Western Civ
59. How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?
Actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy, were idolized.
57. Which group was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people?
Africans
72. Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of missionaries' attempts to forcibly convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
Africans and Amerindians merged indigenous rituals and beliefs with Christianity.
29. Which of the following was a consequence of the Little Ice Age for Eurasian economies?
Agrarian uprisings swept Eurasia because starving peasants were not able to pay high taxes.
43. What do coffee, tea, and cocoa have in common?
All are addictive stimulants that appealed to the new mercantile and professional classes in England.
32. What was a consequence of Europeans' introduction of firearms into North America?
Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.
7. What did the Spanish use as a model for obtaining Amerindian labor for colonial mines?
Aztec and Incan practices that demanded labor from conquered villages
69. Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas?
Both groups perished in large numbers from European-introduced disease.
61. What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals?
Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture.
37. Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?
Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.
56. Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese Empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade?
Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art.
68. How was Tokugawa Japan influenced by China?
Chinese literature, legal thought, and religion had a significant influence on Tokugawa Japan.
74. Which of the following is an explanation of why Chinese scientists were at a disadvantage compared to Europeans during the Enlightenment?
Chinese scientists focused almost exclusively on practical applications and did not fully understand the experimental method.
25. Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?
English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.
26. Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?
Enslaved people sometimes dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.
27. Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?
European elites
16. By the end of the seventeenth century, what best characterized the role of Europeans in Asia?
Europeans held a few coastal enclaves and had not significantly transformed Asian trade.
5. Which of the following are reasons why the Taino peoples were initially repulsed by the Europeans?
Europeans' hairiness and bad manners
31. Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors?
Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles
11. Which of the following accurately identifies one of the reasons why the Spanish monarchs sponsored Christopher Columbus's first voyage?
Ferdinand and Isabella needed to raise money to cover the cost of the wars against Muslims.
75. Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle?
Foreign trade brought in silver that advanced the economy, which helped the nobility prosper.
41. Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?
He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.
54. Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia?
Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.
60. What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies?
If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.
50. How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?
In Asia, European merchants were less dominant and therefore served as intermediaries in long-distance trade.
62. While Muslim scholars and scientists had been far ahead of European scholars before 1450, which of the following is a reason that they did not share in the new science of the Enlightenment?
In the Islamic world, new science and novel ideas elicited a defense of tradition.
52. Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas?
Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.
64. In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document?
It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights.
20. What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?
It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.
46. In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?
It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.
2. What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Empire?
It served as the Ottomans' breadbasket, providing Istanbul with the largest revenue stream of any province.
42. Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?
Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.
33. Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century?
Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.
23. Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century?
Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.
73. How did the European missionary presence in the Americas differ from that in East Asia before 1800?
Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.
38. Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians?
Native American women were crucial mediators between the French and the native tribes.
17. What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?
Officials established caravan stations for travelers' refreshment and protection.
6. How did Pizarro manage to defeat Atahualpa?
Pizarro invited Atahualpa to a meeting, and then unleashed hidden men with guns and horses.
48. Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?
Real science entailed the formulation of hypotheses that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments.
15. Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.
1. In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?
The Aztecs wanted to extract tribute and take war captives to sacrifice to their gods.
24. Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?
The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.
49. For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except the Dutch?
The Dutch were Protestant and did not proselytize.
21. During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?
The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.
14. Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macau?
The Portuguese used Macau as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.
67. Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids?
The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam and blended it with traditional Persian culture.
3. Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?
The conquest enabled Ottoman leaders to treat their Sunni state as the preeminent Muslim empire.
66. Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science?
They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.
22. How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?
They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.
63. How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas?
They included scientists in order to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features.
40. Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?
They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.
65. How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade?
They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.
58. Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie?
They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the Earth and to present it in useful form.
13. During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?
They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.
70. What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?
They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.
10. Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?
They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.
8. Which of the following was a major long-term consequence of Columbus's voyages?
Two different and previously separated biomes converged.
47. How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?
Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.
12. Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
a vast internal trade network
28. Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?
a. weak rulers and conflict between ethnic groups
18. In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?
as healers, consorts, and power brokers in the Forbidden City
30. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, why did enslaved Africans who were brought to the Caribbean work for only an average of three years?
death caused by inadequate rations, harsh labor, and mistreatment by enslavers
4. Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguese navigators to
determine latitude.
34. The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it
dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.
44. The Ming dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by
failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.
19. Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?
kinship and clan networks
35. Which of the following helped spur global commerce in the seventeenth century?
new institutions such as stock markets and lending houses
51. What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin?
sophisticated bronzes
36. Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?
sugar
53. Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions?
the Taj Mahal
9. Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?
the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures
55. What were some of the long-term consequences of the Enlightenment in the West?
the expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking
71. Which of the following was explained by Newton's Principia Mathematica?
the trajectory of falling bodies on earth and planetary motion
45. What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?
to enrich the states that had founded them
39. In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?
warrior elites
