western civ final exam
The Great Schism year Catholic West v.s. Orthodox East
1054
Within a century of the Europeans' arrival in Central America, the native population there declined by as much as: 20 percent. 50 percent. 90 percent.
90 percent.
97. Arabic mathematics revolutionized European economies by introducing: A. Arabic numerals, which replaced Roman numerals. B. the concept of long division. C. the concept of a decimal.
A. Arabic numerals, which replaced Roman numerals.
50. The person most responsible for increasing interest in devotion to the Eucharist and the Virgin Mary in the twelfth century was: A. Bernard of Clairvaux. B. Peter the Venerable. C. Roland of Cremona.
A. Bernard of Clairvaux.
Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.? A. Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for women of all classes. B. Lower-class women flocked to convents as an improvement on the drudgery of their lives. C. Nuns were the only women allowed to become priests.
A. Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for women of all classes.
82. The ars nova introduced _________ lyrics and music into the liturgy of the Mass during the Renaissance. A. Polyphonic B. Monophonic C. Homophonic
A. Polyphonic
Which was the most significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world? A. The coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800 B. The First Crusade C. The Iconoclastic Controversy
A. The coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800
28. Castiglione's description of the "Renaissance man" as accomplished, witty, cultured, and stylish was: A. a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens. B. an acceptance of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens. C. made the basis for curriculum reforms in Italian lay schools.
A. a rejection of the older Renaissance ideal of education in the classics for the purpose of creating virtuous citizens.
78. The Muscovite state fostered a sense of unity and history within its peoples by: A. arguing that Muscovy was the divinely appointed successor to the Roman Empire. B. fostering hostility toward the Orthodox Church. C. fostering hostility toward Jewish peoples.
A. arguing that Muscovy was the divinely appointed successor to the Roman Empire.
41. The Vikings are generally regarded as being a destructive force in European history: A. but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe. B. as evidenced by the raids they staged on virtually every population center in Europe from London to Paris to Rome itself. C. which is true, but they have an undeservedly bad reputation when compared with the Magyars who conducted raids into western and southern Europe.
A. but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe.
68. Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation: A. by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies. B. through a complete rejection of this world and constant prayer and solitude. C. by exercising their own talents to the fullest degree possible.
A. by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies.
64. Castles often formed the nucleus of new towns because: A. castles provided protection for peasants and merchants who lived close to the walls. B. lords would offer merchants who would trade at the castle a break on taxes. C. traveling merchants often stopped at castles for trade.
A. castles provided protection for peasants and merchants who lived close to the walls.
Local lords most frequently developed power bases in areas of western Europe where: A. centralized authority was either weak or nonexistent. B. kings founded new cities and gave them special charters. C. bishops were effective feudal lords over the cities in their area.
A. centralized authority was either weak or nonexistent.
Nobility defined by recognized conspicuous consumption meant that: A. class boundaries were porous (penetrable) B. class boundaries were closed and rigidly defended. C. a person's class was in no way tied to his or her economic status.
A. class boundaries were porous (penetrable)
32. As a textual scholar, Erasmus's crowning achievement was his: A. edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin. B. edition and translation of Plato's dialogues. C. Colloquies.
A. edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin.
The importance of the Investiture Conflict was that it: A. formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics. B. signaled the decline of the papacy in western Europe. C. created a lasting conceptual distinction between religion and politics in western Europe.
A. formally, though not in practice, separated the "church" and the "state" in European politics.
King Philip IV of France's ability to move Pope Clement V's court to Avignon demonstrates the: A. gulf between the theoretical and actual power of the papacy. B. flexibility of papal governance. C. piety of Philip IV.
A. gulf between the theoretical and actual power of the papacy.
The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was: A. highly regulated, including wage and price controls. B. subject to wild fluctuations due to currency debasement. C. industrially underdeveloped.
A. highly regulated, including wage and price controls.
83. Scandinavian traders turned to raiding because: A. instability in the Abbasid Empire meant that potential targets for raids could no longer be adequately defended. B. the market in luxury goods in northern Europe collapsed. C. Muslim traders now controlled all possible trade routes between Europe and the Middle East.
A. instability in the Abbasid Empire meant that potential targets for raids could no longer be adequately defended.
The early Byzantine religion was known for its: A. intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy. B. beautifully decorated churches. C. rejection of the emperor as the leader of the Church.
A. intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy.
92. In the thirteenth century, Moscow became an important center because: A. it became a tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate. B. it became a leading intellectual center for the study of Greek texts. C. it became the site of an annual meeting for the leaders of various Mongol territories.
A. it became a tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate.
In the eleventh century, the struggle for power in central Europe was, for the most part, between: A. king and pope. B. king and nobility. C. nobility and bishops.
A. king and pope.
Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that: A. learning was the foundation on which Christian salvation rested. B. the Bible could be best appreciated if it were translated into robust French and German idioms. C. original Latin poetry and epic literature were the highest form of art.
A. learning was the foundation on which Christian salvation rested.
75. The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby: A. making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions. B. making books even more precious than they had been in the Middle Ages. C. creating the circumstances for the invention of broadsheets in the fifteenth century.
A. making it more difficult to censor problematic or dissenting opinions.
30. Central to the establishment of feudal monarchies was the: A. personal relationship between individuals at each level of feudal society. B. relationship of each lord to the religious authority in his territory. C. ability of the monarch to protect and provide for the common people in his realm.
A. personal relationship between individuals at each level of feudal society.
The Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden expressed piety and the ever-present message of the Bible by: A. presenting biblical figures in settings of ordinary life. B. placing contemporary figures in biblical settings. C. presenting idealized sites in the Holy Land as backgrounds for his portraits.
A. presenting biblical figures in settings of ordinary life.
88. Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his: A. story depicting the search for the Holy Grail. B. unfinished work entitled Romance of the Rose. C. epic poem entitled Song of the Niebelungs.
A. story depicting the search for the Holy Grail.
30. Leo III's support of iconoclasm may have been driven by a desire to: A. strengthen the emperor's control over the Church at the expense of monastic control. B. strengthen monastic control over the Church at the expense of the bureaucratic control. C. encourage Orthodox Christians to follow some of the tenets of Islam.
A. strengthen the emperor's control over the Church at the expense of monastic control.
The French Parlement never attained the importance of Parliament in England because: A. the French nobility, unlike the English nobility, was exempt from taxation. B. French kings after Philip Augustus were absolutist monarchs. C. the French Parlement included only the peasants of France.
A. the French nobility, unlike the English nobility, was exempt from taxation.
87. The economic base of the Abbasid Caliphate lay in: A. the Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia. B. Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. C. its capital, Constantinople.
A. the Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia.
55. Although only 1 out of 5 ships and 18 out of 265 sailors returned from Magellan's voyage, it proved that: A. the world was too large for a western sea route to Asia to be economically feasible. B. a western sea route to Asia was economically feasible. C. ships could easily be dragged across the Isthmus of Panama.
A. the world was too large for a western sea route to Asia to be economically feasible.
Medieval scholastics like Anselm taught that: A. there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience and the divine teachings in the Bible. B. the Bible, as a divinely inspired source, was largely incompatible with the philosophical ideas and systems of humans. C. careful study of the Bible showed that it contained fundamental inconsistencies.
A. there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience and the divine teachings in the Bible.
60. Between 1000 and 1250, Europe: A. took on many of the characteristics that define the modern West. B. became more of a cultural backwater. C. produced literature only in Latin.
A. took on many of the characteristics that define the modern West.
66. The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum consisted of the: A. trivium and quadrivium. B. works of Plato and Aristotle. C. omnia studia.
A. trivium and quadrivium.
77. A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the: A. watermill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil. B. windmill, which was used primarily to process cloth. C. steam engine, which was used to produce cloth goods.
A. watermill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil.
40. The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at: A. Toulouse in Burgundy. B. Cluny in Burgundy. C. Tours in the Île de France.
B. Cluny in Burgundy.
44. As a result of the depopulation in Europe caused by the Black Death: A. great lords and monasteries took control of 75 percent of all agricultural land. B. Europe's massively depleted ecological resources recovered. C. Europeans began buying slaves to use as agricultural workers.
B. Europe's massively depleted ecological resources recovered.
In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from: A. Venice. B. Florence. C. Naples.
B. Florence
85. The English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late medieval theologian? A. Meister Eckhart B. John Wycliffe C. Ulrich Zwingli
B. John Wycliffe
94. Although medieval scholars knew important classical authors such as Virgil and Cicero, the works of _________ were not fully known in western Europe until the Renaissance. A. Aristotle B. Livy C. Ovid
B. Livy
91. Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in: A. Old English. B. Middle English. C. Modern English.
B. Middle English
70. The Ottoman Empire was tolerant of all faiths EXCEPT: A. Eastern Orthodox Christians. B. Non-Sunni Muslims. C. Zoroastrians.
B. Non-Sunni Muslims.
79. Between 610 and 1071, the major security threats to the Byzantine Empire came from: A. Persia, then Egypt. B. Persia, then the Islamic caliphate. C. the western Roman Empire.
B. Persia, then the Islamic caliphate.
34. Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order? A. Rejection of papal authority and a mystical approach to religion and spirituality B. Poverty, humility, and obedience with an active preaching ministry C. Rigorous penitence, including self-flagellation
B. Poverty, humility, and obedience with an active preaching ministry
To the territories he inherited from his father, Frederick Barbarossa, King Henry VI added: A. northern Italy. B. Sicily. C. Rome and central Italy.
B. Sicily.
48. Taken literally, what did the term investiture mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century? A. Buying an ecclesiastical office with money, such as the position of bishop or cardinal B. The practice of appointing a bishop or abbot and dressing him with the symbols of his office C. A business investment in monastic property with the expectation of a return
B. The practice of appointing a bishop or abbot and dressing him with the symbols of his office
From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world, among which is the poetry of: A. Ibn Rushd. B. Umar Khayyam. C. Ibn Sina.
B. Umar Khayyam.
98. In comparison to the Umayyad, the Abbasid caliphate: A. was more like a Byzantine successor state. B. adopted more of the style of Persian royal absolutism. C. moved its capital from Baghdad to Damascus.
B. adopted more of the style of Persian royal absolutism.
99. The Holy Roman Empire and the Italian Peninsula did not unite as national monarchies in part because: A. dynastic struggles in the ruling houses prevented it. B. continual armed conflict and shifting alliances prevented the emergence of strong, centralizing rulers in these territories. C. both territories were relatively poor and no single ruling family had the financial and military resources to centralize power in its own hands.
B. continual armed conflict and shifting alliances prevented the emergence of strong, centralizing rulers in these territories.
The exchange of land for service or money in the Middle Ages resulted in a political system that: A. was rigidly hierarchical. B. created many different types of ties, both horizontal and hierarchical. C. only created horizontal ties.
B. created many different types of ties, both horizontal and hierarchical.
57. Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included the: A. sale or handing over of Byzantine portraits to the Muslims. B. destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine Empire. C. adoption of conservative clothing styles by nobles and common people.
B. destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine Empire.
Petrarch believed that the "Dark Ages" were not the pagan past, but the Middle Ages, the time that separated him from: A. the time of Jesus. B. direct communication with the classics. C. the Trojan War.
B. direct communication with the classics.
74. The First Crusade: A. further strengthened Byzantine commerce and trade in the east. B. further weakened Byzantine commerce and trade in the east. C. disrupted Byzantine trade along the Silk Road to China.
B. further weakened Byzantine commerce and trade in the east.
100. Many towns and cities in the High Middle Ages: A. grew rapidly to populations of over 400,000 people by 1150. B. grew through continuous immigration from the countryside. C. were built of stone and were largely impervious to fire.
B. grew through continuous immigration from the countryside.
49. One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern: A. rejection of the church fathers as religious authorities. B. interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues. C. rejection of classicism in their approach to art.
B. interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues.
The printing press was a tool of European monarchs because: A. it enabled the establishment of printed money. B. it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda. C. a king's license was necessary to own a printing press.
B. it enabled the widespread circulation of propaganda.
86. The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its: A. setting, which was changed to Italy from Spain. B. lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism. C. language: the original was in vernacular French and the retelling in Latin.
B. lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism.
52. The Magna Carta, signed by King John of England, was a: A. treaty between John and the English peasants who had risen up during the English Peasants' Revolt. B. legal document defining particular rights of nobles and freemen and limiting royal power. C. charter announcing John's abdication of the throne.
B. legal document defining particular rights of nobles and freemen and limiting royal power.
51. During the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the fourteenth century, the papacy was: A. divided between two rival popes. B. moved to Avignon, France. C. disbanded for seventy-five years.
B. moved to Avignon, France.
The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it: A. was constructed in a way that made light appear to come from directly above. B. placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape. C. was highly innovative in its external appearance and marble embellishment.
B. placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape.
46. The political power of some queens of the High Middle Ages in Europe is reflected in the: A. right of queens to attend medieval universities. B. power of the queen in the game of chess. C. number of books that were dedicated to queens during this period.
B. power of the queen in the game of chess.
59. Islam spread so quickly in the seventh and eighth centuries because: A. the Pact of Unmark allowed for the total destruction of subject cities. B. some local populations welcomed Muslim conquest. C. its armies met no resistance.
B. some local populations welcomed Muslim conquest.
Humanist emphasis on the importance of classical Latin grammar, syntax, and grammar resulted in: A. the revitalization of the Latin language in Europe. B. the death of Latin as a living language. C. the decline of vernacular literature in the Renaissance.
B. the death of Latin as a living language.
76. The English Peasants' Revolt, like other popular uprisings of the fourteenth century, had its fundamental origins in: A. a series of taxes levied to support the English war with Norway. B. the economic, social, and political consequences of the Black Death. C. the English peasant's desire to be a part of the English parliamentary process.
B. the economic, social, and political consequences of the Black Death.
63. The emerging national monarchies in late-medieval Europe resulted in: A. an increase in commerce and economic growth. B. the escalation of armed conflict. C. greater militarization and, therefore, less warfare.
B. the escalation of armed conflict.
Time became standardized in the fourteenth century due to: A. the increased use of sundials. B. the invention and proliferation of mechanical clocks. C. the recent adoption of Islamic methods of timekeeping.
B. the invention and proliferation of mechanical clocks.
36. The ultimate purpose of the Albigensian Crusade was: A. to convert heretics to Christianity. B. to justify the colonization of the south of France. C. to recapture Jerusalem.
B. to justify the colonization of the south of France.
71. Erasmus wrote works of all the following types EXCEPT: A. letters to friends and contemporaries. B. treatises of scholastic theology. C. a Greek New Testament.
B. treatises of scholastic theology.
For the Ottomans, their conquest of Constantinople brought: A. a reduced demand for slaves because the size of the Ottoman army could now be reduced. B. vast new wealth, which greatly increased the population of the city. C. an economic crisis, as trade routes were redirected away from Constantinople.
B. vast new wealth, which greatly increased the population of the city.
61. King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to: A. the process of electing or "investing" archbishops in England. B. whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king. C. a personal argument between the two men unrelated to religious concerns.
B. whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king.
The first European colonies established outside of Europe geographically were in the: A. Indian Ocean. B. Pacific Ocean. C. Atlantic Ocean.
C. Atlantic Ocean.
The Black Death appears to have originated in: A. Sub-Saharan Africa. B. Iran. C. China.
C. China.
In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the: A. German imperial court. B. leading abbots of Cluniac monasteries. C. College of Cardinals.
C. College of Cardinals.
In the twelfth century, the central act of worship for Christianity was: A. prayer. B. confession. C. Eucharistic devotion.
C. Eucharistic devotion
The Shiite argued that only descendents of Muhammad and his daughter _________ could claim to rule legitimately. A. Aisha B. Yasmina C. Fatimah
C. Fatimah
33. Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, he ended his career in: A. Rome, where the pope was his patron. B. Naples, where the king of Spain was his patron. C. France, under the patronage of the French king.
C. France, under the patronage of the French king.
56. The last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman emperor was: A. Frederick Barbarossa. B. Philip Augustus. C. Frederick II.
C. Frederick II
32. Europe's first parliamentary democracy developed in: a. Ireland. b. Sicily. c. Iceland.
C. Iceland.
Which of the following Renaissance humanists proved that the Donation of Constantine was a medieval forgery? A. Leonardo Bruni B. Leon Battista Alberti C. Lorenzo Valla
C. Lorenzo Valla
Plato's works were translated from Greek into Latin by: A. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. B. Niccolò Machiavelli. C. Marsilio Ficino.
C. Marsilio Ficino.
The Hijrah (Hegira) refers to the prophet Muhammad's move from: THINK CAREFULLY A. Medina to Mecca. B. Quadratic to Mecca. C Mecca to Medina.
C. Mecca to Medina.
After 1050, towns replaced _______________ as the nuclei of civilization. A. Churches B. Manor houses C. Monasteries
C. Monasteries
84. The majority of Ottoman slaves were Christians because: A. Jews were not allowed to settle within the Ottoman Empire. B. Muslims were the only people who could work in business or governmental posts. C. Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims.
C. Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims.
_________ was not a sacrament in the medieval Roman Catholic Church. A. Ordination of a priest B. Baptism C. Pilgrimage
C. Pilgrimage
In economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on the: A. Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa. B. Portuguese. C. Spanish.
C. Spanish
The Black Death was caused by: A. a bacterium called Mycobacterium leprae. B. a virus called rubeola C. a bacterium called Yersinia pestis.
C. a bacterium called Yersinia pestis.
Muslim physicians were leaders in developing: A. rigorous sterilization procedures for surgical instruments. B. the idea of a single underlying cause for each disease. C. a system of licensing medical practitioners.
C. a system of licensing medical practitioners.
Peter Waldes's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not: A. believe in the saints of the Church. B. support the rise and influence of medieval universities. C. accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching.
C. accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching.
62. The medieval economy was based primarily on: A. manufacturing. B. mining. C. agriculture.
C. agriculture
The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and: A. a very effective and powerful papacy. B. local bishops who were surpassing nobles in power and authority. C. an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy.
C. an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy.
Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT: A. realistic portrayals of the human body. B. portraiture. C. brass rubbing.
C. brass rubbing.
Castles often formed the nucleus of new towns because: A. knights were important consumers of goods. B. castles became more important than monasteries after 1100. C. castles provided protection for peasants and merchants who lived close to the walls.
C. castles provided protection for peasants and merchants who lived close to the walls.
69. Humanists believed that excellent scholarship and poetry could only be written in: A. Picard and Provençal. B. medieval Latin and medieval Greek. C. classical Latin and classical Greek.
C. classical Latin and classical Greek.
42. After the signing of the Magna Carta, English government gradually became a: A. republic. B. theocracy. C. constitutional monarchy.
C. constitutional monarchy
Charlemagne reformed writing in his empire by: A. testing all copyists for literacy. B. introducing the comma. C. creating a simplified script and introducing punctuation.
C. creating a simplified script and introducing punctuation.
Thomas More's Utopia was a(n): A. political treatise about the best form of government. B. etiquette guide for courtiers. C. devastating critique of contemporary culture.
C. devastating critique of contemporary culture.
All of the following are reasons why the ideals of the Italian Renaissance were slow to impact northern Europe EXCEPT that: A. the curricula of northern universities left little room for study of the classics. B. education in the north was more religiously oriented compared to the more secular education common in the south. C. few people traveled between Italy and northern Europe before the turn of the sixteenth century.
C. few people traveled between Italy and northern Europe before the turn of the sixteenth century.
Philip IV's decision to suppress the Knights Templar and exile Jews from France was driven by: A. religious concerns—both groups were regarded as heretics. B. political concerns—both powerful groups were challenging the king's authority. C. financial concerns—both groups were wealthy and Philip was in debt to them.
C. financial concerns—both groups were wealthy and Philip was in debt to them.
Most people in the early Middle Ages facilitated economic transactions by using: A. standardized silver coins minted by a local lord. B. standardized gold coins minted by the king. C. food and labor.
C. food and labor.
As the power of the papacy weakened after 1250, popular piety: A. became technically heretical as the papacy no longer had the moral authority to effectively lead Christians in Europe. B. became markedly less spiritual and meditative. C. found its strongest and most creative forms of expression.
C. found its strongest and most creative forms of expression.
35. The increasing persecution of European Jews in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries should be interpreted in the context of: A. recent Jewish settlements in central Europe, such as those in Italy and Poland. B. contemporary crimes by Jews, such as poisoning wells and the ritual murder of children. C. generally increasing Christian anxiety about "undesirables."
C. generally increasing Christian anxiety about "undesirables."
Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through: A. the Holy Land in search of the Holy Grail. B. the mountains in and around medieval Florence. C. hell, purgatory, and heaven.
C. hell, purgatory, and heaven.
Aside from raising food yields, the movement from a two-field system to a three-field system resulted in: A. lower yields per acre and increased labor output. B. the use of fewer plough animals like oxen or horses. C. higher yields per acre and a more even distribution of labor throughout the year.
C. higher yields per acre and a more even distribution of labor throughout the year.
Anselm argued that: A. human beings can know nothing beyond the world in which they live. B. since human beings name objects of which they conceive, then God must be a human creation. C. human ideas of goodness were necessarily instilled by a higher being, God.
C. human ideas of goodness were necessarily instilled by a higher being, God.
Although Jan Hus adopted the ideas of John Wycliffe, he did diverge from Wycliffe in his view of the: A. centrality of confession. B. primacy of the pope in setting dogma. C. importance of Eucharistic piety.
C. importance of Eucharistic piety.
During the so-called Babylonian Captivity, the power of the papacy: A. waned politically and economically but increased in spiritual or moral authority. B. increased due to their strong connections to the Holy Roman Empire. C. increased politically and economically but diminished spiritually.
C. increased politically and economically but diminished spiritually.
Increasing European interest in African gold was driven by: A. declining gold prices. B. the discovery of large gold deposits in Europe. C. increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe.
C. increasing demand for expensive luxury goods in Europe.
The enormous legacy of Muslim learning for European commerce, literature, and science is most clearly seen in the: A. adoption of Islam by many people in western Europe during the Middle Ages. B. unwillingness of European monarchs to conquer Muslim-controlled territory in Europe. C. introduction of a large number of Arabic and Persian words into European languages.
C. introduction of a large number of Arabic and Persian words into European languages.
95. Ivan the Great gave further substance to the idea that Muscovy was the heir to Rome after the fall of Constantinople by: A. making Greek the official language of Muscovy. B. adopting the use of the Roman phalanx in his army. C. marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.
C. marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.
The French victories over the English during the second phase of the Hundred Years' War were, in part, due to the: A. inability of England to gather a large army in this period. B. excellent leadership of Charles VI. C. professionalization of the French Army.
C. professionalization of the French Army.
Henry V was so successful in taking territory from France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War that he was able to force the king of France to: A. resign his crown and retire to a monastery. B. request aid from the Byzantine Empire. C. recognize the English king as the heir to the French throne.
C. recognize the English king as the heir to the French throne.
Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his: A. Christian morality tempered with a willingness to avenge wrongs. B. levity and immorality. C. ruthlessness and shrewdness.
C. ruthlessness and shrewdness.
The word Islam means: A. pilgrimage. B. migration. C. submission.
C. submission
58. By the mid-thirteenth century, the pope called some crusades in order to: A. try to retake Jerusalem from Muslim rule. B. defend Venice from attacks from the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt. C. support the political needs of the papacy.
C. support the political needs of the papacy.
The weakness of the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century was caused, in part, by: A. a series of raids along the northern border of the empire. B. a drastic reduction in trade due to closing markets in the East. C. the debasing of the empire's gold coinage.
C. the debasing of the empire's gold coinage.
80. For Michelangelo, the central feature of Renaissance humanism was: A. classical learning. B. the ethics and virtues taught by Plato. C. the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind.
C. the drive to understand an embodied, masculine mind.
81. In their worship of Allah, Muslims worship: A. the prophet Muhammad. B. the angel Gabriel. C. the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews.
C. the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews.
Within Islam, social mobility was encouraged because of: A. the teachings of the twelfth imam that everyone should be tolerant of everyone else. B. the origins of the faith where no one could take advantage of anyone else. C. the teachings of Muhammad, which stressed the equality of all Muslim men.
C. the teachings of Muhammad, which stressed the equality of all Muslim men.
Simony refers to: A. public preaching by unqualified people. B. belief in doctrines declared unorthodox by the Church. C. the use of an ecclesiastical office for personal gain.
C. the use of an ecclesiastical office for personal gain.
The Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighth century C.E. was about: A. a newly imposed tax to protect Byzantium's borders. B. Emperor Leo's decision to stop wearing the toga, the symbol of imperial manhood. C. the use of religious images for devotion.
C. the use of religious images for devotion.
72. For Pope Gregory I, one of the most important roles of clerics was: A. to preach sermons in the town square. B. to become educated about new theological debates. C. to care for the religious experience of the laity.
C. to care for the religious experience of the laity
37. Charters of liberty allowed towns: A. to build a church. B. to collect taxes from surrounding countryside. C. to govern themselves.
C. to govern themselves.
The nominalist distinction between reason's ability to understand the natural world and its inability to understand the divine world encouraged people to: A.contemplate God alone, as all important knowledge came through revelation. B. understand the human world as a metaphor for the divine world. C. understand the real world without reference to the supernatural.
C. understand the real world without reference to the supernatural.
Texts like Marco Polo's Description of the World: A. were entirely factual. B. were fictional. C. were a mix of fact and fiction.
C. were a mix of fact and fiction.
King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to: A. the preaching of indulgences before the First Crusade. B. the authority of the Catholic Church in matters relating to faith. C. whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king.
C. whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king.
45. Romances told stories of love and adventure and were carefully attuned to the interests and concerns of: A. men. B. nuns. C. women.
C. women
12. Spain was largely abandoned by Islam as a cultural backwater. True or False
False
15. Peter Abelard was a controversial and popular teacher who made the University of Bologna a center of theology. True or False
False
18. Although it represented a monumental struggle for power at the highest levels of society, the Investiture Conflict was a largely private affair that had little impact on local political or religious relationships. True or False
False
24. Pope Innocent III believed that Christians, Muslims, and Jews were all equal people of the book. True or False
False
47. The most obvious source of gold for European monarchs was China. True or False
False
50. The Renaissance was chronologically distinct from the late Middle Ages. True or False
False
52. The late Middle Ages was a period of aristocratic crisis and peasant prosperity. True or False
False
53. The European political structure in the tenth and eleventh centuries was typified by social mobility and egalitarianism. True or False
False
54. The Byzantine Empire was never stable because of the intrigue and violence that constantly occurred at the imperial court. True or False
False
6. The reduction in population in the wake of the Black Death allowed most serfs in medieval Europe to become freedmen. true or false
False
8. Leonardo da Vinci considered artists to be skilled craftsmen. True or False
False
81. Niccolò Machiavelli's work suggests that he was more of a political theorist than a political realist. True or False
False
89. All knights in the eleventh century came from the aristocracy. True or False
False
89. Erasmus believed that the entire society of his day was caught up in despair because of the inflexibility of ecclesiastical reform. True or False
False
96. Islam created its own culture and actively destroyed the artifacts of those civilizations that came before them. True or False
False
After 750 C.E., the Umayyad dynasty abandoned Spain and focused its rule in Damascus. True or False
False
European colonists on Hispaniola turned to cattle raising and sugar production because there was no gold to be found in the mines. True or False
False
In the rule of the Papal States the pope, as a churchman, was unable to lead armies or make alliances with other princes. True or False
False
Ottoman society was closed and intolerant. True or False
False
Relatively few of the slaves who passed through the major Ottoman slave markets were Europeans. Most were African. True or False
False
Sufism is a mystical sect of Judaism whose members cultivated spiritual ecstasy. True or False
False
The holiest place in Islam is in Medina. True or False
False
11. Compared to the western Europe of 1300, the western Europe of 1450 had _________ people and a(n) _________ standard of living. More; higher Fewer; higher Equal; equal
Fewer; higher
3. Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master: Italian Renaissance developments in oil painting. Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective. the Italian Renaissance technique of tempura painting.
Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion and perspective.
17. The tradition of French administration that balanced local bureaucratic structures with some centralized royal oversight began with: Charlemagne. Philip II, "Augustus." Louis VIII, "the Lion." Louis IX, "St. Louis." Philip IV, "the Fair."
Philip II, "Augustus."
7. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the only surviving proponent of Orthodox Christianity was the: Roman Catholic Church. Greek Orthodox Church. Russian Orthodox Church.
Russian Orthodox Church.
16. In 1250, the most powerful guild in Arras was a guild of professional entertainers. True or False
True
22. The Christian doctrine of holy war developed during the First Crusade has helped shape more modern narratives of conquest and colonization. True or False
True
25. Few if any people believed the world was flat when Columbus began his voyage. True or False
True
27. Islam is a religion without sacraments or priests. True or False
True
29. Petrarch thought the goal of a Christian writer was to inspire people to do good rather than concentrate on abstract speculation. True or False
True
29. Renaissance music had its roots in medieval musical forms. True or False
True
38. Before the Ottomans captured Constantinople, some of their number had worked as mercenaries for the eastern Roman Empire. True or False
True
43. Being a slave carried relatively little social stigma in the Ottoman Empire. True or False
True
44. In the late Middle Ages, Jews were routinely expelled from Italy, England, France, Germany, and Spain. True or False
True
5. The printing press was instrumental in the spread of humanist ideas. true or false
True
55. The reason galleons and caravels were made so large in this period was to make it possible to arm them more heavily. True or False
True
56. The portability of altarpieces and devotional images allowed for greater individuality in artistic styles. True or False
True
57. The fundamental distinction that marked a person as noble was his or her wealth. True or False
True
65. Michelangelo's David was created to celebrate Florentine civic ideals. True or False
True
67. Medieval scholastics exalted the ability of human reason. True or False
True
72. Crusading knights needed a minimum of two years' revenues in hand to go on crusade. True or False
True
73. Gratian's Decretum was the standard canon law code and attempted to enhance the Church's power over issues such as marriage, inheritance, and wills. True or False
True
9. The Hundred Years' War was, in part, a product of emerging ideas of statehood. True or False
True
93. The Crusades take their name from the symbol of the Christian religion. True or False
True
94. "Town air makes you free." True or False
True
Beginning in the eleventh century, the Church asserted its independence from secular rulers. True or False
True
Charlemagne regularly chose the bishops in his empire. True or False
True
During the Babylonian Captivity, the papacy's administrative control over the Church increased even as its moral authority declined. True or False
True
In 1250, the most powerful guild in Arras was a guild of professional entertainers. True or False
True
Sovereignty was a zero-sum game in the Middle Ages. True or False
True
The Lollard movement gained great support in the fourteenth century due to the number of nobles who supported the movement. True or False
True
The chivalric code suggested that noblewomen ought to be treated as objects of veneration. True or False
True
Twelfth-century popes, like their secular counterparts, sought to establish their authority by building and expanding bureaucratic structures to increase their visibility and authority. true or false
True
28. The thirteenth century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the secular and spiritual worlds were rational, organized, and comprehensible to human beings. In the fourteenth century, William of Ockham: a. denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths. b. confirmed such a belief. c. argued that theological questions could all be resolved through reason, but questions concerning the natural world could not all be so resolved.
a. denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths.
70. A fresco painting is essentially a(n): a. painting executed on fresh plaster. b. egg tempura painting executed on a piece of wood. c. oil painting executed on a stretched canvas.
a. painting executed on fresh plaster.
44. The reputation of the papacy in the Renaissance suffered, in part, because: a. popes engaged in unseemly contests of power with other Italian rulers. b. popes in this period often withdrew from their position to join monasteries. c. the wealth the church had possessed in the Middle Ages declined rapidly.
a. popes engaged in unseemly contests of power with other Italian rulers.
43. According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government was a(n): a. republic modeled on the Roman example. b. oligarchy modeled on Venice. c. monarchy modeled on France.
a. republic modeled on the Roman example.
On December 25, 800, Charlemagne:
accepted the crown and title of Emperor of the ROMANS in the WEST
90. In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility: strenuous public service on behalf of the city-state. an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court. the necessity for a courtier to be an accomplished scholar.
an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.
4. Just as Boccaccio wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while sitting out the Black Death, _________ wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while on a pilgrimage. a. Augustine b. Chaucer c. Dante
b. Chaucer
23. In 1071, Byzantium lost Armenia and wealthy Anatolia to the: a. Saracen Turks. b. Seljuq Turks. c. Akko Turks.
b. Seljuq Turks.
86. The term feudal comes from the Latin feudum, which refers to: a. a village not under the direct control of a lord. b. a grant that creates a contractual relationship between a giver and a receiver. c. the contractual relationship existing between a patron and an artist.
b. a grant that creates a contractual relationship between a giver and a receiver.
100.Upon admission to university, medieval students typically spent four years studying the liberal arts, which meant: a. mathematics, natural science, and painting. b. advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic. c. advanced work in theology, mathematics, and the social sciences.
b. advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
58. Once they conquered a territory, Viking populations: a. killed or enslaved all of the native population. b. assimilated quickly within local populations. c. divided the land into farms for Viking settlers, regardless of who was living and using that land.
b. assimilated quickly within local populations.
Some early humanists criticized late-medieval scholasticism as being: a. concentrated more on virtuous living than on abstract speculation. b. concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living. c. focused too much on Christianity and salvation.
b. concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living.
26. Crusading can be linked to an extreme form of the sacrament of: a. Baptism. b. Confession and Penance. c. Communion.
b. confession and penance
96. Those who claimed aristocratic status in the fourteenth century did so by: a. commissioning a family coat of arms. b. living lavish and extremely expensive lifestyles. c. demonstrating a genealogy that traced the family history to a king.
b. living lavish and extremely expensive lifestyles.
8. By the mid-thirteenth century, access to some form of education was: a. restricted to the sons of the nobility. b. open in principle to all who wanted an education. c. available only to those who intended to become priests.
b. open in principle to all who wanted an education.
19. One consequence of the Black Death was a reversion of farmland to: a. towns and villages. b. pastures and forests. c. swamps and marches.
b. pastures and forests.
98. The Song of Roland is useful for historians because it: a. provides much information about the reign of Charlemagne. b. reflects the culture of the time in which it was written down. c. provides information about the time it started to be recited orally.
b. reflects the culture of the time in which it was written down.
57. Sovereignty can be defined as: a. the ability of a king to control his nobles. b. the ability to control a defined territory without challenge. c. the ability of townspeople to act independently of a king or local lord.
b. the ability to control a defined territory without challenge.
99. The monastic reform movement that began at Cluny in Burgundy was unique in that Cluniac monasteries: a. rejected the ideals of poverty, chastity, and obedience popular in other monasteries. b. were free from control by local lords. c. stressed political and economic independence from the pope in Rome.
b. were free from control by local lords
46. The Abbasid Empire effectively came to an end in: a. 1258, when the invading Mongol armies captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad. b. 733, when the Abbasid Army was defeated by Charles Martel at Tours. c. 930, when the Shiites army attacked and captured Mecca.
c. 930, when the Shiites army attacked and captured Mecca.
9. The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was: a. Toledo in 1085. b. Murica in 1243. c. Granada in 1492.
c. Granada in 1492.
20. Marriage patterns within upper-class Muslim society around the year 1000 differed from classical Greek and Roman patterns because: a. Muslims could not engage in same-sex marriage, whereas Greeks and Romans could. b. women were highly valued in Muslim society, whereas they were not in Greece or Rome. c. Muslim men were permitted to have more than one wife, whereas Greek and Roman men were not.
c. Muslim men were permitted to have more than one wife, whereas Greek and Roman men were not.
69. Which of the following was NOT a likely goal of Pope Urban II's for the First Crusade? To establish peace at home by sending violent knights abroad. To capture Jerusalem. To slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims.
c. To slay Christ's enemies wherever they could be found, especially Jews and Muslims.
19. Gothic Cathedrals were: a. otherworldly. b. as solid, permanent, and eternal as the Church it represented. c. a reflection of the medieval world and its knowledge.
c. a reflection of the medieval world and its knowledge.
71. One factor that contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period was: a. diminished rainfall that allowed for more time to be able to work the fields. b. a slight cooling of the average temperature that caused a shift to higher yield crops. c. a rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season.
c. a rise in average temperature that allowed for a longer growing season.
77. When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive: a. a year's wages. b. glory and acclaim from those who did not go on Crusade. c. absolution of all their sins.
c. absolution of all their sins.
5. The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he: a. specialized in individual portraits, which were highly lifelike. b. developed a new technique for painting on canvas with oil paints. c. brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images.
c. brought a deep humanity and naturalism to his religious images.
65. The failed conciliar movement of the Church was intended to locate the supreme authority of the Church with the: a. pope alone. b. cardinals. c. delegates of regularly called councils.
c. delegates of regularly called councils.
52. Evidenced by the lifestyle of Frederick II, the culture of medieval Sicily: a. included many cultures such as Anglo-Saxon, Frisian, and Gothic. b. was wholly Italian. c. included many cultures such as Norman, Latin, Byzantine, and Muslim Arabic.
c. included many cultures such as Norman, Latin, Byzantine, and Muslim Arabic.
68. The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the tenth and eleventh centuries because of: a. a special tax levied on Jews and Christians. b. failures among the Umayyad rulers of Spain. c. increasing intolerance of regional and ethnic differences of practice and belief within Islam.
c. increasing intolerance of regional and ethnic differences of practice and belief within Islam.
90.European art of the thirteenth century reflected a renewed interest in: a. children. b. biblical stories. c. nature.
c. nature
17. Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary: a. would now be created only to use as memorials for those who had died. b. could now be used as a part of tombs to honor the dead. c. now became freestanding figures "in the round."
c. now became freestanding figures "in the round."
Opportunity for advancement in Islamic cultures ideally depended on: a. the social class into which one was born. b. the sect of Islam that one professed. c. one's ability and one's talent.
c. one's ability and one's talent.
25. The goal of the humanist education system was to: a. produce individuals who were suited to the priesthood. b. train bureaucrats. c. produce knowledgeable political leaders and able public officials.
c. produce knowledgeable political leaders and able public officials.
26. The Ottoman army that conquered much of the Middle and Near East was composed mostly of: a. mercenaries. b. free Muslim citizens. c. slaves.
c. slaves
35. The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as: a. universal democracy. b. the multicultural, multilingual empire. c. the national monarchy.
c. the national monarchy.
82. As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne: a. was careful to observe the distinctions between religious and political authority established by Saint Augustine of Hippo. b. placed the Frankish church under the control of the pope, while he ruled the kingdom politically. c. took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.
c. took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.
63. The Umayyads of Al-Andalus and the Abbasids of Persia competed for dominance through: a. constant violent warfare. b. a cold war, occasionally interrupted by brief proxy wars over disputed territories. c. trying to surpass each other in support of literary and artistic production.
c. trying to surpass each other in support of literary and artistic production.
65. Otto I's rule of Saxony: a. was a constitutional monarchy. b. consolidated his rule in England. c. was modeled on Charlemagne's rule of his empire.
c. was modeled on Charlemagne's rule of his empire.
13. Women from wealthy Byzantine families: a. did not receive classical educations, since they were destined for domestic life. b. could read but were not allowed to write history, novels, or poetry. c. were educated at home by tutors, but did engage in more public intellectual discussions.
c. were educated at home by tutors, but did engage in more public intellectual discussions.
13. The term universitas originally meant: corporation. school. cathedral.
corporation
15. The Black Death and ensuing social unrest resulted in noble families: becoming impoverished. building large and very strong castles to protect themselves. growing wealthier than they had been.
growing wealthier than they had been.
The British Bureaucracy
i. Office of the Exchequer ii. Shire Reeve iii. Traveling Justices (traveling judges) iv. Common Law
10. The series of pageant plays performed at York were motivated by devotion but also: created such chaos in the town that many heinous crimes were committed during their production. the desire of the guilds to display their wares in the plays. a desire to mock the royal family.
the desire of the guilds to display their wares in the plays.
14. Long-distance trade in the thirteenth century usually occurred: because Venetian merchants regularly sailed from Italy to India. through a series of interlocking trade networks. only after the fall of the Mongol Empire.
through a series of interlocking trade networks.
11. The medieval epic, The Song of Roland, is similar to Homer's Iliad in that both were the product of a long oral tradition rather than having been composed in a written form. True or False
true
Twelfth-century popes, like their secular counterparts, sought to establish their authority by building and expanding bureaucratic structures to increase their visibility and authority. True or False
true
21. Marie de France: was an influential queen of France in the twelfth century. wrote an important monastic rule for women. wrote poetic stories in verse.
wrote poetic stories in verse.
