Water Resources
What are the factors required for development of irrigation?
1. *soils of indo-gangetic plains* are very soft with gentle slopes. The deep clay in the subsoil acts as a reservoir for storing rainwater, which percolates down during rainy season. 2. *Perennial snow-fed rivers* are regular sources of irrigation 3. *Hard rocks* in South India. So tank irrigation is more common.
Rajasthan canals
1. Indira Gandhi canal 2. Chambal project
What are the two types of canals?
1. Inundation 2. Perennial Canals
What are the older methods of rainwater harvesting
1. Johads and kunds in rajasthan 2. Gujarat- tanks, khadin 3. AP- cheruva 4. Assam- dongs 5. Karnataka- Kere
What are the structure is used to recharge the groundwater
1. Pit recharge-used to recharge the shallow aquifers 2. Trenches-when water is collected at a shallow depth due to permeable soil 3. Dug Wells-water is carried to a filtration tank and from there it flows into the dug Wells 4.handpumps
What are the main sources of water in India
1. Surface water 2. Groundwater 3. Lagoons and backwater
What are the two types of Wells
1. Surface wells 2. Tube wells
On which river is the Bhakra Nangal Project built?
river Sutlej, tributary of river Indus
What are the main purposes of Bhakra Nangal Project?
supply water to Sirhind and western Yamuna canal and flood control in river Sutlej
Why are inundation canals cheaper?
they are taken out from rivers without building regulating systems like weirs and barrages at their head to regulate the river flow
What is the purpose of a barrage
usually constructed in the lower course of the river in order to raise the level of water in the river to irrigate the lower regions.
When are the inundation canals taken out from rivers
when they are in flood and there is excess of water
Advantages of well irrigation
1.well is simplest and cheapest source. A poor farmer can easily afford it 2.well as an independent source 3.a well can be dug in any convenient place 4.chemicals like nitrates, sulphates can be mixed with well water and increase the fertility of the soil 5.the farmer does not have to pay regularly for well irrigation unlike canal irrigation
What percentage if india is irrigated by tanks
12%
How much of India is irrigated by wells
40%
What percentage of India uses canal irrigation?
40% of the total irrigated area in the country.
What is sprinkler irrigation
A method of their overhead irrigation where sprinklers are set up in fields and supplied water through pipes to reduce water loss by evaporation. This method is your 448 and semiarid regions
Give some examples of major multi-purpose projects
Bhakra Nangal Project Damodar Valley Corporation Hirakud Dam Rihand, Tungabhadra, Chambal, Kosi, Nagarjuna sagar, Narmada Valley
For what purpose was the National water policy designed
For the optimum and judicious utilisation, management and conservation of water resources in the country
Andhra Pradesh canals
Godavari, Krishna delta
which states in india experience periodic drought
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh
What are Wells
Holes dug in the soil to extract underground water
Short note on bamboo irrigation system
In Meghalaya at 200-year-old system of tapping stream water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent. About 20 L of water enters the system and just transported over hundreds of metres
Which is the longest canal in the world and how long is it?
Indira Gandhi canal, 468 km
Define groundwater
The part of rainwater that seeps through the cracks and crevices into the ground
What is the advantage of sprinkler irrigation
There is no evaporation as water is supplied through pipes. So it is best for conserving water as there is no wastage of water
What are tube wells
They are bore wells which I dug deep in the ground reaching the groundwater with the help of a drilling machine.
Chief states for well irrigation
UP, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar
short note on unlined Wells
Unlined wells are also known as Kachcha Wells. They are essentially used for irrigation. Such wells are normally constructed with the water table is high. They are not aligned by bricks or cement. These are cheaper to dig and I generally seasonal
What are the areas of extensive tube well use
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana.
What is Drip irrigation
Water is taken directly to the roots of the plants or cheese buy a plastic tube which has small holes through which water keeps on dripping steadily
What is the important canal system of Haryana
Western yamuna canal
Define multi-purpose project
a multi-purpose project is made by constructing a dam across the perennial rivers. It aims at the effective use of water for a number of benefits such as flood control , drinking water, irrigation, navigation through canals, etc.
What is irrigation
artificial methods of watering plants by measures such as canals, wells, tube wells, lakes from the existing natural sources of water like rivers, tanks, ponds or underground water
What are perennial canals?
canals which are useful throughout the year as they draw their water from perennial rivers, artificial lakes, and barrages, constructed across the river
What is the main purpose of the Damodar Valley Corporation
control floods on river Damodar (main purpose is to prevent floods and supply water for irrigation)
Why is the river Damodar called "River of Sorrow"
due to its devastating floods
What is the need for irrigation in India
1. The monsoon often fails to keep its date (and may strike early or after the scheduled arrival). It is erratic and unpredictable 2. The rainfall is uneven (Meghalaya receives 1000 cm+, Thar desert receives <25 cm) 3. Rainfall is restricted to a few months (June-Sept) 4. rabi crops are grown in winter when there is little rainfall 5. Crops like rice, sugarcane, and chillies need more water 6. crops like rice and wheat can have two growing seasons with more irrigation 7. Rainfall in the four months is torrential, giving very little time to the soil to absorb the rainwater
What are the advantages of perennial canals?
1. These canals provide water throughout the year 2. These canals supply water even during hot seasons 3.they can Irrigate a large area
What are the important canal systems in uttar Pradesh
1. Upper Ganga canal 2. lower Ganga canal
What are the advantages of inundation canals
1. easily and cheaply built 2. useful in controlling floods
What are the conditions necessary for digging canals?
1. low level relief with deep fertile soil 2. Perennial source of water (which can be stored by building a dam on a weir across the river) 3. soft soil
Why is canal irrigation more prevalent in the northern part of the country
1. rivers are perennial 2. flow through flat terrain 3. soft alluvial soils are easy to dig canals in
What are the disadvantages of inundation canals?
1. uncertainty of water supply 2. useful only during floods 3. only low land areas can be irrigated
Canal system in Punjab
1.Sirhind canal 2. Nangal dam
What are the disadvantages of tanks
1.a large amount of water is wasted through evaporation 2.thanks and non-premier and dry up in the summer 3.no use during drought period.
What are the necessary steps for water conservation
1.developing water saving technology 2.preventing water pollution 3.promoting watershed development, rainwater harvesting, water recycling and reuse
What are the necessary conditions for tubewell construction
1.high water table with perennial water supply 2. The ground should be soft, preferably alluvial soil, to facilitate digging 3.the area must get rainfall to replenish groundwater 4.cheap electricity must be available
What are the disadvantages of tube wells
1.irrigates less area compared to a canal 2.money must be spent regularly on electricity 3.not fit for areas of brackish groundwater 4.groundwater depletion
Importance of water
1.is the lifeline of all living beings 2.it is essential for agriculture and industry 3.kinetic energy used for hydroelectricity 4.helps in navigation 5. means of existence of marine life
Importance of rainwater harvesting
1.it increases the level of the water table in bore Wells and Wells 2.reduces dependence on underground water 3.reduces salinity of the groundwater 4.does not cause pollution 5.cost-effective 6.it can provide drinking water or agricultural water if necessary
What are the advantages of tube wells
1.less human effort 2.useful during drought conditions 3.quantity of water is more 4.occupy less area as compare to surface Wells 5.they can irrigate A larger area
What are the reasons for the popularity of tanks in peninsular India
1.most of the area of peninsular India is uneven with natural depressions where tanks can be built 2.the Deccan Plateau consists of underlying hard rocks which are impervious or nonporous
What is the need for conservation of water
1.over exploitation and excessive use 2.pollution by domestic and industrial sources 3.to meet the needs of a growing population 4.increasing industrialisation exerts pressure on the existing water resources 5.Rivers like Ganga and Jamuna are turning into toxic streams
What are the objectives of the National water policy
1.provide surplus water to the deficit areas 2.evolve a national water great for proper management and utilisation 3.provide water to meet demand for industries and irrigation and domestic use 4.reduced water pollution 5.reducing the run-off, so erosion and silting of the river beds 6. recharge the groundwater
What are the methods of water harvesting
1.rainwater harvesting 2.recharging of groundwater
The aims of rainwater harvesting
1.recharging groundwater 2.preventing soil erosion 3.checking the rainwater from becoming polluted 4.meeting the demands of water requirement in dry season
What are the disadvantages of perennial canals?
1.salt effervescence due to over flooding which makes the soil unsuitable for farming 2.problem of waterlogging in case of unlined canals 3.it is expensive 4. Cannot check floods
What are the modern methods of irrigation
1.sprinkler irrigation 2.drip irrigation E.bamboo irrigation
Why is canal irrigation more suitable in North India
1.the rivers of Northern plains are perennial as they are snow fed where as in South India rivers are seasonal 2.the surface of the northern plains is flat and soft and hence easy to dig while in the south, the region being rocky, is difficult to dig 3.the demand for irrigation is greater in the north as it is predominantly agricultural 4.the agriculture in the northern part is more profitable and hence farmers receive more compensation which can be invested in canal irrigation
What are the suitable conditions for digging wells
1.the water table should be high 2.the ground should have soft rocks 3.most suitable to dig the wells along river beds
Disadvantages of srface Wells
1.they may get dried up during summer 2.they can only irrigate a small area L 3.sometimes they are brackish
What are the advantages of tank irrigation
1.water can be collected and used later for irrigation 2.tank irrigation is cheap 3.the water is collected and used in the dry season 4.in the absence of perennial Rivers and canals, tanks provide a source of water
What is water harvesting
All the different methods of conserving and collecting rainwater
Well irrigation states in South India
Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu
In which states is rainwater harvesting being used
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
What are the most important states for tank irrigation
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Other notable states are Orissa, Karnataka and Maharashtra In northern india, west bengal, madhya pradesh, rajasthan
Which rivers are utilised by the Indira Gandhi canal
Beas, Sutlej, Ravi
Which city use rainwater harvesting
Chennai, Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai
what are the various methods employed to supply water from the well
Commonly: persian wheel, rehat worked by bullocks, buffaloes, and camel. Also, Mhole, Picolan, Dhenkli
Short note on rooftop rainwater harvesting method
It comprises a simple scheme to replenish the groundwater and increase its level. Rainwater can be collected over rooftops and channelised through small PVC pipe into the underground pits, Wells, or bore wells. Nearly 50,000 L of rainwater can be harvested from 100 m² rooftop area. This technique is simple, practical and cost-effective, so it can be practised both in towns and villages
Peninsular India canals
Koyana project Hirakud project Kakrapara project (Tapi)
Short note on lined wells
Lined wells are also known as Pucca wells. They are lined with cement or brick and are covered and safe for supplying drinking water or water for domestic purposes and irrigating the farms. They are generally Perennial. More expensive to dig. Dug where water table is high and there is soft rock.
Where are tanks used mainly and why
Peninsular India where the underlying Hardrock still not allow the water to seep through
Tamil Nadu canals
Periyar project Kaveri delta
Define water conservation
Preventing and controlling the depletion and D gradation of water and making the best use of available water resources for the present and future needs
What is the cheapest form of irrigation
Surface wells
What are tanks
Thanks are you the accumulation of rainwater in the undulating land of South India or the Deccan plateau. They are natural depression is that hold water consisting of non-porous rock.
What is rainwater harvesting
The activity of collecting rainwater directly or recharging into the ground to improve groundwater storage in the aquifer is called rainwater harvesting.
