Western civ. 1020 Chapters 16-20
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"
At the end of the eighteenth century, London's population was
1 million.
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
By 1860 the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?
70 to 80 percent
In September of 1792, the National Convention
Abolished the monarchy and established a republic
In 1792 the Legislative Assembly declared war on
Austria
The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was
Bastille
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
Beccaria
The Industrial Revolution on the Continent occurred between 1815 and 1850 in
Belgium
claimed that God was not just the creator the universe; God was the universe.
Benedict de Spinoza
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Bernard de Fontenelle.
A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was
Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
Pugachev's rebellion broke out after
Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry.
The nineteenth-century novelist who described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace" was
Charles Dickens.
Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the
Commoners
Which of the following is NOT a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?
Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant they could follow written instructions from factory supervisors.
The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was
Condorcet.
Napoleon was born in
Corsica
What was the name of Descartes's book that expounded his theories about the universe?
Discourse on Method
The cosmological views of Antiquity and the Middle Ages held that which of the following was the center of the universe?
Earth
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?
England and Germany
The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution but turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was
Fichte
Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
Among the following, the individual NOT associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is
Galen.
The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was
Galileo
The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as
Geocentism
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it
Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one NOT to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was
Great Britain.
A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in
Haiti
The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah.
European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?
He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?
His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.
The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was
Immanuel Kant.
Galileo's idea that a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force is called the principle of
Inertia
Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?
It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge.
The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was
Jacques-Louis David
Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?
Johannes Kepler
Louis XV's most famous mistress was
Madame de Pompadour.
Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by
Making accurate observations of the planets
The author of Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy was
Margret Cavendish
The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was
Mary Astell.
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft.
Which of the following is NOT true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?
Most Christian holidays were kept.
Johann Sebastian Bach
Mozart
Copernicus's major book was titled
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris
Newton's major work was
Principia
The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was
Robert Boyle.
The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was
Robespierre
Which of the following countries participated in the partition of Poland?
Russia
By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output EXCEPT
Russia.
Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?
Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials
Which of the following statements about Germaine de Staël is NOT true?
She died in London, having stopped writing as the result of her disenchantment with the despotism of Napoleon.
In considering the revolutionary era, which of the following is NOT true?
The French Revolution was less complex, less violent, and far less radical than the American Revolution.
Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?
The Seven Years' War.
Galileo wrote
The Starry Messenger
Voltaire was the author of
Treatise on Toleration.
Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of
Waterloo
The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was
William Pitt the Elder.
John Locke's tabula rasa refers to
a blank mind.
New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following EXCEPT
a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of
a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.
According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
The cahiers de doléances called for
abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.
The French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's
abundant government support and control.
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction
accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
Edwin Chadwick
advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.
Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by
advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine
The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was
aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor
Published travel accounts of different cultures
all correct
Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?
all correct
The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century
although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
architect.
The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
astronomy, medicine, and mechanics
In his work Pensées, Pascal
attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.
The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism
became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church.
During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science
became an international phenomenon.
The work of Blaise Pascal
believed that reason had limitations
In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were
chosen in different ways in different districts.
Steam engines were powered by
coal
The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon
coal
The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was
condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
By the end of the eighteenth century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its
cotton textile industry.
Newton's world-machine
created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms.
The Luddites
destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was
determined by the division of society into traditional orders
Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia
developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials.
Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution
did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
In 1789, the Estates-General was
divided over the issue of voting by orders or by head.
The Parlement of Paris sought to resolve the controversy over voting in the Estates-General by calling for the method used in 1614, which involved
each order voting separately and having veto power over the other two.
High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by
entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed
equality under the law for all French men.
Gustavus III of Sweden
established freedom of religion, speech, and press.
The English Poor Law Act of 1834
established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840s in Great Britain achieved all of the following EXCEPT the
establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.
The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann
Catherine the Great of Russia
followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
Concerning Galileo and his ideas, the Catholic Church
forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition.
A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was
foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
A diplomatic revolution resulted when Austria succeeded in separating Prussia from its chief ally,
france
The Bill of Rights ratified by the new United States guaranteed
freedom of religion.
The French Republic's army in the 1790s
fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.
The Grand Tour
generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.
The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the querelles des femmes was to
generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.
The colonists won their war for independence due to
generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.
One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
In the fifty years before the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, the French economy was
growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following EXCEPT:
guarantees against becoming poor.
The National Assembly responded to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen by Olympe de Gouges by
ignoring her demands.
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held
in the newly built Crystal Palace.
The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in
increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were
increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
The foundation of Francis Bacon's scientific method was built on
inductive reasoning
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
Antoine Lavoisier
is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.
Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because
it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.
All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly EXCEPT the
legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
lent
As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France
lost Canada.
France in the eighteenth century
lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public
In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?
male citizens who met a tax qualification.
All of the following were among the factors resulting in the defeat of Napoleon EXCEPT
mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.
Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to
members of the nobility.
The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now
no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
The European peasantry in the eighteenth century
often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to
one-half of all government spending.
During the 1760s British policy makers sought to raise revenues from the American colonies for the purpose of
paying for the expenses of the British army in its defense of the colonies.
Sixty percent of the victims of the Reign of Terror were
peasant and laboring classes.
For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to
people using nature for their own self-interest.
Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that
planetary orbits are elliptical.
In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a
pocket borough.
The works of Fontenelle
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?
potatoes
The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was
preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.
Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by
preventing British trade.
According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was
private property.
Rousseau's influential novel, Émile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
proper child rearing and human education.
Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by
protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
The American Revolution affected Europeans by
proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.
The Austrian emperor Joseph II
provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms.
The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as
puddling.
The so-called American System
reduced costs and revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations in manufacturing.
The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
regularly published scientific journals.
Organized religions in the seventeenth century
rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance.
A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was
repeated beatings.
One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
roads and means of transportation.
Scholars devoted to Hermeticism
saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature
The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his
series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.
Adam Smith believed that government
should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century
showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic
suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise du Chatelet.
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was
the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.
European society in the eighteenth century witnessed
the continued dominance of the nuclear family.
Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by
the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century EXCEPT
the eradication of typhus and smallpox.
In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered
the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.
The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes
the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.
In July and August 1789, the king's attempt to halt the Revolution was thwarted by
the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
The Third Estate was composed of all of the following EXCEPT
the lower aristocrats.
Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw
the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century,
the old order remained strong
Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that
the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.
The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized
the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life.
The Great Hunger in Ireland stemmed from the spread of a fungus that attacked
the potato crop.
All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT
the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
During the second half of the eighteenth century
the rate of population growth was nearly double that of the first half of the century.
All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family EXCEPT
the removal of children from foundling homes to board at state and municipal workshops.
Descartes believed that the world could be understood by
the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
Which of the following is NOT true of the ideas of Copernicus?
they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy.
The Inquisition found Galileo guilty of teaching condemned ideas and sentenced him
to house arrest.
The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for
universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament.
On the Fabric of the Human Body
was Andreas Vesalius's masterpiece on anatomical structure
The Encyclopedia
was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes.
Maria Winkelmann
was a German astronomer.
Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century
was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention
was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.
The European population explosion of the nineteenth century
was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.
By summoning the Estates-General in 1789, the government
was merely looking for a way to solve the immediate financial crisis.
By 1850, the European population
was over 265 million.
During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right
was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century
was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
European diplomacy during the eighteenth century
was shaped by the attempt to prevent one state from dominating the others.
During the eighteenth century, Spain
was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.
Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France
went up significantly.
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, female midwives
were replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy.
The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution
worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.