Western Civ- Chapter 3

The Parthenon's frieze exemplifies Athenians confidence because it portrays

The Athenians in the presence of the gods

Which of the following was one of the educational traditions of Golden Age Athens?

A mentor- protege relationship whereby a male adolescent would learn from an older man by accompanying him in the course of his public functions, athletic exercises, and social interactions

What percentage of the Athenian population of 250,000 during Pericles' time do historians estimate were slaves?

40%

What does "the Socratic method" refer to?

A manner of teaching that features relentless questioning

The majority of Athen's population consisted of

Individuals who lacked political rights

Why have historians described the democracy created in mid-fifth century Athens under Pericles as "radicals"?

All citizens, regardless of wealth, enjoyed equal protection under the law because the court system was removed from elite control

Which Athenian dramatist satirized the Sophists for making "the weaker argument the stronger"?

Aristophanes

After the Persian Wars, a formal defensive alliance that included city-states in northern Greece, on the Aegean islands, and along the Ionian coast

Became the basis for the Athenian Empire, because Athens required the other member city-states to fund warships built and manned by Athenians

How did Pericles make citizenship more exclusive?

By granting citizenship only to those children whose mother and father were both Athenian by birth

How did the Golden Age comedies differ from tragedies

Comedies were openly critical of contemporary people and policies

What finally convinced Sparta to send Athens an ultimate demanding that it curtail its aggressive foreign policy?

Corinth, a Spartan ally, threatened to ally itself with Athens if Sparta did not intervene on its behalf to prevent future Athenian aggression

Golden Age sculptors shattered traditions from the Archaic Age not only by creating realistic and perfectly formed bodies, but also by

Depicting their subjects in a state of movement

In his History of Peloponnesian War, the Greek historian Thucydides broke with tradition by

Describing the moral failures and miscalculations of the Greeks

The procedure known as ostracism in fifth-century BCE Athens served as a safeguard against which of the following?

Despotism by any individual who had became so popular that he might overthrow the democracy

A philosopher friend of Pericles who argued that the sun was not a god, and another who believed that all matter consisted of tiny particles in constant motion,

Disturbed Athenians who feared that Athens would lose favor with the gods

Aristophanes' comedy Lysistrata (411 BCE) portrayed women seizing the initiative and acting aggressively against men in order to

End the Peloponnesian War and restore ordinary life

How did the fifth-century Sophist Protagoras offend many Athenians?

He insisted that absolute truth did not exist because every issue had two irreconcilable sides

Whose the Histories depicted the Persian Wars as a clash between East and West?

Herodotus of Halicarnassus

What Greek physician was regarded as a pioneer in using clinical observation to make medical diagnoses and may have been the author of the view that the human body consists of four humors, or fluids?

Hippocrates

Greek tragedies played a significant role in Greek society by

Illustrating conflicts and moral dilemmas that pertained to the society of citizens in a city-state

Socrates was the first philosopher in ancient Greece to

Make ethics and morality the main focus of his teachings

What was the term used for foreigners who received permanent residence status in exchange for paying taxes and serving in the military?

Metics

Greeks in search of a personal religion that addressed both life on earth and the afterlife joined

Mystery cults such as the cult of Demeter

Aspasia of Miletus exhibited so much knowledge and brilliance that which high-ranking Athenian politician wished to marry her?

Pericles

According to Thucydides, what reason did Pericles offer for rejecting Sparta's ultimatum?

Pericles argued that giving in to Sparta's demand would be a sign of weakness and would only encourage Sparta to take further advantage of Athens

When the 30 Tyrants were overthrown in 403 BCE, the Athenians restored their democracy and

Proclaimed an amnesty to prevent further civil disorder

What was one of Pericles' most important democratic innovations?

Providing a modest salary to any officeholder selected by lottery, thus enabling even poor men to serve as public officials

What did initiates into Greek mystery cults generally hope to obtain?

Secret knowledge and divine protection

Athens met with disaster when its generals attempted to conquer Sparta's allies in

Sicily

Important discussions about politics, philosophy, and social matters often took place at drinking parties for upper-class Greek men called

Symposia

Athen's wealth during the Golden Age largely derived from

Taxes on trade and Delian League dues

Why did the Persians believe that the Athenians had agreed to behave as loyal Persian subjects?

The Athenian diplomats offered the Persians tokens that signified Athen's submission to Persian authority

What did the Athenians do that so enraged the Persian king Darius I?

The Athenians aided the Greek Ionian city-states in their uprising against their Persians overlords

Why were the Greeks able to defeat the Persian fleet in the battle of Salamis in 480 BCE?

The Greeks forced the Persians to fight in a narrow strait between the island of Salamis and the coast, where their sturdier ships rammed the flimsier Persians ships

Historians refer to the period from around 500 to 400 BCE as the Golden Age of Greece because during this period

The Greeks put forward innovations in architecture, sculpture, drama, and philosophy

Why do historians consider the Greek victory over the far more numerous Persians during the great Persian invasion of 480-479 BCE to have been truly remarkable?

The Greeks so valued their political freedom that they joined forces to preserve it

What finally led to Athenian defeat and the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War?

The Spartans enlisted the help of the Persians to build a navy that could force the Athenians to surrender

Why did Athens attract more Sophists than other similarly sized Greek city-states?

The demand was greater in Athens, since aspiring politicians needed the training in rhetoric that the Sophists offered to advance in Athens' democracy

What farsighted leader convinced the Athenians to invest their resources of precious metals in the navy and later led Athens during the great Persian invasion of Greece?

Themistocles

How did Athenians traditionally justify restricting women's freedom of movement?

They insisted that women needed to be protected from seducers and rapists

How did ordinary male citizens contribute to the development of Athenian radical democracy?

They pressed for judicial reform and equal treatment under the law

How did the performance of Greek tragedies in ancient Athens differ from most performances today?

They took place during the daytime in an outdoor theater

Why did some Athenians criticize democracy and argue in favor of an oligarchy?

They worried that the poor, who lacked proper education and moral values, would exploit majority rule to pass laws against the wealthy

What was Pericles' strategy for defeating the superior Spartan army?

To avoid land battles whenever possible while attacking Sparta and its allies by sea

Who were the Sophists?

Traveling teacher who- for a fee- taught students philosophy and rhetoric

Greek warships propelled by 170 rowers on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow were known as

Triremes

Pericles, a skilled orator and leading Athenian democrat, made a major blunder in the late 450's BCE when he urged Athens to

Use the Athenian fleet to support an uprising in Egypt against the Persians

The Delian League ensured that its members were protected from Persian attack but aroused the anger of many of its smaller members because Athens

Used its control of the league fleet to coerce dues from weaker members

In Greek tragedies, leading characters, usually the high and mighty, suffered a reversal of fortune because of hubris, a Greek term for

Violent arrogance

Aristophanes, an Athenian playwright whose comedies made harsh references to prominent leaders,

Won a lawsuit filed against him by a major Athenian political figure who disliked the way he was portrayed in one of Aristophanes' comedies