Week 1: Chapter 3 (The Human Body)

Show the levels of organization of the human body by arranging the following terms from least complex (at the top) to most complex (at the bottom).

1.Cell. 2.Tissue. 3.Organ. 4.Organ System.

What is needed to facilitate active absorption? A protein carrier Bile Energy Lipase

A protein carrier Energy

large intestine

By the time food matter reaches the large intestine, very little is left for digestion or absorption. Bacteria metabolize some components of food. Only a few vitamins and minerals are absorbed here.

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? Transport of water-soluble nutrients Defense of the body against invading pathogens Returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream Transport of absorbed dietary fats

Defense of the body against invading pathogens Returns fluid that collects between cells back to the bloodstream Transport of absorbed dietary fats

fecal matter

Food matter is not called feces until it reaches the large intestine, at which point most nutrients have been absorbed from it.

Match the storage site for the nutrients below. Glucose Fat Calcium

Glucose- Muscle and liver Fat Fat -Adipose tissue Calcium- Bones

Which of the following terms refers to the liver? Amniotic Peristaltic Hepatic Lymphatic

Hepatic

______ are the chemical messengers of the body. Hormones Neurons Cells Endocrine

Hormones

cellular uptake of blood glucose.

Insulin, which enables cells to take up glucose from the blood, is produced by the pancreas.

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium? Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Stomach

Large intestine

Which digestive organ has no villi or digestive enzymes, has a number of mucus-producing cells, and absorbs water, some vitamins, some fatty acids, and the minerals sodium and potassium? Small intestine Stomach Large intestine Pancreas

Large intestine

Facilitated diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier protein.

passive diffusion

Nutrients move from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower concentration without the aid of a carrier.

Active absorption

Nutrients move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, which requires both a carrier protein and energy.

Lymph contains which of the following? Plasma Dietary fats Red blood cells White blood cells

Plasma Dietary fats White blood cells

Which of the following substances are present in blood but are NOT present in lymph? White blood cells Platelets Fluid Red blood cells

Platelets Red blood cells

stomach.

Some digestion of proteins and lipids occurs in the stomach, but very little absorption of nutrients takes place in this organ.

regulation of basal metabolic rate.

Thyroid hormones, which regulate basal metabolic rate, are produced by the thyroid gland.

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation? Water-soluble compounds Fat-soluble vitamins Minerals

Water-soluble compounds

The type of nutrient absorption that involves a carrier protein AND energy to move nutrients is called _____. facilitated diffusion phagocytosis active absorption passive diffusion

active absorption

Which of the following dietary components can be absorbed by the cells lining the stomach? alcohol fatty acids minerals water

alcohol water

Enzymes are part of a chemical reaction and ______ altered in the process. are not are

are not

The _____ in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber. amino acids antibodies bacteria antigens

bacteria

The _____ in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber. amino acids antigens bacteria antibodies

bacteria

The _____ in the large intestine are able to break down some of the remaining food products such as lactose and some fiber. antigens amino acids bacteria antibodies

bacteria

Hormones bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue. act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. are chemical messengers. are essential components of the diet.

bind to a receptor on a specific target tissue. act on target tissues that are distant from the site of hormone production in the body. are chemical messengers.

Large dosages of vitamin A (e.g., more than 3 times the RDA) can cause harmful side effects. will enhance eye health. is nothing to worry about.

can cause harmful side effects.

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs across the cells lining the capillaries. arteries. veins. lacteals.

capillaries.

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of chemical digestion. maldigestion. sensory digestion. mechanical digestion.

chemical digestion.

After a meal, ______ moves from the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine one teaspoon at a time. pancreatic juice fecal matter chyme bile

chyme

The mixture of acid, enzymes, and partially digested food that forms in the stomach is known as bile. pepsin. chyme. feces.

chyme.

Vitamins and minerals support metabolism by supporting photosynthesis. activating the intrinsic factor. contributing to enzyme activity. supplying a good source of energy.

contributing to enzyme activity.

The first segment of the small intestine is known as the ileum. jejunum duodenum. colon.

duodenum

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (from top to bottom).

duodenum jejunum lleum

The lymphatic system is primarily responsible for transport of water-soluble nutrients. True False

false

True or false: The stomach is the site of most nutrient digestion and absorption. True false question.

false

True or false: Vitamins and minerals can be broken down to yield energy.

false

True or false: Obtaining nutrients from supplements is no different than obtaining nutrients from food. True False

false There may be differences in how well nutrients are absorbed from foods versus supplements. There is a greater potential to obtain a toxic dose of nutrients via supplements. Also, supplements do not provide the fiber and phytochemicals that are present in foods.

True or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients. True False

false (We have a much greater capacity to store fat than we have for storing carbohydrate.)

The combined surface area of the _____ increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. folds of the mucosa villi cilia microvilli

folds of the mucosa villi microvilli

Stomach

has no villi. Some digestion occurs there, but very little absorption occurs in the stomach.

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine houses more bacteria. is longer in length. produces more digestive enzymes. absorbs fewer nutrients.

houses more bacteria. absorbs fewer nutrients.

In general, enzymes ______ the speed at which chemical reactions occur. decrease increase do not change

increase

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by increasing the surface area. increasing the blood flow. enzymes that attract the nutrients. secreting a protein-based mucosal lining.

increasing the surface area.

Pancreatic juice

is a mixture of digestive enzymes, mucus, and bicarbonate that is released from the pancreas into the small intestine.

Bile

is a mixture of water, bile salts, and fats that is produced by the liver and stored on the gallbladder.

Pepsin

is an enzyme produced in the stomach.

colon

is another name for the the large intestine.

ileum.

is the last segment of the small intestine.

Small intestine

is the main site of digestion and absorption. It has many villi and microvilli.

phagocytosis

is the process by which a cell can engulf a substance, It uses energy, but no carrier protein.

jejunum

is the second segment of the small intestine.

Hormones

like other proteins, are digested by enzymes during digestion.

Hepatic portal circulation refers to circulation to the _____. heart stomach pancreas liver

liver

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the venous blood. blood capillaries. lymphatic system. portal vein.

lymphatic system.

facilitated diffusion

makes use of a carrier to transport substances across the cell membrane, but does not require energy.

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of secretory digestion. chemical digestion. mechanical digestion. indigestion.

mechanical digestion.

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to absorb water-soluble vitamins. increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria. decrease the amount of antibodies produced. metabolize undigested food.

metabolize undigested food.

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to metabolize undigested food. absorb water-soluble vitamins. decrease the amount of antibodies produced. increase the activity of disease-causing bacteria.

metabolize undigested food.

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called nerve contractions. chyme. peristalsis. bolus.

peristalsis.

Energy for chemical reactions in the cells can be derived from water. protein vitamins. fats. carbohydrates.

protein fats. carbohydrates.

The kidneys produce a hormone that is involved in red blood cell synthesis. synthesis of bone cells. cellular uptake of blood glucose. regulation of basal metabolic rate.

red blood cell synthesis.

feces

refers to the semi-solid mass of water, fiber, connective tissues, bacterial cells, and sloughed intestinal cells that is formed in the large intestine.

Pancreas

secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

pancreas

secretes many digestive enzymes into the small intestine, which is the primary site of digestion and absorption.

Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine. stomach. large intestine. pancreas.

small intestine.

The site of most nutrient absorption is in the pancreas. stomach. small intestine. large intestine.

small intestine.

synthesis of bone cells.

the kidneys are involved in one step of activation of the vitamin D hormone, which is involved in bone mineralization, but not bone cell synthesis.

A(n) ______ is a group of cells that works together to perform a specific function. organ system organ tissue

tissue

True or false: Cells need water, building supplies, and chemical regulators to function properly. True False

true

After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the capillaries. lacteals. veins.

veins

The kidneys are involved in the activation of vitamin E. insulin. vitamin B-12. vitamin D.

vitamin D.

Peristalsis refers to waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract. back and forth movements along the small intestine that mix chyme with digestive enzymes. the backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus. muscular spasms in the gastrointestinal tract that may cause irritable bowel syndrome.

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.