

Similar to the infection in rats—often fatal in guinea pigs Pathogen: Clostridium piliforme

Define cecotrophic.

Eating night feces for extra nutrients

What is a predisposing factor for dystocia?

Sows intended for breeding must be bred before the age of 6 months → TEST If not bred before the age of 6 months, the pelvic symphysis fuses. If the sow is not bred before this age and subsequently becomes pregnant, the fused pelvic bones usually result in life-threatening dystocia.

Guinea Pig Reproduction

Sows intended for breeding must be bred before the age of 6 months → TEST - If not bred before the age of 6 months, the pelvic symphysis fuses. - If the sow is not bred before this age and subsequently becomes pregnant, the fused pelvic bones usually result in life-threatening dystocia. Females bred before 6 months of age retain the ability to separate the fused pelvic bones just before parturition.

Guinea Pigs Dentition

Dentition: a premolar in each quadrant of the oral cavity The soft palate is continuous with the rather large tongue. Palatal ostium - An opening between the oropharynx and the rest of the pharynx - This unique anatomic feature, and the fact that the oral cavity is narrow overall, makes endotracheal intubation extremely difficult to perform in this species. Stomach: differs from most rodents in that there is no nonglandular portion Cecum is a very large, thin-walled sac that occupies most of the central and left portion of the abdominal cavity.

Guinea Pigs Husbandry

Environmental enrichment Temperature — 18° to 26° C or 65° to 79° F Relative humidity — 40% to 60% Highly susceptible to heat stress - Do not tolerate temperatures greater than 90° F

Guinea Pig Blood Collection

Extremely difficult Toenail clip can be used. - Nail must be thoroughly cleaned before clipping, and the first drop of blood must be discarded because it is contaminated with tissue fluid - Apply digital pressure to the site or by placing a small amount of styptic powder on the clipped nail.

TRUE or FALSE - Rabbits are rodents?

False

Guinea Pig Injection Techniques

Large-gauge needle (greater than 25 gauge) for SQ, IM Smaller gauge (~23) for IP Maximum volume of 5 to 10 ml per site is acceptable for SQ injections. IP injections should be limited to no more than 8 ml. No more than 0.5 ml should be administered by IM injection.

Guinea Pig Blood Collection - With anesthesia

Lateral saphenous and cephalic veins can also be used, but the vessels are quite small and yield only a small volume of sample. Up to 8 ml of blood can be collected by the jugular vein, cranial vena cava, femoral artery, or femoral vein. Cardiocentesis can also be used but is usually followed by euthanasia in laboratory guinea pigs.

Sexing Male Hamsters

Longer anogenital distance

Hamster and Gerbil Anesthesia: Inhalation

Longer term Nose cone - Difficult to intubate

Rabbit Blood Collection Techniques

Marginal ear vein Lateral saphenous Cephalic

Guinea Pig SQ injection

Maximum volume of 5 to 10 ml per site is acceptable for SQ injections.

Guinea Pig Oral Administration

May mix the substance in the drinking water. Unpalatable medications may need the addition of 5 ml of sugar or syrup per liter of water so that the animals do not avoid drinking the water. Medications for oral administration may also be mixed in food if the animals are being fed a powdered or meal-type diet. A small syringe or dosing needle can be used to administer oral medications.

Rabbit Medication Administration

Medications can be administered orally, intranasally, or by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intradermal injection. Obtaining an accurate weight before calculating any medication dosage is especially important because there can be a large volume of material that can be present in the intestinal tract, particularly the cecum.

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Malocclusion

Premolars do not meet, resulting in "slobbers" Dramatic weight loss and excessive drooling Hypsodontic (open-rooted) teeth that grow continuously Worn down by chewing Overgrowth will cause trauma to cheeks and oropharynx Treatment: Tooth trimming under anesthesia If genetic predisposition to malocclusion—do not breed

Normal Rabbit Blood Ranges

Whole blood volume → 55-70 ml/kg Plasma volume → 28-51 ml/kg

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Trauma

Youthes Tibial fracture - Usually from being dropped by a child - Or from housing on wire mesh or slats if animal catches leg

A big concern of rabbits is when the environmental temp is too ______ a. high b. low c. damp

a. high Preferred temperatures ~ 62° to 70° F

Most common age-associated diseases in Hamsters a. Cardiovascular Disease b. Amyloidosis c. Barbering d. Nasal Dermatitis

b. Amyloidosis

Rabbits ________ vomit

cannot

Rabbits eat their night feces, which makes them _____________

cecotrophic

Guinea Pig Ears

hairless pinna and large tympanic bullae, allowing easy examination of the microcirculation of the ear Very small vocal folds

Common Parasites in Guinea Pigs: Fleas

rarely cause clinical signs Transmission: Parasites - Direct contact or fomites Treatment: Ivermectin or pyrethrin powder

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Heat Stroke

Highly susceptible to heat stress when temperature is over 85° F High humidity and little shade or ventilation and crowding and stress can cause this condition even if temperatures are optimal. Overweight animals more susceptible Clinical signs - Hypersalivation - Weakness - Tachypnea - Pale mucous membranes Treatment - Spraying or bathing with cool water

____________ aka kindling (TEST) usually occurs in the morning hours.

Parturition

Guinea Pigs Common Viral Diseases: Cytomegalovirus

Pathogen: Herpesviridae Minimal or non-specific pathologic signs - Unless under stress or immunocompromised Transmission - Transplacentally, saliva, and urine Clinical signs - Swollen salivary glands - Eosinophilic intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in salivary glands

Guinea Pigs Common Diseases - Cervical lymphadenitis ("Lumps")

Pathogen: Streptococcus zooepidemicus Feeding course hay can cause injury to the mouth that penetrate the skin over the lymph nodes and allow the bacteria travel to the cervical lymph nodes. Clinical signs: Enlargement of lymph nodes Treatment: appropriate antibiotics

Biomedical Research Old World Primates most commonly used nonhuman primates

Rhesus monkey — Macaca mulatta Cynomolgus monkey — M. fascicularis Pig-tailed monkey — M. nemestrina African green monkey — Cercopithecus aethiops Baboons — Papio spp. Patas monkey — Erythrocebus patas Other Primates used in research: New World Primate Squirrel monkey — Saimiri sciureus Marmosets — Saguinus spp. Owl monkey — Aotus trivirgatus Spider monkey — Ateles spp. Capuchins — Cebus spp. Great ape Chimpanzee — Pan troglodytes Capuchins - organ grinder monkeys are sometimes kept as pets. These small primates were originally classified as rodents.

Guinea Pigs Common Diseases: Pregnancy toxemia

Risk factors: stressed or overweight sows Clinical Signs: Acute inappetence, depression, weakness, reluctance to move, incoordination. Dyspnea develops within 24 hours and death can occur in 2 to 5 days. Prevention: Avoid fasting and stress during the last several weeks of pregnancy.

Guinea Pigs Common Diseases: Antibiotic toxicity

Sensitive to antibiotics that target gram-positive organisms Causes imbalance in normal intestinal flora and subsequent overgrowth of clostridial and gram-negative organisms Usually occurs with oral administration Use C&S to identify the most appropriate agent. Fewer problems with tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and the sulfonamides Supplement: Small amount (½ to 1 tsp) of plain yogurt daily during antibiotic therapy and for an additional 5 to 7 days after the medication is discontinued may help replace gram-positive enteric bacteria and may aid in restoring normal intestinal flora balance

What is antibiotic toxicity and how can it be prevented?

Sensitive to antibiotics that target gram-positive organisms; Causes imbalance in normal intestinal flora and subsequent overgrowth of clostridial and gram-negative organisms Prevention = probiotics aka plain yogurt

Guinea Pigs Common Diseases: Dystocia

Sows must be bred before the age of 6 months to avoid potentially life-threatening dystocia. Obesity can also cause dystocia. Clinical signs: Depression, straining, and uterine bleeding.

What is the name of the pathogen that causes cervical lymphadenitis?

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Guinea Pig Restraint and Handling

Techniques vary depending on the purpose of the manipulation. They rarely struggle or try to escape. For most technical procedures, guinea pigs can be placed on a towel on a flat surface and held in position. Gently scoop the animal up and move your hand from in front of the animal to support its hindquarters. - Do not grasp tightly with a hand over the thorax or abdomen because damage to the lungs or liver can easily occur.

Guinea Pigs Determining Gender

The genitalia in females contain a Y-shaped depression of tissue in the perineal area. The scrotal pouches and testes of adult males are usually quite obvious. In younger males the application of digital pressure along the genitalia will extrude the penis from the prepuce.

Guinea Pig Breeds

Three primary breeds of guinea pigs that are distinguished based on the direction of growth and length of their hair coat English guinea pig: short, smooth, straight hair Peruvian guinea pig: long, fine hair coat Abyssinian: a short, coarse hair coat that grows in whorls or rosettes Numerous color and hair coat combinations are possible because the three varieties can interbreed. Guinea pigs used in biomedical research are usually the English variety. The most common outbred stocks used in biomedical facilities are the Duncan-Hartley and Hartley stocks. There are more than 14 inbred strains of guinea pigs available.

Common Parasites in Guinea Pigs: Ringworm

Trichophyton mentagrophytes Young guinea pigs more susceptible May be inapparent until animal is stressed Clinical signs - Alopecia on face, nose, ears - High pruritic lesions Transmission - Direct contact and fomites High zoonotic potential

Common Parasites in Guinea Pigs: Mites

Trixacarus caviae: burrowing mite. Causes significant pruritus and alopecia.

Guinea Pig Kurloff cells

Unique to guinea pigs and capybaras Large, round, purple nucleus that is often eccentrically located and blue cytoplasm Very large, slightly granular, magenta, cytoplasmic inclusion body (Kurloff body) Origin and function of these cells are not known Number of Kurloff cells is greater in females than males and increases during estrus and pregnancy

What is the causative pathogen for Treponematosis?

→ what they thought Petunia had Also referred to as vent disease or Spirochetosis Causative Pathogen: Treponema cuniculi Clinical Signs: Small ulcers develop on the genital region

Guinea Pigs Nutrition

Food and water consumption Notorious for pushing partially chewed food up into the sipper tube of the water bottle - Can clog the tube and encourage bacterial growth - Must be given clean, fresh water in a clean water bottle with a clean sipper tube at least daily - Guinea pigs also suck on their sipper tubes rather than lap from them as rats and mice do. Feed a commercial high-quality feed designed specifically for guinea pigs. - Rabbit feed contains too much fiber and not enough protein. Must have a dietary source of vitamin C - Supplement with cabbage and kale - Proper food handling - Adding to drinking water not ideal Coprophagic

Hamster Brown adipose tissue

Function: temperature regulation Brown adipose tissue has 4-6 times more vascularity than white tissue. Blood is warmed as it passes through this tissue.

Guinea Pig Anesthesia

General anesthesia is usually administered when the guinea pig must undergo painful procedures. Guinea pigs have highly variable responses to anesthetics, and a large range of anesthetic dosages have been reported for use in guinea pigs. - Dose of anesthetics is always to effect Monitor animal's vital signs (especially respiratory rate) continuously. Heart rate and toe pinch response may also aid in evaluation of anesthetic depth. Inhalant anesthetic—primarily isoflurane Administered by mask by a standard anesthesia machine

Common Parasites in Guinea Pigs: Lice: Biting

Gliricola porcelli: alopecia and mild pruritus

Guinea Pigs Husbandry Diseases: Alopecia

Hair loss common in late pregnancy and lactation Juveniles have transient alopecia around weaning. May have barbering Treatment for barbering is removal of the offending animal.

Guinea Pig IP injection

One hand supporting the hindquarters and the other hand placed gently around the shoulder area, under the front legs Then turn it on its back, tilted slightly so that its body points toward the floor

Guinea Pig Administration of Medications

Orally, or subcutaneous (SQ), intraperitoneal (IP), or intramuscular (IM) injection Lack readily accessible veins for injection or blood sampling Skin is quite thick, requiring larger-gauge needles than used with most other rodents Rarely require sedation or anesthesia for administration of medication, except for intravenous (IV) or intracardiac procedures

Primate Animal Models

Primates account for less then 0.025% of all animals used in U.S. biomedical research facilities. Why? High cost Complicated housing requirements Possible injury to workers due to handling and restraint Even though infrequently used, primates play a vital role. Chimpanzees and rhesus macaque - Very close to human on a molecular level Susceptible to many of the same diseases as humans Similar developmental and behavioral characteristics as humans New treatments, surgeries, and diagnostic techniques use NHP as final stage.

Guinea Pig Common Bacterial Diseases: Bacterial enteritis

Rare in laboratory animals Commonly caused by Unwashed veggies Fecal contaminated food or water Pathogens: - Salmonella typhimurium - Salmonella enteritidis Clinical signs - Lethargy - Weakness - Anorexia - Weight loss - Diarrhea - Death Pregnant sows and weanlings most susceptible

List 4 unique anatomic characteristics found in rabbits

1. Nocturnal 2. Cecotrophic 3. Second pair of incisors (peg tooth) 4. Rabbits cannot vomit 5. Neutrophils are different 6. Hindgut fermenters 7. Have a duplex uterus with two cervixes

Hamster Reproduction - Gestation

15-18 days Shortest of all laboratory animals Female caged separately 2 days prior to parturition Pups born hairless, eyes/ears closed Have teeth 4-12 pups per litter If disturbed — mother will cannibalize pups Pups eat solid food in one week. Weaned at 21 days Female will resume estrous cycle shortly after weaning.

Hamster Restraint

Always be sure animal is awake and aware of your presence. - Will bite when startled To move from one cage to another - Scoop up with hand. - Use a small can for the animal to enter. - Can be picked up by the loose skin over neck Restraint for a procedure - Whole-handed grip - Get all loose skin in your grip. - Hamsters can turn head and bite if skin not completely gathered

Hamster and Gerbil Identification

Cage cards - Individually housed Group housed: - Ear notching - Ear tags - Tattooing - Microchips - Dyes or markers -- Temporary

Rabbit Common Viral Diseases: Rotavirus

Causative Pathogen: Rotavirus Transmitted by the fecal-oral route Clinical signs: severe watery diarrhea; anorexia and dehydration are common signs. Mortality can be as high as 80% in rabbits younger than 6 months. Secondary infection with Clostridium spp. or E. coli can occur and results in a much higher mortality. No effective treatment; recovery provides a degree of immunity, although the animals remain seropositive for the virus

Rabbit Common Diseases: Dermatitis

Caused by: Urine scald Rabbit urine contains a large of calcium and is alkaline (pH = 8.2) Urine can adhere to fur and skin over time the urine will irritate the skin. Improper husbandry practices Treatment: Clip and clear the area and antibiotics

Hamster and Gerbils: Proliferative Ileitis - "Wet Tail"

Common infectious disease of HAMSTERS Young hamsters more susceptible Pathogen: Lawsonia intracellularis Clinical signs: - Watery diarrhea - Dehydration - Anorexia Risk Factors: Poor husbandry, Overcrowding, and stress Treatment: Antibiotic therapy **Caution: Antibiotic-Associated enterocolitis.

Normal Rabbit Female Reproductive Cycle

Estrous cycle → Induced ovulators - TEST Estrus duration → Prolonged Ovulation rate → 6-10 eggs PseudopregnancY → 16-17 days Gestation length → 30-33 days Litter size → 4-12 kits

Gerbil Reproduction

Gender determination - Male: longer anogenital distance - Female: shorter anogenital distance Polyestrous - Spontaneous ovulators - cycle throughout the year that means ovulation will occur spontaneously, opposite of induced ovulation

Define Trichobezoars

Hairballs - ways to prevent = high fiber diet

The Gerbil - Taxonomy

Hamsters and Gerbils are classified in the order Rodentia Suborder Hystricognathi/Sciurognathi Family—Cricetidae Species used most often in research - Meriones unguiculatus = Gerbil Native to harsh desert environments Originate in Mongolia, southern Siberia, and northern China Commonly called the Mongolian gerbil

Hamster Taxonomy

Hamsters classified in the order Rodentia Suborder Hystricognathi/Sciurognathi Family—Cricetidae Common species used in biomedical research -- TEST, matching questions - Syrian or golden hamster—Mesocricetus auratus - Chinese hamster—Cricetus griseus Common species in the pet industry - Armenian or grey hamster— Cricetulus migratorius - European hamster— Cricetus cricetus - Djungarian hamster— Phodopus sungorus — dwarf

PARVOVIRUS - HAMSTER

High mortality in young hamsters Pathogen: Parvovirus Clinical signs: - Incisor abnormalities - Testicular atrophy

Describe the type of estrous cycle for a Rabbit?

Induced ovulation

Rabbits have what type of estrus cycle?

Induced ovulators - TEST

Rabbits Viral disease

Most viral diseases that can infect rabbits are not routinely found in the United States. Viral diseases of rabbits include: Papilloma virus - Oral papilloma virus and cutaneous papilloma virus

Rabbits Male Copulatory Patterns

Mounting time → 2 seconds Preejaculatory intromissions → 1 Ejaculations per mating → 1-3

The Laboratory Rabbit Taxonomy

Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Includes: rabbits and hares Scientific name: Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit Breed Commonly used in research New Zealand White

What is the scientific name of the rabbit?

Oryctolagus cuniculus

What is the name of the pathogen that causes snuffles? What are the common signs?

Pasturella Nasal discharge, sneezing

Hamster Animal Models

Popular research subjects: Rapid and easy reproduction Relatively free of spontaneous diseases - But susceptible to pathogenic agents Cheek pouches - Excellent site for evaluation of carcinogenic potential of agents Susceptible to: Diabetes mellitus, human leprosy, brucellosis, dental caries, and gallstones Hypothermia studies - Hibernation Resistant to effects of radiation Reproductive studies

How to Determine Rabbit Gender - The Female (Doe)

Press downward on the vent An opening with a vertical slit with minimal protrusion

Rabbits Genitourinary system

Rabbit urine is thick, and albuminuria or proteinuria is common. Ammonium magnesium phosphate and calcium carbonate crystals are also commonly found. Rabbit urine tends to be highly alkaline, often with a pH greater than 8.0. Urine color varies from dark brown to yellow. - Urine consistency varies considerably with diet. The uterus is duplex, with two cervixes There is no uterine body: the cervices open directly into the vagina.

Rabbit Anesthesia

Rabbits are easily stressed by anesthesia, are difficult to intubate, and have highly variable responses to anesthetic agents. Their respiratory center is very sensitive to anesthetics, and their high reserves of body fat complicate barbiturate anesthesia. A few hours of fasting before administration of anesthesia aids in obtaining a more accurate weight by allowing some of the intestinal contents to be eliminated. Injectable Induction agents: Ketamine/Xylazine Propofol Gas Anesthesia: Isoflurane Anesthesia monitoring: Jaw tone Heart rate Respiration Pedal reflex

Rabbit Nutrition

Rabbits are herbivorous and coprophagic. Commercial rabbit feed contains ~ 15% protein and 10% fiber. Rabbits are hypsodonic - provide objects to chew Higher-fiber diets are given as needed to prevent the formation of hairballs and minimize the tendency toward obesity

Hamster and Gerbil Administration of Medicine - Injections

SQ—shoulder area - No more than 3-4 ml IP—intraperitoneal - Maximum of 3-4 ml - Palm restraint and nose pointed downward - Lower abdomen either side IM—not practical due to small muscle mass - If necessary use quadriceps or gluteal muscles. - Maximum of 0.5 ml - A common problem after IM injection is self-mutilation of limb. Accurate weight critical to ensure correct dosages

What is slobbers?

Salivating, underlying cause = malocclusion → can lead to moist dermatitis

Gerbil Restraint and Handling

Scruff between the shoulders Never pick up by tail. - Thin skin may cause degloving injury.

Rabbits Anatomy and Physiology

Second pair of incisors (peg teeth) High muscle-bone ratio and large body fat reserves Relatively lightweight compared with their size Females tend to be larger than males. No footpads, and the soles of the hind feet are covered with fur Teeth are hypsodontic (continuous chewers) Ears are highly vascular and serve as a thermoregulatory organ. Female rabbits have prominent skin folds on the underside of the neck (dewlap). Small heart as compared with other species of similar size Rabbits cannot vomit → don't have to fast them when we anesthetize Neutrophils have a predominant granule type that stains red and appears similar to the eosinophil of other mammals. - Heterophil or Pseudoeosinophil Very large cecum (Hind gut fermentor) Cecotrophic

Normal Rabbit Age at Onset of Puberty and Breeding Life

Sexual maturity, male → 22 - 52 weeks Sexual maturity, female → 22 - 52 weeks

Hamster and Gerbil Anesthesia: Injectable

Short term Ketamine and xylazine - IP injection

Sexing Female Hamsters

Smaller anogenital distance

Hamster Anatomy and Physiology - General characteristics

Stout bodies Short tail—wire haired Short legs Prominent dark ears Slightly larger than a mouse—Syrian Larger female—more aggressive Short gestation—15-18 days Virtually free from spontaneous disease Only lab animal that hibernates Inquisitive Easy to handle

Rabbit Injection Techniques

Subcutaneous injections are usually given in the loose skin over the scruff of the neck. Intramuscular injections may be given in the large epaxial (lumbar) muscles, the quadriceps, or the thigh muscles. Intravenous injections may be given in the marginal ear vein. - Use a butterfly catheter, and apply local anesthetic.

Hamster and Gerbil Anesthesia, does not need to be fasted before anesthesia? T or F

T Small size—high metabolism Hypoglycemic and hypothermic

Hamster and Gerbil Blood Collection Techniques

Toenail clip - Small amounts Lateral saphenous Retroorbital sinus - Anesthesia is required Cardiocentesis - Not performed on pets - High probability of cardiac tamponade

Rabbit Common Diseases: Pasteurellosis

Transmission: Direct contact or aerosol contamination Affected animals must be quarantined or removed from the colony Treatment: Antibiotics (penicillin, chloramphenicol, and enrofloxacin) Antibiotic therapy can produce remission, but reinfection is common. Immunologic tests are available that use indirect fluorescent antibody or ELISA techniques to identify carrier animals.

Rabbit Common Diseases: Treponematosis

→ what they thought Petunia had Also referred to as vent disease or Spirochetosis Causative Pathogen: Treponema cuniculi Clinical Signs: Small ulcers develop on the genital region Transmitted: Venereally and transplacentally Treatment: - Penicillin, given by parenteral injection once a week for 3 weeks. - High-fiber diet and administration of antidiarrheals may be needed to avoid potential complications of antibiotic therapy.

Age-Associated Diseases - Hamsters Most common: Amyloidosis

85% hamsters over 18 months Results in amyloid deposits in the glomeruli of the kidney - Initially subclinical - Renal failure with age Symptoms - Anorexia - Rough hair coat - Depression

Normal Rabbit Body Weight

Adult buck (male) → 2-5 kg Adult doe (female) → 2-6 kg Birth weight (kit) → 30-80 g

Hamster Flank glands

Better developed in males Bilateral sebaceous gland appears as dark-pigmented hair. Used in marking territory and mating

Rabbit Common Diseases: Tyzzer's Disease

Causative Pathogen: Clostridium piliforme formerly Bacillus piliformis Poor sanitation, stress, and overcrowding predispose animals to this disease. Clinical signs: Diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia. Treatment: Tetracycline compounds added to drinking water for 4 to 5 days Difficult to eradicate from an animal facility because of the ongoing presence of resistant spores

Rabbit Common Diseases: Listeriosis

Causative Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes Characterized by sudden death or abortion Most often seen in does in the late stages of pregnancy Spreads by the bloodstream to the liver, spleen, and gravid uterus Clinical signs: Anorexia, depression, and weight loss Treatment: Zoonotic and treatment is rarely attempted

Rabbit Common Diseases: Otitis Externa

Causative Pathogen: Psoroptes cuniculi Clinical signs: Pruritus and head shaking Diagnosis: Ear swab Treatment: Ivermectin

Rabbit Common Diseases: Pneumonia

Causative Pathogens: - Pasteurella multocida - Bordetella bronchiseptica - Other bacteria: Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococci Transmission: is by direct contact, aerosol, and fomites. Infections are usually asymptomatic except in weanlings and animals under stress. Treatment: Antibiotics Supportive Care

Normal Rabbits Amounts of Food and Water

Daily food consumption (rabbit pellets) → 50 g/kg Gastrointestinal transit time for hard feces → 4-5 hours after eating Gastrointestinal transit time for cecotropes → 8-9 hours after eating Daily water consumption → 50-150 ml/kg Daily urine excretion → 10-35 ml/kg

Rabbit as Animal Models

Domestic rabbit was the first animal model of atherosclerosis Antibody production and other studies for which large volumes of blood must be collected. Used in eye irritancy evaluations

Gerbil Animal Models

Endocrine function studies - Very low water requirement - Highly concentrated urine Lipid metabolism studies - Mongolian gerbils develop high serum and hepatic cholesterol levels - Even on low-fat diet Idiopathic epilepsy studies Stroke studies Radiation resistance Some strains have been developed with a condition that is similar to epilepsy in humans. Gerbils have an anatomic variation that makes them susceptible to strokes. They are resistant to radiation, which makes them excellent candidates for radiobiology studies.

Hamster Reproduction

Females continuously polyestrous After ovulation—creamy white discharge - Second day of estrus - Bred on evening of third day after appearance of discharge Place female in male cage in evening - If not mating within 5 minutes—remove female. She will be aggressive. - If mating occurs—may be left overnight - Vaginal plug present for several hours after mating

Husbandry Related Disease: Nutritional Disease

Hamsters are sensitive to Vitamin E deficiency Clinical signs: Skeletal muscular dystrophy Risk factor: Feeding a seed-based diet

Hamster Anatomy and Physiology - Head and neck

Harderian glands behind eyeball Born with full set of teeth - No deciduous teeth - Incisor open rooted and continuously growing - Teeth resemble those of humans - Susceptible to caries

Rabbit breeds

Hundreds of breeds New Zealand white Dutch belted Flemish giant Polish Chinchilla Stocks and Strains Outbred stocks of rabbits are available in the New Zealand white, California, and Dutch belted breeds. A commonly used strain of rabbits is the Watanabe hyperlipidemic strain. Many rabbits used in biomedical research are designated SPF (specific pathogen free).

Rabbit Common Diseases: Malocclusion

It is a genetic condition. It is common in domestic rabbits. Presents as an overgrowth of the mandibular incisors and prohibits the normal wearing of the incisors Maxillary incisors tend to grow in a curve and may pierce the palate. Mandibular incisors tend to grow outwards. Affected animals are usually unable to eat and may die of starvation. Treatment involves regular clipping of the incisors.

Hamster Anatomy and Physiology - Cheek pouches

Large evaginations of lateral buccal wall 35-40 mm long Extending to shoulder region 4-8 mm wide when empty Immunologically privileged site - Absence of lymph tissue Carry large amounts of food Female will hide offspring in cheek pouches if threatened German word Hamstern—meaning "hoarder"

Gerbil Anatomy and Physiology

Longer and slimmer than hamsters Hind legs longer - Stand nearly upright - Jump relatively high Consume very little water - Natural habitat—water only from food Tail is hair covered Prominent sebaceous glands on abdomen - Both sexes - Covered with darker hair - More defined in males - Territory markers

Hamster and Gerbil Administration of Medicine: Oral administration

Mix medications into drinking water. - May need to sweeten if unpalatable - Not recommended in Gerbils - don't drink a lot of water Can mix with food - If fed a powered or meal fed Oral Dosing syringe / Gavage

Rabbit Behavior

Most rabbits are rather docile and easily trained. Group-housed rabbits may become aggressive. Females are likely to fight unless raised together. Nocturnal Hindlimb thumping—danger

Guinea Pig Taxonomy

Most scientists classify guinea pigs in the order Rodentia - Suborder Hystricognathi - Cavia porcellus - "Cavys" Not pigs, not from Guinea, not widely used as experimental subjects

What is a heterophil?

Neutrophil with unique characteristics similar to a eosinophil

Hamster Behavior

Nocturnal - Consider when thinking of keeping as a pet Hibernation: Unique to Hamsters Hibernation can be induced by: - Cold temps > 5° C - Restriction of food supply - Shortening of light cycles Will not wake to feed. Lasts about 3 days Heart rate and respiration slows. Body temperature decreases. Females aggressive to other adults of both sexes - Can be vicious and fatal

Gerbil Husbandry, Caging, and Nutrition

Solid-bottom shoebox cages - Ample soft bedding Secure-fitting lids - Not climbers but can jump fairly high Weekly cleaning - Due to small amount of waste Temperature and humidity - Similar to other rodents - Avoid extreme temperatures - Can induce seizures Commercial rodent chow - Supplement with sunflower seeds, vegetables. - Obesity—avoid excessive treats

Hamster Husbandry, Housing, Nutrition

Solitary animals Bedding of corn cobs, soft paper, hardwood shavings Colony housing only successful if raised together - Must have hiding places Escape artists—secured enclosures Temperatures of 65° to 70° F Relative humidity 50% to 60% Commercial rat chow feed on floor of enclosure - Will carry food in cheek pouches to preferred locations Very neat animals - Set aside a location in cage for urination and defecation.

Rabbit Common Diseases: Neoplasia

The most common neoplasia of domestic rabbits is uterine adenocarcinoma. Lymphosarcoma, embryonal nephroma, and bile duct adenoma and carcinoma are also somewhat common in rabbits.

Guinea Pigs Anatomy and Physiology

There are four digits on each of the forelimbs and three on each of the hindlimbs. Guinea pigs are more closely related to porcupines and chinchillas than to mice and rats. Born precocious: fully haired, eyes open, and capable of eating solid food within a few hours after birth Male guinea pigs are known as boars, females as sows, and parturition is referred to as farrowing.

Rabbit Common Viral Diseases: Viral Hemorrhagic Disease

→ seen in wild rabbits, we have vaccinated our rabbits for this Viral hemorrhagic disease is an acute and highly contagious disease that is widespread in China, Korea, and many European countries. Causative Pathogen: Not clear. Suspect Parvovirus or Retrovirus Transmission: - Aerosol seems to be the most likely route of infection, but transmission by fomites can also occur. - Primarily affects adult rabbits, especially gestating and lactating does Clinical Signs: - Dyspnea and tachycardia are common - Seizure like activity A vaccine is available. Strict quarantine of rabbits imported into the United States from European and Asian countries is required.

Rabbit Common diseases: Pasteurellosis aka "Snuffles"

- The most common bacterial infection of rabbits - Gram Negative Coccobacillus bacteria Causative Pathogen: - Pasteurella multocida Clinical signs: - Sneezing, serous to mucopurulent discharge from the nares. The paws may show evidence of the discharge. - Chronic form can spread causing: conjunctivitis, bronchopneumonia, pyometra, orchitis, abscesses , and torticollis aka wry neck

How to Determine Rabbit Gender - The Male (Buck)

Press downward on the vent A tubular structure with a circle opening

Rabbit Common Diseases: Mastitis

Not common except in colonies maintained in commercial rabbit-breeding facilities Poor sanitation contributes to the incidence and spread of this disease. - Generalized septicemia may develop and is usually fatal. Causative Pathogen: Many bacterial agents have been implicated, but Staphylococcus is the most commonly isolated causative agent. Clinical Signs: inflamed mammary glands and are usually anorectic and febrile. Treatment: Parenteral administration of penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines can be helpful. - Antibiotics can lead to diarrhea from microbial imbalance in the gastrointestinal system. - High-fiber diet is indicated to minimize the possibility of diarrhea.

Rabbit Breeding

Onset of puberty varies greatly in different breeds of animals. Breeding colonies usually consist of 1 buck for 10 to 20 does. Doe's are induced ovulators Ovulation occurs approximately 10 hours after coitus. Doe begins nest building a few hours or days before delivery by plucking fur from her abdomen, sides, and dewlap to line the nest - Provide nesting boxes Parturition (kindling) (TEST) usually occurs in the morning hours. Litter size is 4 to 12 kits, depending on the breed, and kits are born blind, hairless, and helpless. The doe nurses for only a few minutes each day, but the milk is highly enriched and kits can consume as much as 20% of their own body weight in just a few minutes. Weaning occurs between 5 and 8 weeks of age. Pseudopregnancy is common in does and can result from mounting by other does or stimulation of a nearby male

Rabbit Common Diseases - Mucoid Enteropathy

Primarily of concern in young rabbits (7 to 10 weeks old) Causative Pathogens: a number of infectious entities (E. coli or Clostridium spiroforme) Clinical signs: Constipation with mucus hypersecretion to profuse watery diarrhea. Hypothermia, lethargy, and depression, also occur. The animals appear depressed, with a crouched posture and rough hair coat. Transmission: Mechanisms are unclear. Antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia can be a factor, especially with administration of lincomycin, clindamycin, or erythromycin. Can occur in combination with Tyzzer's disease, salmonellosis, or coccidiosis Higher-fiber diets are thought to provide a measure of protection from this syndrome. Treatment is not usually successful

Rabbit Restraint and Handling

Rabbits are removed from the cage by grasping the loose skin over the scruff and supporting the hindlimbs. May kick with the hind legs and can inflict deep scratch wounds on the handler If hindlimbs are not well supported, the rabbit can easily injure its spinal cord. This posterior paralysis is a common problem when rabbits are not handled properly.

Normal Rabbit Clinical Examination

Rectal body temperature → 38.5-40.0 °C (101.3-104.0 °F) Normal heart rate → 180-250 beats/min Normal respiratory rate → 30-60 breaths/min

Rabbit Housing

Solid-bottom cages Daily cleaning essential to keep ammonia levels and odors to a minimum Rabbit urine has a very high crystalline content that can adhere to the cage and require highly acidic cleaning products to remove. Rabbits may be given a litter box containing shredded paper bedding. Clay cat litter or wood shavings should be avoided. Outdoor rabbit hutches should be made of nonporous materials to allow for proper disinfection.

Guinea Pig Normal Physiologic Reference Ranges

Usual lifespan as pet → 5-6 years Adult weight → Males: 900-1200 g; Females: 700-900 g Sexual maturity → Males: 3 mo; Females: 2 mo Type of estrous cycle → 15-17 days Length of estrous cycle → 15-17 days Ovulation → Spontaneous Gestation period → 69-72 days (average, 68 days) Litter size → 1-13 (2-4 usual) Normal birth weight → 70-100 g Weaning age → 21 days (or at about 180 g body weight) Rectal temperature → 37.2-39.5° C (99.0-103.1° F) Average blood volume → 70 ml/kg body weight Heart rate → 240-310 beats/minute

Gerbil Behavior

Very social and inquisitive Easy to handle Rarely bite Not nocturnal Will thump hind legs when startled, fearful, or excited Rarely hide Dig and burrow in bedding - Native habitat — construct elaborate tunnels

Gerbils and Hamsters: LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

Virus that can infect most rodents, including gerbils and hamsters Pathogen: Arenaviridae Clinical Signs: Vary depending on viral strain. The cerebral form: Convulsions. Zoonotic: Cause flu like symptoms in humans Treatment: Due to the zoonotic potential, infected animals are euthanized.