Week 1 Practice Problems

Elevated blood glucose stimulate the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. This is an example of a ___ stimulus.

humoral

The hypothalamus secretes TRH to stimulate the adenohypophysis to release TSH. This is an example of a ___ stimulus.

hormonal

Which of the following could stimulate an endocrine gland? (Select all that applies.)

-A challenge to homeostasis -An upstream hormone -A drop in blood glucose -Activation by spinal neurons

Which of the following physiological processes are maintained by a homeostatic mechanism? (select all that apply).

-Blood pH -Body temperature -Hydration and blood pressure -Oxygenation -Blood calcium -Blood glucose

Match the type of endocrine stimulus to it's definition -Humoral -Hormonal -Neural

-Humoral Change in blood levels of a substance -Hormonal Stimulation from an upstream hormone -Neural Stimulation by neurons

Homeostasis is controlled by which two systems? (select 2 from below)

-Nervous system -Endocrine system

Brainstorm: There are many things that can go wrong with endocrine signaling? (Pathology). What are pathologies at the target cell and target response? (Select answers that applies to the target cell and response ONLY.)

-Something other than the hormone is binding to the receptor acting as an inhibitor resulting in decreased response. -The target cell has a mutation and the receptor is not the right shape. -Something is bound to the receptor blocking the receptor (this can be medication or other sources) -The target cell produces too much or too little response. -The target cell has a mutation and fails to make the receptor. -Target gland is missing. -Something other than the hormone is binding to the receptor and acting as a stimulator resulting in an increase response. -The target cell fails to produce a response.

Brainstorm: There are many things that can go wrong with endocrine signaling? (Pathology). What are pathologies at the endocrine gland? (Select answers that applies to the endocrine gland ONLY.)

-The endocrine gland does not receive the stimulus properly. -The endocrine gland was removed due to tumor/cancer or other causes. -The patient is born without the functional endocrine gland. -The endocrine gland is being stimulated or inhibited by another source. This can be something that the body produced or something the patient is taking (medication, supplements, etc.) -The endocrine gland fail to produce enough hormone.

Brainstorm: There are many things that can go wrong with endocrine signaling? (Pathology). What are pathologies at the hormone? (Select answers that applies to the hormone ONLY.)

-Too much hormone is in the blood stream -Too little hormone is in the bloodstream. -The hormone has a mutation that results in decreased function. -The hormone has a mutation that does not bind to the receptor. -An imitator hormone is in the bloodstream. This can be produced by the body or from an outside source (medication, food, supplements, etc.)

1. This gland regulates circadian rhythm and sleep cycle. (Picture marked 1) 2. These four glands sits at the back of the thyroid gland and regulates calcium homeostasis. (Picture marked 2b, 2c) 3. This gland regulates blood glucose homeostasis. (Picture marked 3) 4. These two glands regulate female reproduction. (Picture marked 4) 5. These two glands regulate male reproduction. (Picture marked 6) 6. These two glands sits on top of the kidneys and regulates stress response. (Picture marked 8) 7. This gland regulates immune cell production. (Picture marked 9) 8. This butterfly-shaped gland regulates metabolic homeostasis. (Picture marked 10) 9. This gland has an anterior and a posterior lobe and regulates multiple processes in the body. (Picture marked 11) (picture on phone)

1. Pineal gland 2. Parathyroid glands 3. Pancreas 4. ovaries 5. Testes 6. Adrenal glands 7. Thymus 8. Thyroid gland 9. Pituitary gland

Put the following events in order from 1-6. __1__ a variable in the body is out of homeostasis [ Select ] the imbalance is detected by a sensor or receptor [ Select ] imbalance information is sent to the body's control systems [ Select ] control system pathway is activated [ Select ] response from control systems return the variable to homeostasis [ Select ] once homeostasis is restored, negative feedback shuts off the control systems

Answer 1 : 2 Answer 2: 3 Answer 3 :4 Answer 4: 5 Answer 5: 6

This is an example of endocrine signaling. Put the following steps in order of 1-6. 2 Pancreas is stimulated. [ Select ] You eat a meal. [ Select ] Blood glucose is returned to homeostasis and the pancreas is turned off. [ Select ] Insulin is released into the bloodstream. [ Select ] Insulin binds to receptors on muscle and liver and glucose from the blood is stored. [ Select ] The meal is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream and blood glucose increases above homeostasis.

Answer 1: 3 Answer 2: 1 Answer 3: 6 Answer 4: 4 Answer 5: 5 Answer 6: 2

Put the following general mechanism of endocrine signaling in order of 1-6. [ Select ] Endocrine gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream [ Select ] Endocrine gland is stimulated [ Select ] Target cells produce a response [ Select ] Response feedback to endocrine gland and shuts it off when homeostasis is restored. [ Select ] Receptors on target cells bind to the hormone [ Select ] A change in the body is the stimulus.

Answer 1: 3 Answer 2: 2 Answer 3: 5 Answer 4: 6 Answer 5: 4 Answer 6: 1

The androgen receptor is the major receptor for androgens such as testosterone. Mutations in theandrogen receptor are the primary cause of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), which causesfeminization of genetically XY individuals. Answer the following T/F questions. 1.How would a deleterious mutation (deleted, null mutation) in the androgen receptor gene affect the response of target tissues to testosterone?[ Select ] 2. Do complete AIS individuals make testosterone? [ Select ] 3.Would injections of testosterone hormone be a viable therapy for individuals with AIS? [ Select ] 4. Which of the following statement about testosterone therapy for a complete AIS is correct?: [ Select ]

Answer 1: decrease Answer 2: yes Answer 3: no Answer 4: AIS is missing hormone receptor not the hormone. The patient already makes his/her own testosterone.

1. Which control system regulate fast target response? 2. Which control system is continuously modulating the body to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1: nervous Answer 2: endocrine

Example of endocrine control: B.T. is on a hike in Zion National Park and slips on a rock near a steep drop off. In response, his adrenal glands release catecholamines, which mobilizes his body systems to deal with this short-term stress. 1. What type of stimulus caused release of hormone by his adrenal glands? [ Select ] 2. What is the hormone? [ Select ] 3. What is the response? [ Select ]

Answer 1: neural Answer 2: catecholamines Answer 3: response to short-term stress

Comparison of nervous and endocrine control systems of homeostasis. Select the correct answers for each item. 1. Nervous system communicate via [ Select ] and endocrine system communicate via [ Select ] 2. The speed of signal for nervous system is [ Select ] compared to the endocrine system. 3. Endocrine signal persist for a [ Select ] time than nervous system signal. 4. The target response is [ Select ] for nervous system compared to the endocrine system. 5. The nervous system tend to affect a [ Select ] area compare to the endocrine system which tend to affect a [ Select ] area. 6. The main control system for growth is [ Select ] 7. The main control system for increase heart rate during exercise is nervous system .[ Select ]

Answer 1: neurotransmitters and electrical signal Answer 2: chemicals called hormones Answer 3: fast Answer 4: longer Answer 5: faster Answer 6: localized area where innervation occurs Answer 7: wide range Answer 8: endocrine system Answer 9: nervous system

We only need one system to control homeostasis because homeostatic changes only occur very slowly.

False

The sympathetic ganglion stimulate the adrenal gland to release adrenaline in response to short-term stress. This is an example of a ____ stimulus.

Neural

Hormones produce a response in certain tissues because:

The tissue contains a specific receptor for that hormone