Week 23 Content Quiz

John Maynard Keynes - who he was, what deficit spending was and why use it.

A British economist who rejected the laissez-faire deal. He said governments should use deficit spending (spending more money than the government takes in) to stimulate economic activity. By cutting taxes and increasing spending, economic growth would spur, people would return to work, and the depression would end.

German inflation - what is it and what did it do to the value of Germany currency.

A general rise in prices that caused the value of German money to decrease drastically.

Define the League of Nations.

An organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly as a way of simmering tensions that had caused WWI.

Poison gas

Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas were used and soldiers were equipped with gas masks. Fatalities were limited, but effects were extremely painful and long lasting. Many veterans suffered permanent damage to their lungs.

Define total war. Describe, using examples, of how a country committed to total war.

Committing all resources to the war effort. It means a nations domestic population was committed to winning the war. Civilians worked in factories producing war materials, workers imported from China making up for labor shortages, entire economies were centered on winning. Governments set up planning boards to set production quotas, prices and wage controls, and the rationing of food. They censored media and imprisoned those who spoke out against war effort.

What happened to Germany's economy as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

It suffered from sky-high inflation.

Great Depression - what was it and how did it affect Germany, the U.S., Africa, Asia, Latin America and Japan (you can generalize here).

It was a global economic turndown caused by agricultural overproduction and the US stock market crash. Germany had to grapple with bank failures. The economies of Africa, Asia, and Latin America suffered as they depended on the imperia nations experiencing the great depression. Japan suffered as its economy depended on foreign trade and its exports were cut in half.

Why did Italy walk out of the meeting? Why was Russia not invited?

It would not get Dalmatia and other territories it had been promised for joining the Allies including the city of Fiume. It had undergone a communist revolution. Bolshevik leaders refused to honor Russia's financial debt to the Allies. In return, the Allies refused to recognize the Bolshevik government.

Russian Civil War - what happened, why, and its impacts

Lenin and the Bolshevik party presided over a populace that faced starvation. They revolted against the govs actions. Urban factory workers and sailors went on strike and peasants began to hoard their food stocks. Industrial and agricultural production dropped sharply.

Lenin's New Economic Plan (NEP) - what it did and its purpose...how it ended

Lenin realized the Russian economy was near complete collapse. He instituted a temporary retreat from communist economic policies (NEP) as a remedy. He reintroduced private trade which allowed farmers to sell their products on a small scale. The gov permitted some economic liberties, but it kept strict political control. It came to an end when Lenin died in 1924.

Define the Fourteen Points.

A document outlining Wilson's principles.

New Deal - what is was, its goal...explain what relief, recovery and reform mean as well

A group of policies and programs created by Roosevelt and his backers to bring the country relief, recovery, and reform. Relief: for citizens who were suffering (poor, unemployed, farmers, minorities, and women) Recovery: to bring the natio out of the Depression through gov spending. Reform: to change gov policies to avoid disasters in the future.

What was the Black Hand? What was their goal?

A nationalist organization devoted to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans.

Facism - define it, what do they believe in?

A new political system that appealed to extreme nationalism, glorified the military and armed struggle, and blamed problems on ethnic minorities. They suppressed other political parties, protests, and independent trade unions. They justified violence to achieve their goals and were strong anticommunists.

Who were the ANZAC and where did they fight?

A special corps formed of troops of half a million Australians and New Zealanders. They fought at Gallipoli, a peninsula in northwestern Turkey that resulted in heavy Allied losses.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) - what their beliefs were, what they did to improve the economy

A strong political party that dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century. It claimed favors such a access to primary education and jobs through improvements in infrastructure for its constituents.

Corporatism - what it is, how it leads to a totalitarian state (define this, too).

A theory based on the notion that the sectors of the economy (the employers, trade unions, and state officials) are seen as separate organs of the same body. Each sector was free to organize itself as it wished as long as it supported the whole. The fascist state imposed its will upon all sectors of society, creating a totalitarian state. A state in which the gov controls all aspects of society.

How the Great Depression ended in the U.S.

After the US joined WWII and ran up deficits for military spending that dwarfed those of the New Deal programs.

Define militarism. How/why was it a cause of WWI?

Aggressive military preparedness that celebrates war and the armed forces. European powers spent a great deal of money on building up their armies and navies, heavily recruiting young men, building more ships, and amassing other military hardware. The Industrial Revolution allowed mass-produce weapons and supplies. People saw war as a festive competition.

How the Great Depression impacted trade (p. 482-483).

As unemployment increased, international trade declined. The decline was made worse as nations imposed tariffs, taxes on imports, to protect the domestic jobs they had left.

After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, what happened? How did all of these other countries get involved (and who was involved?)

Austria-Hungary looked to its ally Germany for military assistance to punish Serbia. Serbia looked to other Slavic countries such as Russia. Germany declared war on Russia then on France. Britain declared war on Germany and Austria declared war on Russia. Japan then entered in 1914.

What happened after the assassinations?

Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to the Serbian government, demanding that it end all anti-Austrian agitation in Serbia. The Serbian government rejected the ultimatum.

Define Triple Entente - what countries were a part of them?

Britain and France's alliance with Russia.

Define propaganda. Describe, using examples, of how a country used propaganda, and how it led to tension amongst civilians and soldiers.

Communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information. Governments invested heavily in army and navy recruitment campaigns. Posters, articles, and magazines depicted the enemy as cruel and misrepresented the facts of the war. American and British propaganda demonized the German army. This fomented hatred and bitterness across borders. The U.S. gov sent artists to the front lines in Europe to illustrate scenes of battle and glorify Allied soldiers.

Define conscription. How was Britain able to avoid using it?

Compulsory enlistment in the armed forces. The British Army began to recruit "Pals Battalions" made up of men who were already friends or associates. This caused them to be especially close knit.

As a result of self-determination, what happened to many of the Central Powers' former colonies?

Conquered people had the right to decide their own political fate. New nations were created or resurrected in Europe as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were broken up. These included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

List the consequences of the Great War (WWI). There are SEVERAL, and you will have to read pages 464 and 465 to get them all.

Downfalls of four monarchies: Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. Redrew the maps of Europe and the Middle East with the disintegration of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. Germany lost all of its overseas colonies to various Allied nations and the former Ottoman provinces of Iraq. Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon came under the control of Britain and France. It led to the beginning of the end of colonialism. The rise of communism and fascism, colonial revolts, and genocide. There was a shift of power from Europe to the US. Germany was forced to take full blame for the war and forced to agree to make reparations. It gave rise to authoritarian regimes and an even greater world war.

Why did the United States enter WWI? There are TWO main reasons - make sure you explain HOW these two things led to the U.S. getting involved.

Economic ties between the US and the Allies. Many Americans believed the Allied nations were more democratic. Growing resentment against the Germans especially for submarine attacks on ships carrying civilians. The interception of the Zimmerman Telegram. The German government offered to help Mexico reclaim territory it had lost to the US if Mexico allied itself with Germany in the war.

Impacts of private land ownership elimination; impact of five-year plans (p. 484)

Elimination of private and ownership enraged farmers. They retaliated against collectivization by burning crops and killing livestock. Many moved to the cities for a better life. The 5 year plans had mixed results. Collectivization was a huge failure and millions of peasants starved to death. Heavy industry grew. There were plenty of factory jobs available and the cost of living was low.

Gulags - what they were, how they represented Stalin's brutal regime

He punished his political opponents by executing them or sentencing them to life terms in these labor camps. He led to the deaths of millions of Soviet citizens.

Joseph Stalin - who he was, how he gained control of Russia (Define Politburo here, too)

He took control of the Politburo, the Communist Party's central organization, setting himself up as dictator for 30 years.

Why did Gavrilo Princep (a Bosnian Serb) assassinate the Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand (and his wife)?

He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

Lazaro Cardenas - who he was, what PEMEX was and how it helped Mexico

His regime nationalized the country's most foreign owned oil industry which angered foreign investors. Petroleos Mexicanos became the 2nd largest state-owned company in the world.

Stalin's Five-Year Plan - how it was meant to transform the USSR, what "collectivized" agriculture means, what a kolkhoz was, how it worked out in theory v. practice

It was meant to transform the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into an industrial power. Stalin collectivized agriculture. Farmland was taken from private owners and given to collectives to manage. A kolkhoz was a group of peasants who freely joined together to farm a certain portion of land. Peasants were forced to work on specific collective and were expected to follow detailed plans and reach specific goals set by the gov.

Benito Mussolini - who he is, how he takes control of Italy

Italy received little territory and was bitter. Mussolini and his allies in the Fascist Party took control of the parliament. He became a dictator, repressing any opposition to his rule. Militaristic propaganda infiltrated every part of the Fascist gov. Schoolchildren were taught constantly about the glory of their nation and their fearless leader, Il Duce.

The effects of WWI on returning soldiers/civilians (p 480).

Many Western Europeans felt bewildered. The war brought anxiety to the people who suffered through it. The Allied nations had lost millions of citizens and spent tremendous amounts of money. The Central Powers suffered even greater loss.

Why was WWI a truly global war? How did colonies come into play?

Most of the major combatants ruled colonies in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific. Competition for the colonies was a main cause of the war. Imperialism extended the boundaries and major battles were fought in North Africa and the Middle East. Japan entered the war so that it could take control of the German colonies in the Pacific. The British seized most of Germany's colonies in Africa.

How did nationalism/self-determination (define it) lead to WWI?

Multinational empires had to contend with different nationalist movements among their subject peoples. Serbs wanted to rid their land of Austro-Hungarian domination. Arabs were tired of the limitations the Ottoman Empire imposed on them.Both groups sought self-determination, the idea that peoples of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals should be united and should have the right to form an independent nation-state. This extended the boundaries of the Great War.

Trench warfare

Soldiers dug hundreds of miles of trenches where soldiers ate, slept, and fought. The trenches were often cold, muddy, and rat-infested. Many soldiers died from diseases caused by unhygienic conditions.

What was the Treaty of Versailles? What are reparations and who had to pay the majority of them?

The 1919 peace treaty with Germany. Payments to make up for damages caused by the war. Germany

Define Triple Alliance - what countries were a part of them?

The Allies' rival alliance composing of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Italy remained neutral until it joined the Allies.

Why did Arabs (who were under the rule of the Turkish-led Ottoman Empire) fight with the Allies instead of the Central Powers?

The British promised self-rule after the war if they were victorious.

How did resentment for the Weimar Republic lead to the growth of the Nazi party?

The German people were bitter.

Machine guns

They could fire more than 500 rounds of ammo per minute. This increased the deadly impact of warfare and made it difficult for either side to gain territory.

Define Central Powers - what countries were a part of them (hint - the ones listed above + some new ones)?

The Triple Alliance after the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt - who he was

The US President

Why was the Great War called "The Great War?"

The immense scale of the fighting. No other war involved as many nations or killed as many soldiers and civilians. It fundamentally weakened the Western European powers, encouraging the growth of nationalism and appeals for self-rule within European colonies in Asia and Africa.

Define Allies - what countries were a part of them (hint - the ones listed above + some new ones)?

The name for the Allies after they were joined by Italy, Japan, China, the United States, and other countries. There were 27 total allies by the end of the war.

Submarines

They wreaked havoc on the shipping lanes of the Atlantic Ocean.

Describe the roles that women typically played in WWI. How were Russia, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria different?

They began replacing men in farms and in factories. They served on the front lines as nurses, ambulance drivers, and switchboard operators. They allowed women to serve in combat. They created an all female battalion as propaganda to shame men into continuing to fight.

Why did some colonial troops fight for their imperializers? Give examples of where some colonial soldiers were from.

They hoped their efforts would gain them recognition from their colonizers who promised them self-rule after the war ended. Canadian troops fought European battles, Soldiers from Nepal fought in the Indian Army, the French Army included 450000 Africans, 44000 Indochinese soldiers fought in the French Army.

Tanks

They protected troops as they moved across vast areas of difficult terrain with the ability to fire at the enemy. They were developed by the Royal Navy and disguised as water tanks.

How did most people view the war in the first few months? Did this outlook continue? Explain.

They thought it would be over quickly. Teenage boys enlisted enthusiastically dreaming of heroism. Assemblies sounded like pep rallies. Leaders of some socialist parties spoke out against war but many supported it. The world soon became aware of the horrific effects of new war technology and tactics.

Airplanes

They were light, small, and unable to carry many weapons. They were used to carry on observation of enemy lines. They were fitted with machine guns and aerial combat began. They would engage in "dog fights" with enemy aircraft.

What was the purpose of the Paris Peace Conference and who were the Big Four (mention where each is from)?

To establish the terms of peace after the war. Woodrow Wilson (United States), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

How/why was imperialism a long-term cause of WWI?

Western countries became bitter rivals for global domination. European powers had claimed nearly all the land in Africa and then began fighting with one another over colonies. Imperialism was a driving force behind tensions in Europe.

Explain the differing visions on how to settle the peace? USE YOUR BRAINS - why would the U.S. support NOT punishing any countries for war damages? Why did France want to punish the Central Powers?

Wilson pledged to establish "peace without victory." No country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded. Clemenceau believed France suffered the most and should be protected from Germany. He wanted revenge on Central Powers.