Week 11 Exam Review

The nurse researcher is constructing a multicenter clinical trial proven feasible in a pilot study for a new patient safety protocol to prevent falls. Which action would best remove bias from the conduct of this study? A. Randomize participants to a study and a control group. B. Measure results with different tools at different centers. C. Use the statistical analysis that shows the most favorable results. D. Vary the health care environments where the protocol is implemented.

A Randomization of participants to a study group and a control group is a method used to reduce internal validity and control for bias. Measuring with a different tool at each site would result in data that could not be combined and bias from each tool used. Statistical analysis should be objective and observed for bias. The environment can influence the results of a study and should be controlled for variance.

Nurse researchers conduct a major review of literature at the beginning of the quantitative research process for which purpose? Select all that apply. A. To direct the planning of a study B. To guide the execution of a study C. To make the researcher aware that a problem exists D. To describe the process for obtaining the sample E. To make the researcher aware of studies conducted

A, B The review of literature in quantitative research is conducted to direct the planning and execution of a study. Making the researcher aware that a problem exists and making the researcher aware of studies conducted are purposes of the review of literature in qualitative, not quantitative, research studies. Describing the process for obtaining the sample is the purpose of the methods section of the research report, not the literature review.

Which actions does the systematic review of research literature involve? Select all that apply. A. Locating quality research evidence B. Identifying quality research evidence C. Appraising quality research evidence D. Synthesizing quality research evidence E. Trialing the use of evidence-based practice F. Publication of scholarly writing by the nurse practitioner

A, B, C, D A systematic review is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best evidence available to address a health care question. Systematic review involves identifying, locating, appraising, and synthesizing quality research evidence for expert clinicians to use in practice. Trialing the use of evidence-based practice and publication of scholarly writing are not involved in a systematic review of research literature.

Which uncontrolled threats to validity must the nurse consider when reviewing a quasi-experimental study that employed a pretest and posttest design with a comparison group? Select all that apply. A. Instrumentation B. Selection-maturation C. Differential statistical regression D. Interaction of selection and history E. No link between intervention and change

A, B, C, D Instrumentation, selection-maturation, differential statistical regression, and interaction of selection and history are all uncontrolled threats to validity to be acknowledged when appraising a quasi-experimental study using a pretest and posttest design with a comparison group. No link between intervention and change is an uncontrolled threat to validity in the quasi-experimental study with posttest-only design with a comparison group.

Which variables are used in stratified random sampling? Select all that apply. A. Age B. Race C. Gender D. Diagnosis E. Sample size

A, B, C, D Variables used in stratified random sampling include age, race, gender, and diagnosis. Sample size is not a variable in stratified random sampling.

Which sampling design will result in nonprobability sampling? Select all that apply. A. Quota B. Network C. Purposeful D. Stratified random E. Convenience sampling

A, B, C, E Quota, network, purposeful, and convenience sampling will result in nonprobability sampling. Stratified random sampling will result in probability sampling.

The nurse is reviewing research activity on a current experimental study. Which issue does the nurse correct to support statistical conclusion validity? A. Sample size is limited. B. Plan for control of extraneous variables is implemented. C. Education on the protocol is completed for each new researcher. D. Available measurement tools are reviewed with a reliable tool chosen.

A A limited sample size threatens the power to determine statistical validity. Consistent review and use of the protocol, controlling for extraneous variables, and using a reliable tool all support statistical conclusion validity.

Which description is an example of a purposeful sample in a qualitative study? A. Specific people are chosen. B. Random characteristics are picked. C. Data are gathered from one person. D. People in the same social group are chosen.

A An example of a purposeful sample is when specific people are chosen for a study. Random sampling is when random characteristics are picked. Data gathering from one person is an example of theoretical sampling. Network sampling is when people from the same social group are chosen.

Which type of quantitative research involves discovering new meanings, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information in real-world settings? A. Descriptive B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Quasi-experimental

A Descriptive research is the exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations to help researchers discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which something occurs, and categorize information in real-world settings. Experimental research is an objective, systematic, and highly controlled investigation conducted for the purposes of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice. Correlational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables. Quasi-experimental research is to examine causal relationships or determine the effect of one variable on another and involves implementing an intervention and examining the effects of this intervention using selected methods of measurement.

The nurse is critically appraising a research study on hospital length of stay to ensure that extraneous variables did not influence the outcomes of the study. On which type of validity is the nurse focused? A. Internal B. External C. Construct D. Statistical conclusion

A Ensuring that extraneous variables did not influence the outcomes of the study focuses on internal validity. Generalizability of a study focuses on external validity. Conceptual and operational definitions of study variables that align well focus on construct validity. Statistical analysis techniques and results focus on statistical conclusion validity.

The nurse is conducting a study on the effectiveness of nursing interventions to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Which aspect of the study design will help prevent a Type II error? A. Using a large sample size B. Setting the alpha level at 0.01 C. Setting the power level at 0.70 D. Minimizing variables examined

A In nursing research, many studies are conducted with small samples that lead to nonsignificant study results, which can cause researchers to conclude falsely that there are no differences between the samples when there actually are. Thus using a large sample size can help prevent a Type II error. There is a greater risk for a Type II error when the level of significance is 0.01 than when it is 0.05. The minimum acceptable power level is 0.80. In many nursing situations, multiple variables interact to cause differences within populations. When only a few of the interacting variables are examined, small differences between groups may be overlooked, leading to a greater risk for Type II error.

Which type of sampling will a researcher use to locate participants who are difficult to find? A. Network sampling B. Purposeful sampling C. Theoretical sampling D. Convenience sampling

A Network sampling, or using social networking, is used by a researcher to locate participants who are difficult to find. Purposeful sampling occurs when the researcher consciously selects certain participants, elements, events, or incidences to include in the study. Theoretical sampling is used in qualitative research to develop a selected theory through the research process. Convenience sampling provides little opportunity for biases; subjects are included in the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.

Which term describes the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists? A. Power B. Effect size C. Distribution D. Statistical significance

A Power is the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists. Effect size is the degree to which the null hypothesis is false. Distribution is the list or graphical representation of values from a study. Statistical significance occurs when the results of a study are unlikely to be explained by the null hypothesis.

Which probability is most likely to be associated with a Type I error according to probability theory? A. 0.01 B. 0.05 C. 0.001 D. 0.005

B A Type I error occurs when something is said to be significant when it is not. From the perspective of probability theory, if p = 0.05, then in five times out of 100, groups with statistical values such as those found in the statistical analyses actually are members of the same population, and the conclusion that the groups are different is erroneous. If p = 0.01, statistical analysis is unlikely to find the groups to be different. If p = 0.001, the probability that the two groups are components of the same population is one in 1000; if p = 0.005, the probability that the groups belong to the same population is one in 500.

Which part of the qualitative research study will a nurse use to determine the sampling plan and initial sample size? A. Research topic B. Research purpose C. Research problem D. Problem statement

B A research nurse will use the research purpose to determine the sampling plan and initial sample size of the qualitative research study. The research purpose contains a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of the study. A research topic is a concept or broad issue important to nursing and contains numerous research problems that might be investigated through multiple methodologies. The research problem is an area of concern in which there is a gap in knowledge needed for practice. The problem statement identifies the gap in knowledge needed for practice.

Which aspect describes an area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice? A. Research process B. Research problem C. Research purpose D. Research statement

B A research problem is an area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice. The research process involves conceptualizing a research project, planning and implementing that project, and communicating the findings. The research purpose is generated from the problem and identifies the specific focus or goal of the study. The problem statement, not the research statement in a study, usually identifies an area of concern for a particular population that requires investigation.

The nurse is reviewing a study conducted in a single setting where half of the participants approached refused participation. Which type of validity does this threaten? A. Internal B. External C. Construct D. Statistical conclusion

B A single setting and high refusal for participation threatens external validity, the ability to generalize the study findings. Nonrandom sampling and high attrition threaten internal validity. Poorly defined and aligned conceptual and operational variables threaten construct validity. Small sample size threatens statistical conclusion validity.

Which rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people participating in a study by the sample size of the study, multiplied by 100%? A. Refusal rate B. Attrition rate C. Retention rate D. Acceptance rate

B Attrition rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people participating in a study by the sample size of the study, multiplied by 100%. Refusal rate is calculated by the number of people refusing to participate, divided by the number of people meeting sampling criteria, multiplied by 100%. Retention rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people completing the study by the sample size, multiplied by 100%. Acceptance rate is calculated by dividing the number of people participating by the number of people meeting the sample criteria, multiplied by 100%.

Which type of research is the most powerful quantitative method because of the rigorous control of the variables? A. Descriptive B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Quasi-experimental

B Experimental research is the most powerful quantitative research because of the rigorous control of the variables. Descriptive research does not control the variables. Correlational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables; it does not have rigorous control of variables. Quasi-experimental research is to examine causal relationships or determine the effect of one variable on another and does not have rigorous control of variables.

The nurse is conducting research with the goal of gaining greater understanding of patients' and families' experiences with health and illness. Which type of research will best meet this goal? A. Predictive B. Qualitative C. Quantitative D. Mixed-methods

B Gaining an understanding of patients' and families' experiences with health and illness is best achieved with qualitative research. Quantitative research tests or evaluates the effects or outcomes of treatments or interventions. Predictive research is a type of quantitative research based on estimations and predictions. Mixed-methods research uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods to explain phenomena.

When performing research, which type of sampling would be considered haphazard in finding subjects? A. Probability sampling B. Nonprobability sampling C. Simple random sampling D. Stratified random sampling

B Nonprobability sampling, which includes cluster and convenience sampling, is considered a haphazard way to obtain subjects for research. Probability sampling encompasses simple random and stratified random sampling, which are organized ways to find subjects.

The nurse is seeking a method of measurement to quantify the level of functioning in patients who are 1 day post cardiac catheterization. Which measure should the nurse consider? A. Ratio B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Nominal

B Ordinal-level measurement will allow the nurse to categorize and rank the data obtained from the functional assessment. A ratio level provides interval data and the ability to calculate ratios, which are not necessary for the study the nurse is conducting. An interval level requires categories to have equal intervals between them and the scale lacks a zero point. A nominal level will not allow the nurse to rank the findings.

A research study to determine effects of classical music on numeric levels of anxiety for patients receiving chemotherapy represents which type of research? A. Qualitative B. Quantitative C. Mixed-methods D. Phenomenological

B Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. The nurse is conducting quantitative research to examine relationships among variables (classical music and anxiety) for patients receiving chemotherapy. Qualitative research is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning. Mixed-methods research involves the integration and analysis of both qualitative and quantitative research data. Phenomenological research is a form of qualitative research process to describe experiences as lived by individuals.

The nurse is conducting a research study with children. Which action should the nurse take to ensure assent has been solicited? A. Request parental consent. B. Request permission from the child. C. Ensure the research study is appropriate for a child. D. Ensure the child does not have diminished autonomy.

B Researchers must solicit assent from the child participating in a research study. Parental permission to participate in the research study is consent. Ensuring the research study is appropriate for a child or that diminished autonomy does not exist is not reflective of solicited assent.

Which type of sampling does a researcher use before network sampling to obtain research subjects in socially devalued populations? A. Cluster B. Purposeful C. Intraproject D. Theoretical

B Researchers will often obtain the first few study participants using a purposeful sampling method and then expand the sample size using network sampling to further obtain subjects in socially devalued populations. Cluster sampling is used in quantitative research, in which the researcher develops a sampling frame that includes a list of all the states, cities, institutions, or organizations with which elements of the identified population can be linked. Intraproject sampling is additional sampling done during data collection and analysis to promote the development of quality study findings. Theoretical sampling is used when gathering data from any person or group who is able to provide relevant, varied, and rich information for theory generation.

Which level of measurement should the nurse use that will produce the greatest statistical strength? A. Direct B. Interval C. Ordinal D. Nominal

B The interval level of measurement is the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of the other forms of measurement. Both the interval and ratio data can be analyzed with statistical techniques of greater strength. Direct measurement is not a level of measurement; it is a type of measurement that determines the value of concrete factors. Ordinal and nominal levels of measurement do not produce the greatest statistical strength.

Which statement indicates an understanding of the effect of sample size on a research project? A. The sample size positively affects confidence level. B. A larger sample size reflects the general population. C. As the sample size decreases, so does the margin of error. D. A smaller sample size will increase the validity of the study.

B The larger the sample size for a research study, the more it reflects the general population. This increases reliability. The smaller the sample size, the more it will negatively affect the confidence interval. As the sample size decreases, the margin of error increases. A larger, not smaller, sample size increases a study's validity.

Which question is most reflective of a research topic? A. "Does bed rounding contribute to patient satisfaction?" B. "Which strategies can help patients cope with chronic pain?" C. "Is self-scheduling associated with nursing job satisfaction?" D. "Does pet therapy improve the mental health status of a patient with depression?" Confident

B The question most reflective of a research topic is, "Which strategies can help patients cope with chronic pain?" A research topic is a concept or broad issue that contains numerous research problems. Questions about bed rounding contributing to patient satisfaction, self-scheduling and job satisfaction, and the effect of pet therapy on patients with depression are narrow and less measurable and researchable.

The interprofessional team providing care for a diabetic patient reviews a research study about insulin resistance. Which captures the essence of the research study and informs the team what guided the research process? A. Critical appraisal B. Research purpose C. Research problem D. Problem background

B The research purpose states the specific goal of the study. The problem background identifies what is known about the problem area, and the research problem identifies the area of concern to be researched. A critical appraisal assesses the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions, and generalizability.

Which research activity is within the scope of practice of a nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree? A. Working on research full time and managing a funded research program B. Providing valuable assistance with data collection for use in ongoing studies C. Critically appraising the quality of evidence-based guidelines set forth by national organizations D. Participating in the development of new national evidence-based guidelines and conducting clinical studies

B The research role that a nurse assumes usually expands with advanced education. A nurse with a BSN is knowledgeable about the research process and has a certain limited role, including assisting with collection of data for studies. PhD-prepared nurses play a major role in research and can serve as full-time researchers with funded programs. Critically appraising the quality of evidence-based guidelines set forth by national organizations is expected for a nurse with a Master of Science in Nursing degree, not a BSN. Nurses with their doctorate in nursing (DNP) can participate in developing new national evidence-based guidelines and conduct clinical studies.

Which aspect determines who qualifies as part of the target population? A. Availability B. Sampling criteria C. Sampling method D. Representativeness

B The target population is determined by the sampling criteria. The accessible population is determined by availability to researchers. The sample is selected based on the sampling method. Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible.

The nurse is conducting a study and sets the alpha level at 0.05. The p value found in the statistical analysis is 0.057. Which statement is true when using decision theory? A. The findings approached significance. B. The findings indicate that the groups tested are not significantly different. C. The findings are less significant than if a value of p = 0.05 had been obtained. D. The findings are more significant than if a value of p = 0.05 had been obtained.

B Using decision theory rules, p = 0.057 when the alpha level was set at 0.05 indicates that the groups tested are not significantly different, and the null hypothesis is accepted. It is incorrect to say that the findings approached significance or were less or more significant when using decision theory, because the absolute cutoff point does not allow for degrees of significance.

Which types of research must include a hypothesis? Select all that apply. A. Descriptive B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Quasi-experimental E. Any quantitative research

B, D Experimental and quasi-experimental research must include hypotheses to direct the conduct of the studies and the explanation of findings. Descriptive research does not require a hypothesis. Some correlational research will include a hypothesis, but not all do. Not all quantitative research studies require hypotheses because only experimental and quasi-experimental research studies do.

Which are the foci of research questions in quantitative studies? Select all that apply. A. Description of variables B. Examination of relationships among variables C. Use of independent variables to predict a dependent variable D. Use of dependent variables to predict an independent variable E. Similarities among two or more groups regarding selected variables F. Differences among two or more groups regarding selected variables

A, B, C, F The foci of research questions in quantitative studies are description of variables, examination of relationships among variables, use of independent variables to predict a dependent variable, and determination of differences among two or more groups regarding selected variables. The research question does not focus on use of a dependent variable to predict an independent variable or similarities among two or more groups regarding selected variables. Research questions are usually narrowly focused and inclusive of the study variables and population.

The nurse is reviewing the results of a study and notes an error in measurement. Which type of error would this represent? Select all that apply. A. Instrument malfunction B. Poor research methodology C. Error with the data handling system D. Experimenter using the wrong instrument E. Inaccurate data obtained from the subjects

A, C, D Measurement error is the difference between the true measure and what is actually measured. Systematic errors in experimental observations usually come from the measuring instruments. These errors may occur because of a malfunction with the instrument, an error with the data handling system, or the experimenter using the instrument incorrectly. Poor research methodology does not relate to measurement errors. If inaccurate data was obtained, the researcher would switch research tools but would not cite an error in measurement.

Which statements are true of basic research? Select all that apply. A. Basic research is sometimes referred to as pure research or bench research. B. Basic research includes scientific investigations conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice. C. Basic research includes scientific investigations conducted for the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. D. Basic nursing research might include laboratory investigations with animals or humans to promote further understanding of their physiological functioning. E. Basic research might focus on increasing our understanding of processes like oxygenation, immune system disorders, eating and exercise patterns, or sleeping disorders.

A, C, D, E It is true that basic research is sometimes referred to as pure research or bench research. It includes scientific investigations conducted for the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth. Basic nursing research might include laboratory investigations with animals or humans to encourage further understanding of physiological functioning. Examples of things that basic research might center around are processes like oxygenation, immune system disorders, eating and exercise patterns, or sleeping disorders. It is not true that basic research includes scientific investigations conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice; this describes applied research.

Which term is defined as a structured, comprehensive synthesis of research literature that nursing should use to determine the best research evidence? A. Meta-analysis B. PICO question C. Systematic review D. Quantitative research

C A systematic review involves locating, appraising, and synthesizing quality research evidence for clinicians to collaboratively use in practice. This is considered the highest quality evidence available. Meta-analysis is a method designed to increase the reliability of research by combining and analyzing the results of all known trials of the same product or experiments on the same subject. Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. A PICO question is used in evidence-based practice to frame and answer clinical or health care-related inquiries.

Which explains the risk for homogenous scores or small sample sizes in nursing studies? A. Type I errors are likely to occur. B. Fine discriminations in measurements may not be detected. C. Relationships that exist in the population may not show up clearly in the sample. D. Bivariate analysis may not provide a clear picture of the dynamics in the situation.

C Correlational studies must have a wide range of scores for relationships to be detected. If the study scores are homogenous or the sample is small, relationships that exist in the population may not show up as clearly in the sample. Homogenous scores and small sample sizes do not increase the risk for Type I errors. Not detecting fine discriminations is a result of instruments not being powerful enough, not homogenous scores or small sample sizes. Bivariate analysis may not provide a clear picture of the dynamics in the situation, but this is not because of homogenous scores or small sample sizes.

The nurse is conducting research to identify health promotion activities and illness prevention strategies used by middle-aged adults with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a small community. Which research approach is the nurse using? A. Control B. Predictive C. Descriptive D. Explanative

C Descriptive research involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing practice phenomena and sometimes the relationships among them. The nurse in this situation is using a descriptive approach. Predictive research is an estimation or probability of a specific outcome in a given situation. Explanative research aims to clarify the relationships among phenomena and identify possible reasons why certain events occur. Control in research is the ability to write a prescription to produce a desired effect.

The research nurse is collaborating on the creation of a descriptive research study. Which component does the nurse include in this study design? A. Testing of a model B. Designation of a control group C. Partial control of the environment D. Manipulation of research variables

C Descriptive research study design may include partial control of the environment to protect against bias. Testing of a model is a type of correlation design. Use of a control group and the manipulation of research variables are done in experimental research design.

Which type of extraneous variable is not recognized until the study is in process or is recognized before the study is initiated but cannot be controlled? A. Research B. Dependent C. Confounding D. Independent

C Extraneous variables that are not recognized until the study is in process or are recognized before the study is initiated but cannot be controlled are referred to as confounding variables. Research variables are the qualities, properties, or characteristics identified in the research purpose and objectives or questions that are observed or measured in a study. A dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. An independent variable is an intervention that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable.

Which type of qualitative research asks the question, "What is the meaning of one's lived experience?" A. Ethnographic B. Grounded theory C. Phenomenological D. Exploratory-descriptive

C Phenomenologists view the person as integrated with the environment. The world shapes the person, and the person shapes the world. The broad research question that phenomenologists ask is "What is the meaning of one's lived experience?" Ethnographic research was developed by anthropologists as a method to study cultures through immersion in the culture over time. Grounded theory research involves exploring how people define reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions. Exploratory-descriptive research includes studies that are naturalistic inquiry, descriptive, or just qualitative.

The choice of research design depends on which factors? Select all that apply. A. The study's purpose B. Procedures for sampling C. The researcher's expertise D. The selection of a population E. The intent to generalize the findings F. What is known about the research problem

A, C, E, F The choice of research design depends on the purpose of the study, the researcher's expertise, the intent to generalize the findings, and what is already known and not known about the research problem. The type of design selected will direct the procedures for sampling and the selection of a population, not vice versa.

Which features of nursing studies are likely to result in a small effect size? Select all that apply. A. Small samples B. Large samples C. Weak study design D. Strong study design E. Instruments measuring small changes F. Instruments measuring large changes

A, C, F Small effect sizes occur in nursing studies with small samples, weak study designs, and instruments measuring only large changes. Large samples, strong study design, and instruments measuring small changes are likely to contribute to bigger effect size.

Which meaning can be derived by small measures of dispersion? Select all that apply. A. Individual scores are similar. B. The dataset has bimodal distribution. C. Individual scores have wide variation. D. The sample is relatively homogenous. E. The sample is relatively heterogeneous.

A, D Small measures of dispersion indicate individual scores are similar and the sample is relatively homogeneous, or similar, in terms of those scores. Bimodal distribution occurs when two modes exist. A heterogeneous sample has a wide variation in scores.

The nurse researcher is teaching students about experimental research designs. Which statement about experimental design does the nurse researcher correct? A. "Experimental design can incorporate multiple control groups into a study." B. "A randomized control trial is the strongest experimental research in healthcare." C. "Posttest-only experimental research is acceptable to quickly investigate an issue." D. "Threats to experimental research design are decreased through strict control of variables."

C Posttest-only experimental research is acceptable when a pretest is not possible or appropriate, not to expedite research. Experimental design can incorporate multiple control groups and multiple intervention groups into a study. A randomized control trial is the strongest experimental research in healthcare. Threats to experimental research design are decreased through strict control of variables like the intervention and the setting of the study.

Which term means the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible? A. Homogeneity B. Heterogeneity C. Representativeness D. Systematic variation

C Representativeness means the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible. In quantitative and outcomes research, representativeness in terms of the setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured in the study are necessary. Researchers may narrowly define the sampling criteria to make the sample as homogenous, or similar, as possible to control for extraneous variables. Conversely, the researcher may broadly define the criteria to ensure that the study sample is heterogeneous, with a broad range of values or scores on the variables being studied. Systematic variation is a consequence of selecting subjects whose measurement values differ in some specific way from those of the population.

Which rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people completing the study by the sample size, multiplied by 100%? A. Refusal rate B. Attrition rate C. Retention rate D. Acceptance rate

C Retention rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people completing the study by the sample size, multiplied by 100%. Refusal rate is calculated by the number of people refusing to participate, divided by the number of people meeting sampling criteria, multiplied by 100%. Attrition rate is calculated by multiplying the number of people participating in a study by the sample size of the study, multiplied by 100%. Acceptance rate is calculated by dividing the number of people participating by the number of people meeting the sample criteria, multiplied by 100%.

The instructor is teaching nursing students about nursing research. Which statement requires correction? A. "Research may be used to validate or refine existing knowledge." B. "Nurses' roles in research are based on their levels of education." C. "Research is only used to develop new knowledge to improve care." D. "Research is the key to building an evidence-based practice for nursing."

C The instructor requires correction when stating, "Research is only used to develop new knowledge to improve care." It can be used for many purposes. Research is a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice. It is the key to evidence-based practice. The nurse's role in research is based on level of education.

Which is the best resource for the nurse practice council to use before recommending a change in clinical practice on a unit? A. Council of Nurse Researchers B. The American Journal of Nursing C. Cochrane Collaboration and Library D. National Institute of Nursing Research

C The nurse practice council will use the Cochrane Collaboration and Library to obtain research before recommending a change in clinical practice on the unit. It can be used to facilitate the use of research evidence in practice and houses numerous resources to promote evidence-based practice. The American Journal of Nursing is one of many nursing publications that contains nursing research, but it is not the best choice. The Council of Nurse Researchers is a commission established by the American Nurse's Association Commission on Nursing Research to advance nursing research activities, provide an exchange of ideas, and recognize excellence in research. The National Institute of Nursing Research supports and conducts clinical and basic research and research training.

The nurse is newly assigned to working in the burn unit. Which type of research study should the nurse access to best understand the effect that burn trauma may have had on the victims' lives? A. Grounded theory B. Exploratory-descriptive C. Descriptive phenomenological D. Interpretive phenomenological

C The purpose of descriptive phenomenological research is to give a lived experience account of participants, so this would best describe how the burn victims have been affected by the trauma. Grounded theory is based on concrete data as presented by participants. Exploratory-descriptive research explores new topics or describes situations. Interpretive phenomenological research is a word-rich interpretation of events from the perspective of the researcher.

Which type of hypothesis, also referred to as a null hypothesis, is used for testing and interpreting outcomes? A. Research B. Complex C. Statistical D. Directional

C The statistical hypothesis, also referred to as a null hypothesis (H0), is used for statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes. Even if the null hypothesis is not stated, it is implied because it is the converse of the research hypothesis. A research hypothesis states that a relationship exists among two or more variables. Research hypotheses can be simple or complex, nondirectional or directional, and associative or causal.

A nurse is performing research by interviewing patients who have inflammatory bowel disease and are on chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to describe their experiences. Which form of research does this describe? A. Grounded B. Ethnographic C. Phenomenological D. Explorative-descriptive

C This is an example of phenomenological research, which is an inductive-descriptive approach used to describe an experience as lived by an individual. Grounded theory research is an inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon. Ethnographic research was developed by the discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture. Explorative-descriptive research is conducted to address an issue or problem in need of a solution and/or understanding.

The researcher using only available and easy-to-find participants in the study is using which sampling approach? A. Quota B. Cluster C. Systematic D. Convenience

D A convenience sample includes participants that are available and easy to find. A quota sample replicates the proportions of subgroups present in the target population. A cluster sample uses randomly selected participants within a sampling frame. A systematic sample uses an ordered list of all members of the population.

Which p-value would render the results of a study statistically nonsignificant? A. 0.25 B. 0.35 C. 0.45 D. 0.55

D A p-value of 0.55 indicates the study results are statistically nonsignificant. A p-value of 0.25, 0.35, or 0.45 indicates statistical significance.

Which explains why a study is stronger when demographic variables are similar for the treatment and comparison groups? A. The likelihood of a Type I error is reduced. B. The likelihood of a Type II error is reduced. C. The findings are more likely to be statistically significant. D. The results are more likely to be caused by the intervention.

D A study is stronger when demographic variables are similar for the treatment and comparison groups because the results are more likely to be caused by the intervention than by group differences at the start of the study. Similar demographic variables do not reduce the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error, or produce findings that are more likely to be statistically significant.

Which type of hypothesis proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real world, so that when one variable changes, the other also changes? A. Simple B. Causal C. Statistical D. Associative

D An associative hypothesis proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real world, so that when one variable changes, the other also changes. A causal hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between two or more variables. A simple hypothesis states the relationship (associative or causal) between two variables. The statistical hypothesis, also referred to as a null hypothesis (H0), is used for statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes.

The nurse research coordinator is reviewing validity with a research intern. Which statement from the research intern exhibits understanding of construct validity? A. "Construct validity assesses the generalizability of a study." B. "Construct validity assesses that the study was not the result of extraneous variables." C. "Construct validity assesses real-world applicability of change through statistical analysis." D. "Construct validity assesses the match between conceptual and operational definitions of a variable."

D Construct validity assesses the agreement of conceptual and operational definitions of the variables in the study. External validity applies to the generalizability of a study. Internal validity ensures that the study was not the result of extraneous variables. Statistical conclusion validity assesses real-world applicability of change through statistical analysis.

When critically appraising a quantitative study, the nurse can determine the study strengths and weaknesses by examining which category? A. Writing quality B. Literature review C. Research problem D. Measurement tool

D Evaluating the measurement tool used in the study can help the nurse determine the study strengths through the discussion of the method of assessment. Writing quality, literature review, and research problem do not necessarily reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the study; they identify the steps and elements of the study. The writing quality reflects the communication of clear and concise terms defined. Literature reviews provide an overview of the current research. The research problem communicates the area of concern that is to be researched.

A researcher does not want to include any participants who have congestive heart failure or renal failure in the study. Which sampling is this known as in research? A. Sampling B. Eligibility criteria C. Inclusion sampling criteria D. Exclusion sampling criteria

D Exclusion sampling criteria are those characteristics that can cause a person to be excluded from the target population, such as the congestive heart failure or renal failure in this example. Sampling or eligibility criteria include the list of characteristics essential for eligibility or membership in the target population. Inclusion sampling criteria are the characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population.

Which factor is being controlled during a study about the effect of diet on weight loss if the participants are asked to maintain their current levels of physical activity? A. Setting B. Sampling process C. Study intervention D. Extraneous variable

D If a researcher instructs participants to not change their levels of physical activity during a study, this is control of an extraneous variable, which could impede the achievement of a clear understanding of the relationship between diet and weight loss. Setting is the location in which a study is conducted, for example, in a natural setting or a research center. Controlling the sampling process refers to whether the participants are randomly selected or are chosen using a nonrandom method. Control of study intervention is the choice of an independent variable to measure the effect that it has on a dependent variable or outcome.

The nurse researcher is evaluating a published pediatric quasi-experimental study with a group of research interns. Which response by an intern reflects understanding a threat to statistical conclusion validity? A. "The Cronbach alpha value was 0.759." B. "The children interviewed were similar in age." C. "Sample size exceeded what was required for statistical analysis." D. "Comments on implementation of the study protocol were not included."

D Lack of information on the process to consistently implement the study protocol is a threat to statistical conclusion validity. A Cronbach alpha value greater than 0.7 supports reliability of the scale used, which supports statistical conclusion validity. Participants within a similar age range controls for extraneous variables, which supports statistical conclusion validity. Meeting and exceeding study sample size for power analysis supports statistical conclusion validity.

Which description is an example of a network sample in a qualitative study? A. Certain elements are chosen. B. Random characteristics are picked. C. Data are gathered from one person. D. People in the same social group are chosen.

D Network sampling is when people from the same social group are chosen. An example of a purposeful sample is when certain elements are chosen for a study. Data gathered from one person is an example of theoretical sampling. Random sampling is when random characteristics are picked.

Which research design should the nurse recognize uses hypothesis, measurement of variables, and implementation of an intervention? A. Case study B. Qualitative research C. Exploratory research D. Quantitative research

D Quantitative research design identifies a research hypothesis, measurement of variables, and implementation of an intervention. Exploratory research and case studies are forms of qualitative research. Qualitative research explores the lived experience or a specific phenomenon of interest.

Which best describes the purpose of nurses using research findings in practice? A. Supporting patients who are grieving B. Supporting the nursing licensure examination C. Communicating with health care providers D. Determining the best way to deliver health care services

D Research findings are used by nurses to determine the best way to deliver health care services to patients and to ensure that the greatest number of people receive safe and quality care. There may be research available on comforting and supporting grieving patients, but this is narrow in scope and does not best describe the purpose. Passing licensure examinations does not involve applying research findings in practice. Communicating with health care providers is not learned through nursing research.

Which entity does the "I" stand for in the PICO format described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention? A. Implications for nursing B. Indicators for measurement C. Implementation of research D. Interventions needed for practice

D The "I" in the PICO format used to develop a relevant clinical question to guide a systematic review stands for interventions needed for practice. It does not stand for implications for nursing, indicators for measurement, or implementation of research.

Which entity does the "P" stand for in the PICO format described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention? A. Peer-reviewed B. Process improvement C. Progression of disease D. Population or participants of interest

D The "P" in the PICO format used to develop a relevant clinical question to guide a systematic review stands for population or participants of interest. It does not stand for peer-reviewed, process improvement, or progression of disease.

Which is the goal of quasi-experimental and experimental research designs in professional nursing practice? A. Describe an experience as it is lived by an individual. B. Formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon. C. Provide a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the past. D. Determine effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling desired outcomes.

D The goal of quasi-experimental and experimental research design in professional nursing is to determine effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling desired outcomes. The goal of grounded theory research is to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon. Historical research can provide a narrative description or analysis of past events. Phenomenological research is used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual.

The nurse would like to organize data obtained for research into categories. Which level of measurement should the nurse use? A. Ratio B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Nominal

D The nominal level of measurement is used when data can be organized into categories. Ratio is the highest level of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement. The ordinal level of measurement is used when data can be assigned to categories that can be ranked. Interval level of measurement uses scales, which have equal numerical distances between the intervals.

Which statement describes the purpose of descriptive research? A. Exploring perceptions of participants B. Identifying relationships between variables C. Examining effects of variables on participants D. Exploring situations as they exist in the world

D The purpose of descriptive research is to explore new areas of research and describe situations as they exist in the world. Exploring perceptions of participants in research is a qualitative research design. Identifying relationships between variables is a correlational research study. Examining the effects of variables on participants is a type of quantitative research study.

What is the purpose of formulating a research question? A. To identify a gap in knowledge B. To identify the goal of the study C. To express the researcher's opinion D. To guide the implementation of the study

D The purpose of formulating a research question is to guide the implementation of the study. The research question is a clear, concise interrogative statement worded in the present tense, includes one or more variables, and is expressed to guide the implementation of the study. The problem statement identifies a specific gap in knowledge. The research purpose identifies the specific goal of the study. The purpose of formulating a research question is not to express the researcher's opinion.

Which analysis technique is recommended for a research question addressing differences, with nominal variables and one group? A. Odds ratio B. Fisher exact test C. One-sample t-test D. One-sample chi-square

D The recommended technique for a research question addressing differences, with nominal variables and one group, is the one-sample chi-square. The odds ratio and Fisher exact test are recommended for a research question addressing differences, with nominal variables, two groups, and independent samples. The one-sample t-test is recommended for a research question addressing differences, with interval or ratio variables and one group.

The nurse is measuring trends in breastfeeding among new mothers in the obstetrics unit. This is likely to be which type of research? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental

A The example of the nurse measuring trends in breastfeeding among new mothers is most likely to be descriptive research. Descriptive research chronicles phenomena in real-life situations and is usually conducted in a natural setting with no manipulation of the situation. Correlational research comprises the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables and looks for an answer to "why" these relationships exist, but the nurse mentioned here is only looking for an understanding. Experimental research is a highly controlled investigation that operates to predict and control phenomena; the nurse in this example is not controlling the administration of at least one treatment variable, so this is not experimental research. In quasi-experimental research, an intervention is carried out and the effects are measured; this did not occur in the example of the nurse measuring trends in breastfeeding via observation.

Which type of research will the quality improvement team use to evaluate the implementation of hourly rounding and patient satisfaction? A. Outcomes research B. Grounded theory research C. Phenomenological research D. Exploratory-descriptive qualitative research

A The quality improvement team will use outcomes research to evaluate the implementation of hourly rounding and patient satisfaction. Outcomes research examines the relationship between the nursing process of care and patient outcomes. A grounded theory research problem identifies the area of concern, and the purpose indicates the focus of the theory to be developed to account for a pattern of behavior of those involved in the study. Phenomenological research is used to promote an understanding of complex human experiences as they are lived by the study participants. Exploratory-descriptive qualitative research is used to describe unique issues, health problems, or situations that lack a clear description or definition.

The nurse is reviewing statistical data that can be obtained through each level of measurement. Which level of measurement will provide the most statistical data? A. Ratio B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Nominal

A The ratio level of measurement will provide the most statistical data. The interval level of data provides more statistical data than the ordinal level of measurement. The nominal level provides the least amount of statistical data.

The nurse is planning to conduct a research project to monitor weight loss for patients receiving nutritional counseling. Which level of measurement should the nurse consider using? A. Ratio B. Interval C. Ordinal D. Nominal

A The ratio level should be used because it has an absolute level of zero measurement. Interval-level measurement uses scales with equal number distances between the intervals to measure data but does not have an absolute zero point. The nominal and ordinal levels of measurement do not have an equal interval category to measure weight.

Which aspect is the most important for indicating the reporting of statistical significance of a study? A. A relationship exists. B. Results are accurate. C. Data have been analyzed. D. It reflects the study's p-value.

A The statistical significance of a study informs the reader if there is a difference or relationship between the variables. It does not ensure the accuracy of the results, nor does it analyze the data. It does reflect the p-value, but this is not the reason why statistical significance is important.

Which is a challenge to using research evidence in nursing practice? A. Transferring research knowledge to individual patients B. Getting patients to agree to staff using research evidence C. Finding enough qualified nurses to apply the skills in practice D. Limiting the number of nurses who are active in conducting syntheses

A Transferring research knowledge to individual patients who respond in unique ways or have unique needs is a challenge to evidence-based practice. Finding enough qualified nurses to apply the skills in practice is not the challenge, as all nurses possess skills that can use evidence-based guidelines in some way. Getting patients to agree to the staff using research evidence is not the challenge, as, most of the time patients are agreeable to treatment interventions. A challenge to using research evidence in practice is getting nurses to be more active in conducting quality syntheses, not limiting their involvement.

Sampling in a grounded theory qualitative study occurs until which point is reached? A. Saturation B. Applicability C. Generalizability D. Participant perspective

A Typically, sampling in a grounded theory qualitative research study occurs until saturation is reached, defined as the point at which additional participants or data sources do not provide new information. Applicability occurs when the findings of a research study are related to a group of individuals who are similar to the study subjects; it is not related to sampling. Generalizability is the desired outcome of quantitative studies, not qualitative studies, and it is concerned with the application (transferability) of study results, not with sampling. Participant perspective describes the viewpoint of those participating in a qualitative study, and it is not related to sampling.

Which statements are true of applied research? Select all that apply. A. Applied research is also called pure or bench research. B. Applied research is used to test theory and validate its usefulness in clinical practice. C. Findings from applied studies are often used by policy makers to instigate changes that address health and social problems. D. The purpose of applied research is to solve problems, make decisions, and/or predict or control outcomes in real-life practice situations. E. Applied research using animals is often conducted to provide an increased understanding of the genetics of health problems and establish a basis for further human research in this area.

B, C, D Applied research is used to test theory and validate its usefulness in clinical practice. Findings from applied research are valuable to policy makers. It includes scientific investigations conducted to develop knowledge that will directly impact or advance clinical practice with the goal of solving problems, making decisions, and/or forecasting or controlling outcomes in real-life practice situations. Basic research is referred to as pure or bench research, and applied research is also called practical research. It is not applied research, but basic research, that is often aimed at increasing our knowledge of the links between genetics and health problems.

The nurse can use the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) format by identifying which element(s) to develop a research question? Select all that apply. A. Variables in the study B. Outcome of the study C. Different interventions D. Population to be researched E. Methodology to be used in the study

B, C, D PICO is an acronym for population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes. The nurse can use the PICO format to develop a research question by comparing different interventions, identifying the outcome of the study, and identifying the population to be researched. PICO is not used to identify the variables or methodology of the study.

Which statements are true of quantitative research? Select all that apply. A. The focus is broad, subjective, and holistic. B. It is a formal, objective, and systematic process. C. Numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. D. It emerged from a branch of philosophy called logical positivism. E. Its philosophical origin is naturalistic, interpretive, and humanistic.

B, C, D Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. Quantitative research emerged from a branch of philosophy called logical positivism, which operates on strict rules of logic, truth, laws, and prediction. In contrast, qualitative research has a broad, subjective, and holistic focus that originates from a naturalistic, interpretive, and humanistic philosophy.

Which statements are true of research objectives, questions, and/or hypotheses? Select all that apply. A. They are wider in focus than the purpose. B. Quasi-experimental and experimental studies must include hypotheses. C. They bridge the abstractly stated research problem and purpose and the study design. D. They identify the relationship between the variables and indicate the population to be studied. E. All descriptive studies include a research purpose and objectives or questions to direct the study.

B, C, D Quasi-experimental and experimental studies must include hypotheses to direct the conduct of the studies and interpretation of findings. Research objectives, questions, and/or hypotheses bridge the abstractly stated research problem and purpose of the study design. They identify the relationship between variables and indicate the population to be studied. Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses are not wider in focus than the purpose; they are narrower in focus than the purpose and only specify one or two research variables in many cases. It is not true that all descriptive studies include a research purpose and objectives or questions to direct the study; some include only a research purpose.

Which processes are involved in a literature search? Select all that apply. A. Identifying clinical gaps B. Critically appraising studies C. Finding relevant research reports D. Synthesizing the results of the research E. Compiling the research for a meta-analysis

B, C, D The processes involved in a literature search include critically appraising studies, finding relevant research reports, and synthesizing the results of the research. Identifying clinical gaps and compiling the research for a meta-analysis are not part of a literature search.

The nurse is critically appraising the significance of the problem and purpose in a published study. Which should the nurse analyze to determine if a clear link between the research problem and findings has been achieved? Select all that apply. A. Refuting previous research B. Applying to nursing practice C. Expanding on previous research D. Adding knowledge to current nursing research priorities E. Improving understanding of a problem by developing theory

B, C, D, E In critically appraising the study, the nurse will determine whether the researchers clearly link their research findings to application to nursing practice, expand on previous research, add knowledge to current nursing research priorities, and improve understanding of a problem by developing theory. The nurse will not analyze the findings in relation to refuting previous research.

Which sampling methods are most likely to be used in qualitative research? Select all that apply. A. Cluster sampling B. Network sampling C. Purposeful sampling D. Systematic sampling E. Theoretical sampling F. Simple random sampling

B, C, E Network sampling, purposeful sampling, and theoretical sampling are most likely to be used in qualitative research. Cluster sampling is used in quantitative and outcomes research, not qualitative research. Systematic sampling is not used in qualitative research, but in quantitative and outcomes research. Simple random sampling is used in quantitative and outcomes research.

Which sampling method is used in qualitative research studies? Select all that apply. A. Cluster B. Network C. Purposeful D. Theoretical E. Stratified random

B, C, E Network sampling, purposeful sampling, and theoretical sampling are used in qualitative research studies. Cluster and stratified random sampling are used in quantitative research studies.

Which sampling methods achieve probability? Select all that apply. A. Quota sampling B. Cluster sampling C. Systematic sampling D. Theoretical sampling E. Convenience sampling F. Simple random sampling

B, C, F Cluster sampling, systematic sampling, and simple random sampling achieve probability sampling. Quota sampling, theoretical sampling, and convenience sampling are nonprobability sampling methods.

Which research reports are examples of quantitative research? Select all that apply. A. Exploring the reasoning of parents who refuse vaccination for their children B. Describing the decrease in child vaccinations and the influence on public health C. Explaining what motivates older adults to consider entering assisted living facilities D. Determining the effectiveness of providing antibacterial wipes on meal trays in decreasing the number of reported hospital-acquired infections E. Examining the relationship between the number of fruits and vegetables eaten per day and the number of respiratory infections diagnosed in a year

B, D, E Quantitative research is a formal, objective, rigorous, and systematic process for generating numerical information about the world. Describing the decrease in child vaccinations and the influence on public health; determining the effectiveness of providing antibacterial wipes on meal trays in decreasing the number of reported hospital-acquired infections; and examining the relationship between the number of fruits and vegetables eaten per day and the number of respiratory infections diagnosed in a year are examples of quantitative research. Exploring the reasoning of parents who refuse vaccination for their children and explaining what motivates older adults to consider entering assisted living facilities are examples of qualitative research, which involves the collection of unstructured data gathered from interviews, focus groups, or observations.

Which statements are true regarding quasi-experimental and experimental research? Select all that apply. A. Overall, nurse researchers conduct more experimental studies than quasi-experimental studies. B. Both quasi-experimental and experimental research usually take place in a research unit or a laboratory setting. C. The main difference between quasi-experimental and experimental research is the level of control achieved by the researchers. D. The purpose of both quasi-experimental and experimental research is to examine causal relationships or determine the effect of one variable on another. E. Participants who are initially selected with a nonrandom sampling method are often randomly assigned to the intervention or control group in quasi-experimental and experimental studies.

C, D, E It is true that the main difference between quasi-experimental and experimental research is the level of control attained by the researchers. Quasi-experimental studies have less control over implementation of the intervention, management of the setting, and/or selection of study participants than experimental studies. It is accurate that the goal of both quasi-experimental and experimental research is to explore causal relationships or establish the effect of one variable on another, although in an experimental study, the causality between the independent and dependent variables is investigated under highly controlled conditions. In both quasi-experimental and experimental studies, participants who are first chosen with a nonrandom sampling method are often randomly assigned to the intervention or control group later. It is not true that overall nurse researchers conduct more experimental studies than quasi-experimental studies. When studying human behavior, it can be challenging to select the participant randomly or control certain variables, so nurse researchers conduct more quasi-experimental studies than experimental studies. It is inaccurate that both quasi-experimental and experimental research usually take place in a research unit or a laboratory setting; only experimental research does. Quasi-experimental research has less control over the management of the setting.

Nurse researchers help develop which elements that comprise the research problem? Select all that apply. A. Purpose B. Variables C. Background D. Significance E. Problem statement

C, D, E The research problem in a research study indicates the significance of the problem, provides a background for the problem, and includes a problem statement. Therefore the background, significance, and problem statement are the elements of a research problem. The research purpose is not one of the elements of a research problem; it is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of a study. The variables are anything that has a quantity or quality that varies, that can take on different values, and that the researcher conducting the research study is interested in; they are not one of the elements of the research problem.

Which statements are true of qualitative research? Select all that apply. A. Qualitative researchers believe that a single reality can be defined by careful measurement. B. The qualitative researcher must be objective and not allow values, feelings, or personal perceptions to intervene. C. Qualitative research is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experience and situations and give them meaning. D. Qualitative research is conducted to test theory by describing variables, examining relationships among variables, and determining cause-and-effect interactions. E. Qualitative researchers believe that truth is complex and dynamic and that it can be found only by studying people as they interact with and in their sociohistorical settings.

C, E Qualitative research is a systematic and subjective approach used to describe life experience and situations and to give them meaning. Researchers who do qualitative research believe that truth is both complex and dynamic and that it can be found only by studying people as they interact with and in their sociohistorical settings. In contrast, quantitative researchers believe that a single reality can be defined by careful measurement. This careful measurement necessitates objectivity and researchers that do not allow values, feelings, or personal perceptions to intervene as theories are tested by describing variables, examining relationships among variables, and determining cause-and-effect interactions.

The nurse is completing research on multivitamin use and hospital admission for upper respiratory infections. Half of the participants are given a daily vitamin supplement and the other half receives a placebo. This is likely to be which type of research? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Quasi-experimental

C. Experimental The nurse is governing the administration of at least one treatment variable (the provision of a multivitamin), so this study is an example of experimental research. Descriptive research does not involve manipulation of the situation and provision of the supplement is manipulation in this example. In correlational research, the goal is to explain the nature of relationships in the real world and not to determine cause and effect, but this study seeks to explain the effect of vitamin supplementation on hospital admission for upper respiratory infections. In quasi-experimental research, the researchers have less control over the implementation of the intervention, management of the setting, and selection of participants than experimental studies.

Which method does a research nurse use to ensure individual participants cannot be identified from the health data collected? A. Adherence to the data use agreement B. Computer analysis of the collected data C. Thorough review of the data before publication D. Use of a statistical method to de-identify participants

D The research nurse will use a statistical method to de-identify participants to ensure the individual subject cannot be identified from the health data collected. De-identifying health data involves removing the elements that could identify a specific person or person's relatives, employer, or household members. A data use agreement limits how the data set will be used and how it will be protected. Specifically, the researcher and participants should review the data before publication to ensure that there is a very small risk the participant could be identified. A computer is not used to analyze the collected data to specifically confirm the participants cannot be identified. Thorough review of the data before publication does not ensure individual participants cannot be identified from the health data collected.

The research nurse is teaching a student about statistical analysis related to quantitative research design. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further learning? A. "Statistical analysis can predict changes needed." B. "Statistical analysis relies on the collection of data." C. "Statistical analysis uses well-defined statistical tests, like the chi square." D. "Statistical analysis alone does not provide enough information for decision makers."

D The statement indicating a need for further learning is "Statistical analysis alone does not provide enough information for decision-makers." Statistical analysis is a credible source of solitary information from a study that provides information for decision makers. It can predict changes needed in the ability to forecast study needs based on desired results. It relies on the collection of data for analysis to determine the effect of the study change on the outcome. It uses well defined statistical tests like the chi square, T-test, and analysis of variance.

Which requirement should the nurse identify as most indicative of critical appraisal of a research framework? A. Reader achievement of a master's degree in clinical nursing practice B. Evaluation of abstract explanations that are poorly expressed or are implicit C. Evaluation to ensure the research study makes use of hypotheses, variables, and concepts D. Identification and evaluation of concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts

D The statement that best describes the technique of critical appraisal of a research framework is that it requires the identification and evaluation of the concepts, their definitions, and the statements linking the concepts in any method of research used. Evaluation of the research study's use of hypotheses, variables, and concepts is specific to quantitative research frameworks only. Critical appraisal of frameworks that require explanation of abstract explanations that are poorly expressed is limited to implicit frameworks. Critical appraisal of a framework of a research article does not require the reader to possess a master's degree in clinical nursing practice.

A nursing student is explaining the difference between qualitative and quantitative research. Which statement made by the nursing student requires correction? A. "The focus of qualitative research is broad, subjective, and holistic." B. "Quantitative research is conducted to test theory by use of variables." C. "The goal of qualitative research is to discover meaning and gain new insight." D. "The basis of knowing in quantitative research is meaning, understanding, and discovery."

D The student requires correction when stating, "The basis of knowing in quantitative research is meaning, understanding, and discovery." Meaning, understanding, and discovery are the basis for qualitative, not quantitative, research. The focus of qualitative research is broad, subjective, and holistic. Quantitative research is conducted to test theory by use of variables. The goal of qualitative research is to discover meaning and gain new insight.

A nurse is appraising the validity and strength of research evidence on patient safety during transport to radiology. Which study provides the best evidence? A. Single correlational study B. Opinions of respected authorities C. Single qualitative or descriptive study D. Systematic review of experimental studies

D The validity and strength of research evidence on any topic depends on the levels of research that have been conducted. Systematic review of experimental studies provides the strongest or best research evidence. Weaker research evidence includes opinions of respected authorities, single correlational studies, and single qualitative or descriptive studies.

Which conclusion does a nurse conducting a qualitative research study make when saturation of study data occurs? A. The sample size was too large. B. Additional sampling is needed. C. The choice of methodology is incorrect. D. Additional sampling will provide no new data.

D When saturation of study data occurs, additional sampling will provide no new data. The sample size is appropriate, and additional sampling is not necessary. The choice of methodology is not incorrect.

A nurse researcher evaluates the research performed and determines the study has a p-value of 0.4. Which statement can the nurse infer from this finding? A. The data are accurate and valid. B. The data need to be reanalyzed. C. The results are statistically nonsignificant. D. The researcher must reject the null hypothesis.

D When the p-value is less than or equal to the alpha (p ≤ 0.5), the researcher rejects the null hypothesis. The accuracy and validity of the data are assessed during data analysis. The data would not need to be reanalyzed. The results are statistically significant.