Weathering and soil

forest harvesting

-When forests are removed soil is exposed and erosion increase when we need lumber you need to cut trees down and soil nutrients erode and decrease -Each year thousands of square kilometers of tropical rain forest are cleared for lumber, farming, and grazing effects topsoil

aquifer

A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater. An underground formation that contains groundwater

oxidation

A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust

river

A large stream A large, flowing body of water that usually empties into a sea or ocean.

meander

A loop like bend in the course of a river

valley glaciers

A type of glacier that forms in high mountainous areas

slump

A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope

soil profile

A vertical section through a soil, from the surface down to the parent material, revealing the soil layers or horizons.

mass movement

Any one of several processes by which gravity moves sediment downhill. Any one of several processes that move sediment downhill. Different types includes landslides, mudflows, slump and creep. This movement can be rapid or slow

plucking

Blocks of bedrock become attached to the glacier by water entering fractures, freezing and thereby transferring the block from the bedrock to the glacier; produces characteristic topography of smoothed up-stream sides of bumps in the bedrock and steep, irregular down-stream sides from which the blocks have been plucked

continental glaciers

Continents covered in ice (Antarctica and Greenland) What type of glacier is also known as ice sheets, have a large scale (cover 10% of earths land), form at high altitudes, and close to the poles?

humus

Dark-colored organic material in soil. A material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

litter

Litter is trash thrown on the ground consists of waste products that have been disposed improperly such as; plastic,paper,electronics,etc

soil erosion

Movement of soil components, especially topsoil, from one place to another, usually by wind, flowing water, or both. This natural process can be greatly accelerated by human activities that remove vegetation from soil.

runoff

Part of the water cycle where an excess of water runs down and does not sink into the soil and eventually makes it to the rivers, lakes, and oceans.

contour farming

Practice of planting crops in rows parallel to land contours planting rows of crops along the contours of a gentle hill. each crop helps to slow water and reduce erosion

ice wedging

Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands. mechanical weathering by which rock are, over time, broken by the expansion of water that freezes and forces rocks apart in a rock's joints, pores, or bedding plans.

permeability

The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.

weathering

The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces from exposure to wind, water, or biological forces.

mechanical weathering

The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces breaking down of rocks by physical forces, like pressure, ice wedging, freezing and thawing Physical processes - such as abrasion, growing plant roots, expanding ice, or burrowing animals - that naturally break rocks into smaller pieces

water table

The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

groundwater

Water that fills the cracks and pores in underground soil and rock layers. water that soaks into the ground and collects in the pore spaces, between particles of rocks and soil

lake

a body of water surrounded by land a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

soil

a mixture of weathered rock, rock fragments, decayed organic matter, water, and air

sand storm

a strong wind in the desert that blows clouds of sand in the air

tree roots

agents of mechanical weathering, break up side walks, drive ways, and large rocks.

dust strom

an event in which strong winds hit unvegetated land, strip off the topsoil, and send it skyward to form rolling dar clouds that block out the sun

chemical weathering

breaking down of rocks by chemicals, like water, acid, and oxidation

borrowing animals

cause mechanical weathering, As these animals borrow they cause sediments to losen and push the sediment to the surface.

oxygen/oxidation

causes chemical weathering,iron bearing minerals, magnetite, gives red color

factors affecting soil formation

climate, parent material, vegetation, topography, and time.

glaciers

huge, slow moving sheets of ice

b horzion

layer below the A horizon subsoil lighter in color A horizon material move to B horizon by leaching

rock slides

occurs when rock, sediment, or unconsolidated material breaks loose and moves in contact with the underlying slope along a preexisting plane of weakness, such as a fault, fracture, or bedding plane. a slide moves as a single, intact mass.

reduced erosion

of soil by use of windbreaks water is sprayed on soil to reduce wind erosion planting of trees vegetation is planted

No till farming

plant stalks are left in fields to provide covering for the soil Plan stocks are left in the field after harvesting in the next nearest cross is planted within the stocks without plowing

surface area

reduce rocks into small pieces. The small pieces has more surface area.

leaching

removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

topsoil

sand,silt,clay,loam

creep

slow, steady downhill movement of loose weathered Earth materials, especially soils, causing objects on a slope to tilt or curve

agriculture cultivation

soil erosion is a serious problem for agricultural. some nutrition are added to the soil, and removed by erosion.

mudflows

swiftly moving mixtures of mud and water Mudflows-mixture rock,water,and soil go down any type of slope

overgrazing

the depletion of vegetation/plant due to the continuous feeding of too many animals. Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

terracing

the practice of planting crops on steep slopes that have been converted into a series of horizontal steplike level plots

a horzion

topsoil.topsoil.organic matter w minerals

c horzion

weather rock, thickest soil layer, lost of rocks, parent material,

wind erosion

when the wind picks up dirt and dust and moves it from one place to another