Western civ. 1020 Chapters 16-20

The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

At the end of the eighteenth century, London's population was

1 million.

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.

By 1860 the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?

70 to 80 percent

In September of 1792, the National Convention

Abolished the monarchy and established a republic

In 1792 the Legislative Assembly declared war on

Austria

The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was

Bastille

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

Beccaria

The Industrial Revolution on the Continent occurred between 1815 and 1850 in

Belgium

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe; God was the universe.

Benedict de Spinoza

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Bernard de Fontenelle.

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry.

The nineteenth-century novelist who described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace" was

Charles Dickens.

Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the

Commoners

Which of the following is NOT a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?

Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant they could follow written instructions from factory supervisors.

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

Condorcet.

Napoleon was born in

Corsica

What was the name of Descartes's book that expounded his theories about the universe?

Discourse on Method

The cosmological views of Antiquity and the Middle Ages held that which of the following was the center of the universe?

Earth

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?

England and Germany

The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution but turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was

Fichte

Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.

Among the following, the individual NOT associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is

Galen.

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

Galileo

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

Geocentism

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one NOT to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was

Great Britain.

A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in

Haiti

The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah.

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?

He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?

His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was

Immanuel Kant.

Galileo's idea that a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force is called the principle of

Inertia

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

It was a major turning point that represented cooperation in the pursuit of new knowledge.

The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was

Jacques-Louis David

Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which of the following created three laws of planetary motion that helped disprove the basic structure of the Ptolemaic system?

Johannes Kepler

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

Madame de Pompadour.

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

Making accurate observations of the planets

The author of Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy was

Margret Cavendish

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was

Mary Astell.

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft.

Which of the following is NOT true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?

Most Christian holidays were kept.

Johann Sebastian Bach

Mozart

Copernicus's major book was titled

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris

Newton's major work was

Principia

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

Robert Boyle.

The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was

Robespierre

Which of the following countries participated in the partition of Poland?

Russia

By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output EXCEPT

Russia.

Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?

Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials

Which of the following statements about Germaine de Staël is NOT true?

She died in London, having stopped writing as the result of her disenchantment with the despotism of Napoleon.

In considering the revolutionary era, which of the following is NOT true?

The French Revolution was less complex, less violent, and far less radical than the American Revolution.

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

The Seven Years' War.

Galileo wrote

The Starry Messenger

Voltaire was the author of

Treatise on Toleration.

Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of

Waterloo

The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was

William Pitt the Elder.

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to

a blank mind.

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following EXCEPT

a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.

James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of

a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.

According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

The cahiers de doléances called for

abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.

The French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

abundant government support and control.

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

Edwin Chadwick

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine

The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was

aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor

Published travel accounts of different cultures

all correct

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?

all correct

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian

architect.

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

In his work Pensées, Pascal

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism

became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church.

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

became an international phenomenon.

The work of Blaise Pascal

believed that reason had limitations

In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were

chosen in different ways in different districts.

Steam engines were powered by

coal

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

coal

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

By the end of the eighteenth century

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

cotton textile industry.

Newton's world-machine

created a new cosmology in which the world was seen largely in mechanistic terms.

The Luddites

destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was

determined by the division of society into traditional orders

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials.

Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution

did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.

In 1789, the Estates-General was

divided over the issue of voting by orders or by head.

The Parlement of Paris sought to resolve the controversy over voting in the Estates-General by calling for the method used in 1614, which involved

each order voting separately and having veto power over the other two.

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed

equality under the law for all French men.

Gustavus III of Sweden

established freedom of religion, speech, and press.

The English Poor Law Act of 1834

established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840s in Great Britain achieved all of the following EXCEPT the

establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann

Catherine the Great of Russia

followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.

Concerning Galileo and his ideas, the Catholic Church

forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition.

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was

foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.

A diplomatic revolution resulted when Austria succeeded in separating Prussia from its chief ally,

france

The Bill of Rights ratified by the new United States guaranteed

freedom of religion.

The French Republic's army in the 1790s

fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.

The Grand Tour

generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the querelles des femmes was to

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

The colonists won their war for independence due to

generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.

One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that

government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.

In the fifty years before the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, the French economy was

growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following EXCEPT:

guarantees against becoming poor.

The National Assembly responded to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen by Olympe de Gouges by

ignoring her demands.

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held

in the newly built Crystal Palace.

The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in

increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.

By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were

increasingly less distinguishable from each other.

The foundation of Francis Bacon's scientific method was built on

inductive reasoning

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

Antoine Lavoisier

is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

Copernicus supported the heliocentric conception of the universe because

it offered a simpler and more accurate explanation for the observed motions of heavenly bodies.

All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly EXCEPT the

legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

lent

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France

lost Canada.

France in the eighteenth century

lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.

The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public

In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?

male citizens who met a tax qualification.

All of the following were among the factors resulting in the defeat of Napoleon EXCEPT

mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.

Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

members of the nobility.

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now

no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century

often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.

As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to

one-half of all government spending.

During the 1760s British policy makers sought to raise revenues from the American colonies for the purpose of

paying for the expenses of the British army in its defense of the colonies.

Sixty percent of the victims of the Reign of Terror were

peasant and laboring classes.

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

people using nature for their own self-interest.

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

planetary orbits are elliptical.

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

pocket borough.

The works of Fontenelle

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

potatoes

The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was

preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.

Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by

preventing British trade.

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was

private property.

Rousseau's influential novel, Émile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

proper child rearing and human education.

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by

protecting infant industries with high tariffs.

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

The American Revolution affected Europeans by

proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms.

The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as

puddling.

The so-called American System

reduced costs and revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations in manufacturing.

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

regularly published scientific journals.

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution

relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance.

A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was

repeated beatings.

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

roads and means of transportation.

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature

The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his

series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.

Adam Smith believed that government

should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century

showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

suffered a decline in economic prosperity.

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise du Chatelet.

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was

the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed

the continued dominance of the nuclear family.

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by

the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century EXCEPT

the eradication of typhus and smallpox.

In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered

the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.

The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes

the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.

In July and August 1789, the king's attempt to halt the Revolution was thwarted by

the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

The Third Estate was composed of all of the following EXCEPT

the lower aristocrats.

Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw

the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.

The French philosophes mostly included people from

the nobility and the middle class.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century,

the old order remained strong

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized

the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life.

The Great Hunger in Ireland stemmed from the spread of a fungus that attacked

the potato crop.

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

During the second half of the eighteenth century

the rate of population growth was nearly double that of the first half of the century.

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family EXCEPT

the removal of children from foundling homes to board at state and municipal workshops.

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because

there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.

Which of the following is NOT true of the ideas of Copernicus?

they resulted in a system much less complicated than that of Ptolemy.

The Inquisition found Galileo guilty of teaching condemned ideas and sentenced him

to house arrest.

The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for

universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament.

On the Fabric of the Human Body

was Andreas Vesalius's masterpiece on anatomical structure

The Encyclopedia

was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes.

Maria Winkelmann

was a German astronomer.

Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century

was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.

During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention

was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.

The European population explosion of the nineteenth century

was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.

By summoning the Estates-General in 1789, the government

was merely looking for a way to solve the immediate financial crisis.

By 1850, the European population

was over 265 million.

During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right

was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.

Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century

was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century

was shaped by the attempt to prevent one state from dominating the others.

During the eighteenth century, Spain

was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.

Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France

went up significantly.

The French philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, female midwives

were replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy.

The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution

worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.