Western Civilization Final Exam
Often the doctrine of election (doctrine of predestination) is known as the Five-Points of Calvinism or by the across "Tulip." The Five Points are as follows:
1. Total Depravity 2. Unconditional Election 3. Limited Atonement 4. Irresistible Grace 5. Perseverance of the Saints
Europeans were not the only warring society in the 13th century. To the east, the Mongols, sometimes called the Tatars or Tartars, created an aggressive army under the leadership of (1162-1227 CE).
Genghis Khan
By the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th the best schools (universities) were in Reims, Paris, and Montpellier in France, and Bologna in Italy. What the students sought above all else was knowledge in the seven liberal arts. The "trivium" belonged to the beginning arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Logic or dialectic involved the technical analysis of texts as well as application and manipulation of mental constructs. Logic was transitional to the second part of the liberal arts, the "quadrivium." This area might be called theoretical math and science. It consisted of four areas of study: arithmetic, geometry, music (theory), and astronomy. Of the seven arts, logic appealed to the most students. Medieval scholars and students were convinced that logic could order and clarify every issue, even questions about the nature of God. Paris was known for theology. Montpellier was known for medicine. Bologna was known for law. Three important scholars came from this era: Abelard, Heloise, and Peter the Chanter. _______________________ was known for using juxtapositions and calling attention to their contradictions. In the work, Yes and No (Sic et Non) the scholar addressed 156 topics by showing the best scholars and writers for each topic and the best scholars and writers against the same topic. This author used the Bible, the church fathers, and any and all authorities on the topic both pro and con. Two of the 156 topics were: "That God is one and the contrary," and "That all are permitted to marry and the contrary."
Abelard
Queen Hatshepsut, c. 1502-1482 BCE, built her massive mortuary temple in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes, including a temple dedicated to the god ___________________________ to express her claim to divine birth and the right to rule. After her husband died, who was in reality her half-brother, she proclaimed herself "female king" as co-ruler with her younger stepson. She had herself represented in the official art as a king, with a royal beard and male clothing. She proved that a woman could ensure the safety of the nation, lead it to prosperity, and maintain goodwill among the gods.
Amum or Amen
After Greek tragedies, during the Golden Age of Athens, Greek comedy became the second distinct form of public theatre. The Greek comedies were written in verse and performed at festivals honoring the god Dionysus. These performances were supported by public funds and contributions from the rich. These comedies commented directly on public policy and bluntly criticized current politicians and intellectuals. They portrayed women as powerfully concerned about the fate of the city state. The humor was delivered in a stream of imaginative profanity full of "dirty words," frequently concerned sex and bodily functions. Well-known men of the day were targets for insults as cowards or weaklings. Women characters when portrayed as figures of fun and ridicule seem to have been fictional, to protect the dignity of actual female citizens. Pericles was the subject of many of these comedies. The comic playwrights ridiculed his policies, his love life, even the shape of his skull, as "Old Turnip Head." _______________________was the most famous Athenian comic playwright. a. Aristophanes
Aristophanes
The Greek city-state was unique because it was based on the concept of citizenship for all its free inhabitants, rejected monarchy as its central authority, and made justice the responsibility of the citizens. Moreover, except in tyrannies, in which one man seized control of the city-state, at least some degree of shared governing was normal. Power sharing reaching its widest from in democratic Greek city-states. The Greek philosopher _______________________, c. 384-322 BCE, expressed Greece's most famous analysist of politics and society, asserted, "Humans are beings who by nature live in city-states."
Aristotle
In the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses, who was the goddess of wisdom and war?
Athena
The most famous Church Father was _____________________________ who wrote the City of God which says that man's dilemma is the conflict between desiring earthy pleasures and desiring spiritual purity. He identified the issue as Original Sin. He argued that history has a divine purpose even if mankind cannot see it.
Augustine
________________________ literally means "brave, but uncivilized." Actually it meant anyone who was not a Roman citizen. They were always there on the fringe threatening or actually attacking, invading or stealing and capturing areas of the empire.
Barbarians
Flush with victory and recalling the Byzantium's past glory, the emperors of the late ninth century revived classical intellectual pursuits. ____________________ from Macedonia founded the imperial dynasty that presided over the so-called Macedonian renaissance. His dynasty drew upon the intellectual elite who -- even in the anxious years of the eighth century -- had persisted in studying the classics. Now, with the empire slowly regaining its military eminence and with icons permanently restored by in 843, this scholarly elite thrived again.
Basil I
Between 750 and 850, ____________________________ staved off Muslim attacks and began to rebuild. After 850, it expanded. Military victories brought new wealth and power to the imperial court, and the emperors supported a vast program of literary and artistic revival at Constantinople. But while the emperor dominated at the capital, a new landowning elite began to control the countryside. On its northern frontier, ____________________ helped create new Slavic realms.
Byzantium
The 3 Punic Wars which Rome fought for the first time against external nations, rather then from internal disputes were against the Phoenicians whom they called Punics. The Punic Wars were Rome fighting against the home city, ,of the punics/phocenicians
Carthage
writes The Origins, the first history of Rome written in Latin
Cato
_______________________________________ was known as the "Father of Europe."
Charlemagne
Old Kingdom Egyptian rulers spent vast resources on giant complexes to proclaim their divine status and protect their mummified bodies for existence in the afterlife. King Khufu, c. 2609-2584 BCE, also known as Old Kingdom Egyptian rulers spent vast resources on giant complexes to proclaim their divine status and protect their mummified bodies for existence in the afterlife. King Khufu, c. 2609-2584 BCE, also known as
Cheops
The orator and politician, __________________________ (106-143 BCE) wrote speeches, letters, and treatises on political science, philosophy, ethics, and theology. He adapted Greek philosophy to Roman life and stressed the need to appreciate each other's uniqueness. His doctrine "humanitas" (humaneness, or the quality of humanity) expressed the idea for human life based on generous and honest treatment of others and a commitment to morality based on natural law (the rights that belong to all people because they are human beings, independent of the differing laws and customs of different societies).
Cicero
Octavian (Augustus) defeated Mark Anthony and __________________________ in the naval battle at Actium in northwest Greece in 31 CE to gain control of the entire Roman Empire. The following year Mark Anthony committed suicide by stabbing himself and bleeding to death in his lover's arms. Then she took her life by allowing a poisonous snake to bite her. Octavian's revenues from the capture of Egypt made him Rome's richest citizen.
Cleopatra VII
St. Benedict founded _____________________ Abby in 910 CE. It focused on prayer. It was the largest church structure in the world until the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. For centuries it housed the largest library in the world. One of its clergy became Pope Urban II. The clergy there wore silk and linen robes and ate from the finest utensils in the world. The architecture design and beautiful gardens were world famous.
Cluny
In 1122 at the _________________________________ the "lay investiture conflict" was settled. Only the church had the authority to name and appoint priests, bishops, and popes. No emperor had that authority.
Concordat of Worms
became the Roman Capital City of the Eastern half of the Empire and then later the Capital City for the entire Roman Empire. The name literally means "Constantine's City." It was formally known as Byzantium and is known as Istanbul today. Constantine built what he called a "new Rome." It included a forum, an imperial palace, race track, a hippodrome for chariot races, monuments to the gods. It was a strategic location for the military and commercial reasons. It grew to be the most important city in the Roman Empire.
Constantinople
The _________________________________ in 325 CE defends Christianity against Arianism. Arianism stated that Jesus Christ was not of the same essence/substance as God. Jesus Christ was created and therefore not God. The orthodox view was that God, Jesus and later, the Holy Spirit are all of one essence/substance, but three persons.
Council of Nicaea
is the Greek goddess of fertility and agriculture
Demeter
_________________________ was the illegitimate child of a priest and a physician's daughter. At age 26, he entered the priesthood. In 495 he studied at the University of Paris, a center for scholasticism. He studied the Greek language in England and became a Greek scholar. He produced the first New Testament Greek text, which is still used by some today. He defined Christianity as a decent, moderate, balanced life. He used reason, Greek language, and history to come to his theological conclusions. He is noted in history for three things: (1) religious tolerance, (2) Renaissance humanism, and (3) the Greek New Testament. He has been called "The Prince of Humanism."
Desiderius Erasmus
____________________________reorganized the Roman government into a tetrarchy, rule by four. He organized two senior emperors and two junior emperors. This was to lead to better organization, communication, and efficiency. In addition it was to guarantee a peaceful succession when the emperor died. In addition, he separated civil service from military service. He greatly enlarged the army. He had to increase taxes to pay for the army's expenses and salaries. He is the only Roman emperor to leave office on his own terms and accord.
Diocletian
Constantine did not make polytheism illegal and he did not make Christianity the official state religion. Instead, he and his polytheist co-emperor Licinius enforced religious freedom, as dictated by the ____________________________ in 313 CE. It proclaimed free choice of religion for everyone and referred to protection of the Empire by "the highest authority" -- a general term meant to satisfy both polytheists and Christians.
Edict of Milan
Archaeological finds from ____________________________________ show international correspondence between the Egyptian and other nations by which the Egyptian pharaoh was attempting to set other nations against each other with the purpose of weakening then and protect his own weakened kingdom.
El-Amarna
The Parisian Revolt was led by ____________________________.
Etienne Marcel
Basil II of Byzantium was a moral man. He married only once. He was known as The Father of the Army. His nick name was Basil II, Bulgar Slayer. After defeating King Samuel of Bulgaria, he allowed all 15,000 captured soldiers go to their homeland unscathed. He did regain control of the Balkans.
False
During the Hundred Year's War the ideal chivalric knight on horseback with other armored horsemen attacking the enemy reached and maintained an all time high in the minds of the masses.
False
England's civil wars, "Wars of the Roses," concluded with the victory by Henry Tudor who took the title of Henry VIII.
False
Gregory the Great organized the Synod at Whitby to settle the issue between the Roman churches and the Irish churches as the date to celebrate Easter.
False
In southern England in 597 CE, Christianity was brought to England via missionaries sent by Leo III.
False
Muhammad's journey to Medina, which is called jihad, proved to be a crucial event for the new faith, and the year in which it occurred, 622 CE, became the first year in the Islamic calendar.
False
Pope Stephen II was the pope around 600 CE. The pope's position was ambiguous: he was both a ruler -- successor of St. Peter and head of the church -- and subordinate, subject to the Byzantine emperor. Pope Stephen II in many ways laid the foundation for the papacy's spiritual and temporal ascendancy. During Stephen's reign, the papacy became the greatest landowner in Italy. Stephen organized the defenses of Rome and paid the army; he heard court cases, made treaties, and provided welfare services. The missionary expedition Stephen sent to England was only a small part of his involvement in the rest of Europe. He was a prolific author of spiritual works and biblical commentaries. He digested and simplified the ideas of the church fathers like St. Augustine of Hippo, making those views accessible to a wider audience. His book, Pastoral Rule, was used as a guide for bishops throughout Europe.
False
Succession of a deceased king or emperor was always challenging. King Alfred of England, left all of his kingdom to only one of his three sons, Lothar. Obviously, this was disputed by his other sons. In 893, the Treaty of Verdun divided Alfred's empire into three parts.
False
The Abbasid caliphate moved the Islamic capital from Mecca to Damascus.
False
The Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop of Wynfrith took the Latin name Clovis to symbolize his loyalty to the Roman church. Preaching on the continent, Clovis set up churches in Germany and Gaul, that like those in England, looked to Rome for leadership and guidance.
False
The Greek city-state, "polis," was identical to the Mesopotamian city-state.
False
The arrival on the continent around 590 CE of the Irish monk St. Columbanus (543-615) heightened this emphasis in religion. Columbus's brand of monasticism -- which stressed exile, devotion, and discipline -- found much favor among the Merovingian elites. The monasteries St. Columbus established in both Gaul and Italy attracted local recruits from the aristocracy. Some were grown men and women. Wives given to the monastery by their husbands in a ritual called "oblation" provided for the spiritual well-being of the wife and her family left behind.
False
To defeat the Phoenicians/Punics, the Romans who were strong in military but did not have a navy had to build ships and learn to use the skills of their armies aboard ships. To win the ______________________________, the Romans not only had to build ships like the Phoenicians, but had to learn from people in the city of Syracuse how to build a "corvis" or a gangplank so their soldiers could cross into Punic Battleships to defeat their sailors.
First Punic War
Myths related in long poems such as the Epic of Creation and the Epic of ____________________ expressed Mesopotamian ideas about the challenges and violence that human beings faced in struggling with the natural environment and creating civilization. The latter epic recounted how the gods sent a flood over the earth. They warned one man, instructing him to build a huge boat. He loaded his vessels with his relatives, workers, and possessions; domesticated wild animals; and "everything there was."
Gilgamesh
Which humanists wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which summed up the humanist view: "the creative individual, armed only with his (or her) "desires of judgment," could choose to become a boor or an angel. Humanity's potential was unlimited.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
To eliminate what he saw as a threat to national security from the anger of the traditional gods about the existence of Christianity, Diocletian in 303 CE launched the so-called To eliminate what he saw as a threat to national security from the anger of the traditional gods about the existence of Christianity, Diocletian in 303 CE launched the so-called Answer
Great Persecution
The ____________________________ of 1054 was the separation between the Roman Catholic Church of the West and the Greek Orthodox Church of the East. The separation has not been resolved even today. The Roman Catholic Church was centered in Rome, spoke Latin, and was led by the Pope. The Eastern Church (the Orthodox Church or Greek Orthodox Church) centered in Constantinople, spoke Greek, and was led by a Patriarch. The Catholic Church excommunicated the Orthodox Church and in turn the Orthodox Church excommunicated the Catholic Church. The four main issues were: (1) the source of the Holy Spirit (The Catholic church changed the wording in the Creed of Nicaea of 325 to add the phrase "and the son," which appeared to the Orthodox Church that without consulting them, the Catholic Church had made the Father and the Son the source of the Holy Spirit. The real issue may have been one of the difference between Latin and the Greek translation.); (2) unleavened bread used in the Eucharist (The Catholic Church wanted unleavened bread; the Orthodox Church did not.); (3) celibacy (The Catholic Church demanded celibacy; the Orthodox Church allowed marriages for the clergy, bishops, and Popes.); (4) political and religious authority (The Catholic Church wanted the Pope to have final decisions over all religious matters. He as the highest in the church hierarchy of leadership and power. The Orthodox Church disagreed. They had their Patriarch.
Great Schism
______________________, king of Babylon, c. 1792-1750 BCE, became the most famous lawgiver of Mesopotamia. His laws for his kingdom straddling the Euphrates River drew on earlier Mesopotamian codes, such as that of the Ur III dynasty, and reveal details on city living in particular.
Hammurabi
Which great Carthaginian general lead an army of 60,000 soldiers and 37 elephants to conquer much of Spain, cross the Alps , losing many soldiers and most of his elephants, and still threatened Rome to the extent Roman soldiers had to attack Carthage to stop him.
Hannibal
___________________________ of England had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine of Howard, and Catherine Parr. He declared himself the Head of the Church of England. Thus starting the Anglican Church (Church of England) and breaking with the Roman Catholic Church.
Henry VIII
became known as the "Father of History." His work, The Histories, (Iniquities in Greek) explained the Persian Wars as a clash between the East and West.
Herodotus
Ancient Egyptians used pictures to develop their own system of writing about 3000 BCE. They used approximately 700 pictures which fell into three categories: ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives. Most of their writings were for religious purposes such as writing on buildings and sacred objects. The Greeks referred to their pictures as sacred carved letters. We know the Egyptian writing as _______________________________________.
Hieroglyphic Writing
, c. 460-370 BCE, of Cos, a contemporary of Thucydides, challenged tradition by grounding medical diagnosis and treatment in clinical observation. Prior to him, medicine had depended on magic and ritual. Prior to him people believed that evil spirits caused diseases. He taught that a physician's most important duty was to base his knowledge on careful observation of patients and their responses to different treatments.
Hippocrates
When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt lost its power about 1664 BCE, foreign, diverse bands of a Semitic people originally from the eastern Mediterranean coast seized power. The Egyptians called them (rulers of the foreign countries). They brought foreign culture to Egypt and moved the capital to Avaris. These foreigners introduced bronze-making technology new musical instruments, humpbacked cattle, and olive trees to Egypt. They greatly increased the strength of the Egyptian military capacity by increasing the number of chariots and more powerful bows.
Hyksos
The "Height of Papal Power" is reflected during the leadership of ________________________________ and the papacy's struggles with the Holy Roman Empire. The church was struggling with the following: (1) lay investure of the papacy, (2) the Crusades were failing, (3) monastic interest was dropping, (4) the church was being criticized for all the problems, and (5) there was an attitude of anti-clericalism prevalent. The Pope fought with the King of England, King John, over the appointment to the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. King John wanted John de Grey; the monks wanted Reginald; and the pope wanted Stephan Langton. King John stopped the English funds to the Pope. The Pope countered with "interdict" against England. The Pope issues the 1208 Interdict. In 1209 the Pope excommunicates King John. In 1213 the Pope declares that he will support a French invasion of England. This all leads to the English noblemen forcing King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215
Innocent III
The Egyptian goddess, ___________________, had already attracted Romans by the time of Augustus who tried to suppress her cult because it was Cleopatra's religion. But the fame of the goddess as a kind, compassionate goddess who cared for her followers made her cult too popular to crush. The Egyptians said it was her tears for starving humans that caused the Nile to flood every year and bring them good harvests. Her image was that of a loving mother, and in art she was often depicted nursing her son. Her cult's central doctrine concerned the death and resurrection of her husband. She also promised her believers a life after death.
Isis
The Hundred Years' War has two phases. In the first, England gained ground and a new political entity, the duchy of Burgundy, allied with England. This first phase culminated in a great English victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The second phase of the war was entirely reversed when a sixteen year old girl, named _______________________________________, inspired the dauphin (not yet crowned king of France) and the French troops when she claimed that God told her to lead the French troops against the English. She called herself "the Maid" or the virgin. She arrived in the French court in 1429 wearing armor, riding a horse, and leading a small army. She was courageous, inspiring, and led to a French victory at the Battle of Orleans.
Joan of Arc
______________________________ wrote the "Institutes of Christian Religion." He was a trained lawyer, who systematized Christian theology. He led the city of Geneva, Switzerland, under the direction of the "consistory" to enforce Christian moral behavior on all the inhabitants of the city. His teachings led to what is known today as the Reformed Church.
John Calvin
(65-130 CE) wrote poems ridiculing pretentious Romans while complaining about living broke in the capital city. a. Tacitus
Juvenal
_____________________________ was the driving force in extending and strengthening the institutions of English government. He took the throne in the wake of terrible civil war (1139-1153) between two royal claimants. The new system of "common law" meant that the laws applied to all humans in England (king, archbishop, bishops, priests, landowners, Lords, and servants, etc.). He instituted a system of "eyres" from the Latin word "iter" meaning "journey." Under this system, royal justices made regular visits to every locality in England to judge those accused of murder, rape, and arson -- all defined as crimes against the "king's peace." We would call these civil cases today. The struggle came because the church had its own separate system of trial and punishment and usually gave much less severe punishment to clergy and others under church protection. Thus, the King of England and the Archbishop of the Church of England fought over the authority of the state and the authority of the church. The king wrote Constitutions of Clarendon for the archbishop to sign but later had to recant from them.
King Henry II
After Octavian, won over Julius Caesar's army by promising them money, marched on Rome, and forced the Senate to consul in 43 BCE, he and Mark Anthony joined with general ________________________ to form the second Triumvirate to reorganize the government. They murdered many of their enemies including some of the own relatives, and seized their property.
Lepidus
Constantine's great vision or dream (other explanations are given, too) that led to his trusting in the power of the god of the Christians, having the symbols of the two letters for the word cross put on all of his soldiers shields, and his claims to having received salvation occurred at the ___________________________.
Milvian Bridge
The Egyptian goddess, _____________________, "what is right," embodied the divine force of justice.
Matt
The Pharaoh, Akhenaten, c. 1372-1355 BCE, went so far as to proclaim an official religion in Egypt and it concentrated on the worship Aten, who represented pure power of the sun. This was a step towards _____________________, with Aten becoming the sole god of the state.
Monotheism
__________________________ hinted at the gods' expectations of proper human behavior. For example, gods demanded hospitality for strangers, proper burial for family members, and participation in divine worship.
Mythology
After Julius Caesar's death in 44 BCE, seventeen years of civil war followed. With the internal peace finally established in 27 BCE, Caesar's adopted son, ______________________________, declared that he had restored the republic, in reality, he created a disguised monarchy. His new system retained the traditional institutions for sharing power -- the Senate, the consuls, the courts -- but in reality he and his successors governed like kings ruling an empire.
Octavian (Augustus)
The , which means "virgin goddess's house," was a enormous marble temple built to Athena. It is 230 feet long; 100 feet wide, and constructed from more than 20,000 tons of marble.
Parthenon
_____________________ became Golden Age Athens' dominant politician who spearheaded reforms to democratize the judicial system and provide pay for most public offices. He led to what is known as the "Radical Democracy" of Athens. He led Athenians to believe that the best way to support democracy was to trust the majority vote. Many critics believed that oligarchy (the rule of the few) was morally superior to democracy because they believed the poor lacked the education and moral values needed for leadership and would use majority rule to strip the rich of their wealth by making them provide benefits to the poorer citizens. He led the Radical Democracy to strengthening the equality of all citizens. He introduced that all offices filled by lottery and those serving in jury duty be paid so that poor people could afford to serve. Citizen was reduced to those whose both parents were citizens to prevent the wealthy from marrying foreign women from elite families and joining the kingdoms. This raised the status of the poor, women, and greatly increased the value of Athenian citizenship. He led the assembly to build a large navy to fight their enemies.
Pericles
The Roman government viewed Christians as: (1) atheists because they worshiped an invisible god. (They did not worship idols in temples.); (2) cannibals because the talked of eating the body of Christ and drinking the blood of Christ during the Lord's Supper; (3) as sexual perverts because they viewed "The Love Feast" which preceded the Lord's Supper as an orgy for wild sex; (4) as traitors/insurrectionists because they would not worship and pray for Caesar nor support the Roman races, the games, the baths, or the plays. (Christians believed all these were opposing their concepts of Christian morals.); and (5) ignorant/uneducated because they would not read and accept the literature of the Roman scholars.
Perpetua
_____________________________ is known as the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages. He is most noted for Letter of Donation from Constantine giving much land to the papacy. In addition he is known for spreading the Rule of Cluny among the bishops and clergy. He demanded celibacy for all clergy, bishops, and popes. He stopped simony.
Pope Leo IX
The shocking fall of the Byzantine Empire became a key contributing factor to the era which historians call the . People discovered new value in ancient, classical culture. They revived classical vocabulary and created strikingly original forms of art and music based upon ancient precedents. The classical revival provided the stimulus for new styles in living, ruling, and thinking.
Renaissance
__________________________, a lyric poet from Lesbos, whom some believe was a lesbian, born about 630 BCE is famous for her poems concerning love, which were intimate, sensual, and usually portraying the love of a female for another female, wrote, "Some would say the most beautiful thing on our dark earth is an army of cavalry, others an infantry, others ships, but I say it's whatever a person loves."
Sappho
Which Greek philosopher during the difficult times of the 430s BCE developed the method of questioning everything which in time became the basis for the scientific and philosophical method for finding truth still in use in the 21st century?
Socrates
__________________________________, son of a well-to-do trader in the city of Assisi in Italy, began to experience doubts, dreams, and illnesses that spurred him to religious self-examination. Eventually, he renounced his family's wealth, put on only a course tunic, and went about preaching repentance to anyone who would listen. By all accounts he was an exceptional speaker. Clinging to poverty as if, in his words, "she" were his "lady" (and thus using the vocabulary of chivalry), he accepted no money, walked without shoes, and wore only a course tunic. He brought religious devotion out of the monastery and into the streets. Intending to follow the model of Christ, he received, as his biographers put it, a miraculous gift of grace: the stigmata, a bleeding sores corresponding to the wounds of Christ suffered on the cross. His followers known both as "the beggars" and "friars" -- from the Latin term for "brothers" spend their time preaching ministering to the sick, and doing manual labor. He restored a small chapel at Assisi. Eventual his followers set up fraternal groups in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, England, and the Holy Land. He has a special love for nature and especially birds.
St. Francis
____________________________________ and his army of 80,000 soldiers besieged the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, which was only defended by 3,000 soldiers in 1453 CE. When his canon shots besieged the walls of the city it quickly fell. The Ottomans plundered the city, killed the emperor and displayed his head on in triumph. Hagia Sophia, the great church built in 538 by Justinian, became a Islam mosque, which is what happened to most of the other Byzantine churches. The city retained it's name, Constantinople "City of Constantine," however, it was popularly referred to as "Istanbul" which simply means "the city."
Sultan Mehmed II
______________________________ last for more than 18 years. It consisted of 2 sessions: 1545-47; 1551-52; 1562-63. At the last of the three meetings, there were 213 members present to make decisions on 12 topics in 4 major areas: uniformity, orthodoxy, regulating life, and worship. Pope Paul III called the first meeting. Pope Julius III called the second meeting. Pope Pius IV called the third meeting. Key world rulers such as Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, Phillip II of Spain, and Ferdinand played leading roles, too.
The Council of Trent
___________________________ was most unusual. The Crusaders eventually attacked and destroyed Constantinople, one of the great Christian cities of Eastern Christian Orthodoxy.
The Fourth Crusade
________________________________________ was signed in 1555. It was an attempt to reconcile the wars between politics and religion. It was primarily an effort to reconcile the conflict between the Lutherans and Charles V, the last Holy Roman Emperor. It declared that "The Prince of a region could choose the religion of that region for the people." There were only two choices: Lutheran or Roman Catholic. No other religions were allowed. If the Prince choice Lutheranism then all the Roman Catholics had to leave or vice-versa. One of the problems was that every time the region changed Prince, the religion could change.
The Peace of Augsburg
___________________________ was most successful. King Richard the Lion-hearted of England, Emperor Frederick I (Babarossa), Leopold of Austria, and King Philip of France led to key victories for the Crusaders over Saladin and the Muslims at Acre, a port city, Arsuf, Jaffa, and Ashkelon. They reclaimed the Palestinian coastline for the Christians. However, they did not even make it to Jerusalem. A brief peace was established by the Treaty of Ramada. After the Crusaders went back to their home countries, Saladin and the Muslim armies recaptured all the cities and lands of the Palestinian coastline.
The Third Crusade
_________________________ defeated the Persian King, Xerxes (the God King) in a naval battle at Salamis. Xerxes could not use all of his light naval ships against the smaller navy of Athens. The navy of Athens consisted of the triremes battle ship, which were larger, heavier with 170 rowers who could quickly maneuver the ships in close quarters. Basically, the triremes was used to ram other ships and sink them.
Themistocles
________________________ made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
Theodosius I
Plato, maybe the world's first great philosopher, wrote 36 books of which 5 are extremely well known: (1) The Republic; (2) The Symposium, (3) The Laws, (4) The Meno, and (5) The Apology. Plato was the world's firs "Utopian." He wanted to end democracy until each voter was really a philosopher or could think and reason for themselves. Socrates, who did not write any books, was often the hero of many of Plato's writing. Plato held to Four Big Ideas: they are?
Think more Let your lover change you Decode the message of beauty Reform Society
Rome conquered Carthage, burned the city to the ground, and salted the soil so that no crop or life could ever emerge there again after which _____________________________________. Rome was following Senator Cato's famous quote "Carthage must be destroyed."
Third Punic War
_______________________ wrote more than 200 books. He explained and taught that religion and science do not have to oppose each other. They do go together. He emphasized that faith and reasons do not contradict each other. They go hand in hand together. He taught that any human can have access to truth and wisdom without having to be religious. He taught that the world could be explored by reason and use secular (natural) law or by religion and use sacred (eternal law). His greatest work was Summa Theologiae.
Thomas Aquinas
With the help of Archbishop of Canterbury, _____________________________, Henry VIII was able to get the English Parliament to pass a number of acts that severed ties between English church and Rome. The most important of these, the Act of Supremacy of 1534, made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.
Thomas Cranmer
The result of the Council of Pisa in 1410 CE was it recognized ___________________________________ popes at one time: One at Pisa, one at Rome, and one a Avignon.
Three
During the 14th century Dante writes the poem entitled the "Divine Comedy." It was written in Italian, not in Latin the official language, so that the masses could read and understand it. The "Divine Comedy" is a scathing satire challenging the Roman Catholic politics of that era and their understanding for finding the way to salvation. The poem presents three themes: love, sin, redemption. In some ways it may be the greatest love story ever told. The poem presents 9 realms of hell and 9 spheres of heaven. The "Divine Comedy" consists of _____________________________________________.
Three section: Inferno, Purgatori, and Paradiso
_________________________________ Pope Alexander VI divided the world by drawing a line through the Atlantic Ocean. Spain got all the land west of the line and Portugal received all the land on the east of the line.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Alongside monks, bishops ranked among the most powerful men in Merovingian society. Gregory of Tours, for example, considered himself the protector of "his citizens." When representatives of the king came to collect taxes in Tours, Gregory stopped them in their tracks, warning them that St. Martin would punish anyone who tried to tax his people. That very day, Gregory reported, the man who had produced the tax rolls caught a fever and died. Little wonder that the Frankish kings stopped collecting the old Roman taxes.
True
Darius, King of Persia, led his armies against both Ionia and Marathon expecting to crush the Greeks. He was furious when the Athenians joined forces with these cities and shockingly defeated his much larger armies. The Athenian army then hurried the twenty-six miles to guard and protect Athens from the Persian navy. Today, the "Marathon" race of twenty-six miles in named in honor of the legend of one Athenian soldier running from Marathon to Athens to announce the great victory and then dropping dead.
True
Diocletian did not even visit the city of Rome until he had been the Roman Emperor for 20 years.
True
During the 15th century, there were three tiers in the German Society: Churchmen (the Roman Catholic Church leaders); Nobles, and Peasants who made up 90% of the population. In 1510 Martin Luther had began challenging the views of the Roman Catholic Church which were not supported by the Bible. In Lupton, Germany, in the summer of 1524 the German peasants went to war. They showed their demands in what they called their manifesto entitled "12 Articles of the Christian Union." In the manifesto, they showed that all of their demands had a biblical basis. The peasants wanted to: (1) take control of their communities, (2) select their own local priests, (3) keep tithes in the local church and community, and (4) restore the traditional rights to the forests and common pasture lands. Their war banner was a shoe on a pole indicating that they wanted to work. The Roman Government was pulling the peasants out of the fields from their own work for livelihood and to pay their taxes to pickup sea shells for the government. Since Martin Luther believed the only way the gospel could spread was in a stable, safe society, he opposed the peasants and their war He defended the Romans going to war from a biblical position. More than 30,000 peasants were killed.
True
During the Hundred Year's War five new weapons were developed: (1) The French Crossbow, (2) the English Longbow, (3) gun powder, (4) canons, and (5) hand guns.
True
Few Rus were Christians (most were polytheists, Muslims, or Jews), but that changed at the end of the 10th century, when good relations between the Rus and the Byzantines were sealed by the conversion of the Rus leader Vladimir (r.980 - 1015). In 988, Emperor Basil II sent his sister Anna to marry Vladimir in exchange for an army of Rus. To seal the alliance, Vladimir was baptized and took his brother-in-law's name. The general population seems to have quickly adopted the new religion. Slavic realms such as Moravia, Serbia, and Bulgaria adopted the Byzantine form of Christianity. The peoples of Poland, Hungary, Denmark, and Norway were converted under the auspices of the Roman Catholic church.
True
In Sparta, a helot was a slave owned by the Spartan city-state. Helots were Greeks captured in neighboring parts of Greece that the Spartans defeated in war.
True
In Sparta, an older male choose a teenager to be his special friend. In many cases the older engaged the teen boy in sexual relations. Their bond was meant to make each ready to die for the other in battle. Numerous other Greek city-states adopted this custom; although some of the city-states opposed this custom.
True
King Alfred the Great fought 54 hand-combat battles mainly against the Vikings. He personally led his soldiers in battle. He is know for expanding both education and English law. He based English law on the Ten Commandments of the Old Testament and especially the New Testament teachings of Christ and the Epistles of Paul. Alfred did not kill his conquered enemies; he converted them to Christianity. Alfred felt that without Christ there was not any wisdom. He had the Bible taught to all the children in the schools he developed in England.
True
Otto I, the song of Henry I, was even a greater military hero than his father. In 1951 he marched into Italy and took the Lombard crown. His defeat of the Magyar forces in 955 at Lechfeld gave him prestige and helped solidified his kingdom. The pope crowned him emperor in 962. The Ottonian Kings included Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III. They appointed bishops and gave them extensive lands, and subjected the local peasantry to their over lordship. Their victories brought tribute and plunder back to their kingdoms.
True
Scientists now ascribe the Black Death to the bacterium "Yersinia pestis," the same organism responsible for outbreaks of plague today in the 21st century.
True
Sparta, Corinth, and Athens had three different forms of government. Sparta was ruled by oligarchy. Corinth was ruled by tyranny. Athens was ruled by democracy.
True
The Five Pillars of Islam were worked out during the 8th and 9th centuries. They consist of (1) Zakat, a tax on possessions to be used for alms, (2) the fast of Ramadan which took place in the 9th month of the Islamic year, the year in which the battle of Bahr had been fought, (3) hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca during the last month of the year, (4) the salat, the formal worship three times a day later increased to five times a day, and (5) Shahadah, their profession of faith.
True
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), which actually last 116 years, was primarily between England and France. Since the Norman conquest of England in 1066, England had held land in what is today known as France. In 1337, after a series of skirmishes, King Philip V of France (the Valois Dynasty) declared Guyenne, which England claimed, to be his. As a result, King Edward III of England declared himself the King of France. The Hundred Years' War began.
True
The Merovingian king Clovis (c. 481/482 - 511) defeated the Visigoths in 507, the Visigoth kingdom, which has sprawled across Gaul into Spain was dismembered. By midcentury the Franks had come into possession of most of its remnants in southern Gaul. Clovis became the founding king for the Merovingian Dynasty.
True
The Roman government viewed Christians as: (1) atheists because they worshiped an invisible god. (They did not worship idols in temples.); (2) cannibals because the talked of eating the body of Christ and drinking the blood of Christ during the Lord's Supper; (3) as sexual perverts because they viewed "The Love Feast" which preceded the Lord's Supper as an orgy for wild sex; (4) as traitors/insurrectionists because they would not worship and pray for Caesar nor support the Roman races, the games, the baths, or the plays. (Christians believed all these were opposing their concepts of Christian morals.); and (5) ignorant/uneducated because they would not read and accept the literature of the Roman scholars.
True
The Shi'ite group known as the Fatimids took their name from Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad and his wife, Ali. They established themselves in 909 as rulers in the regions of North Africa, now called Tunisia. The Fatimid ruler claimed to be not only the true imam -- the descendant of Ali -- but also the mahdi, the "divinely guided" messiah, come to bring justice on earth. In 969, the Fatimids declared themselves rulers or Egypt. their dynasty lasted about 200 hundred years. At one time Fatimid leaders controlled North Africa, Arabia, and Syria. Sunni Muslims ruled Spain from their capital at Cordoba.
True
The Twelve Tables were developed about 451-450 BCE. They are the earliest piece of surviving Roman literature. The cover three areas: crime, property, and family matters. The Plebeians, the poor class, wanted protection from the Patricians, the rich class. According to Table 4, the father had the right of life or death over his children. According to Table 8, the penalty for murder was clubbing to death. The penalty for stealing crops was clubbing to death and then the body was hung as a sacrifice to Ceres, the goddess of agriculture.
True
The concept of citizenship in the Greek city-state meant free people agreeing to form a political community that was a partnership of privileges and duties in common affairs under the rule of law. Citizenship was a remarkable political concept because, even in Greek city-states organized tyrannies (rule by tyrants) or oligarchies (rule by small group), it meant a basic level of political equality among citizens. Most important, it carried the expectation of equal treatment under the law for male citizens regardless of their social status or wealth.
True
The following is an accurate list of Roman Emperors, their dates for ruling and their connection to the New Testament and Christianity: August (Octavian), 27 BCE - 14 CE, under whose reign the birth of Jesus occurred, the census connected with the birth, and the beginning of the emperor cult, or deification and worship of the emperor Tiberius, 14-37 CE, under whom Jesus publicly ministered, died, and arose Claudius, 41-54 CE, who expelled Jewish residents from Rome, among them Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:2) for civil disturbance Nero, 54-68 CE, who persecuted Christians, probably only in the environs of Rome, and under whom Peter and Paul were martyred Vespasian, 69-79 CE, who as general began to crush a Jewish revolt, returned to Rome to become emperor, and left completion of the military task to his son, Titus, whose army destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 CE Domitian, 81-96 CE, whose persecution of the church may have provided the background for the writing of the Apocalypse (Revelation), which was written by the apostle John to encourage oppressed Christians Nerva, 96-98 CE Trajan, 98-117 CE Hadrian, 117-138, The Bar Kochba (Cochba) Rebellion of 135 CE, rebuilding of Jerusalem as a Roman city and the ban against any Jew entering the city
True
The most significant differences between Sunni and Shiites in the Islamic faith resides in their differences in their views of who should be the true successors of the caliphates. The Shiites (Ali's faction) want the caliphates to be from a direct bloodline from Muhammad. The Sunnis allow for the succession of caliphates to not be a direct family line of Muhammad.
True
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi have been called the first to present to government the ideas of "socialism" and "communism" in their efforts to reform policies in Roman government. Their efforts were attempts at redistributing the wealth of the empire. They intended to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. They wished to resettle the city of Rome's poor to government-given-to-them farm land. The benefits would benefit those qualifying for military service, the crime rate in the city of Rome, the economic difficulties of the city, and raise the level of living for the entire city. Both brothers failed in their attempts and were murdered for attempting to reduce the riches of he wealthy and improve the poverty of the poor. However, unknowingly, they showed the power of the Plebeians to impact the Senate.
True
______________________________led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland. He studied the scripture in the method of humanists. He was outraged by the superstition which passed for Christianity; the exploitation of the common people by some leaders of the church, and mercenary service. In 1519 the selling of indulgences infuriated him, especially after a terrible plague had killed 1/4 of the population of Zurich. He preached the Bible, especially the New Testament, in an expository method from Matthew 1:1 through the book of Revelation. He preached the Bible, the word of God, against the church's views of Eucharist and the Sacraments. His attention was drawn to the abuses of the papacy, superstition, and unjust use of power. He was part of the Swiss Confederation seeking total independence from the German Empire, the Holy Roman Empire.
Ulrich Zwingli
Jupiter, the chief Roman deity, corresponded to , the chief Greek deity. The queen of the Roman gods was Juno and the queen for the Greek gods was Hera. The Roman goddess of wisdom was Minerva while the Greek goddess of wisdom was Athena.
Zeus
Aristotle, maybe the greatest of the Greek philosophers was often known as "the Master," or "the Great." He started a school, Lyceum. He was always asking, "How do things work?" He identified 11 virtues among humans but stated that each of these 11 virtues were always battling between 2 vices. He identified "the Golden Mean" which is the perfect balance between the virtue and the vice. He developed the table of for all the virtues of "Too Little," "Too Much," and "Just Right." In addition he developed the "Art of Rhetoric." How do you get people to agree with you? Aristotle developed much of this thinking around Four Big Questions: (1) What makes people happy? (2) ?, (3) What are friends for? He even identifies three kinds of friends: friends for fun, strategic friends, and true friends. (4) How can ideas cut through in a busy world? Feedback The correct answer is: What is art for
What is art for
Sumerian royalty built their massive temple, which is called a _______________________________ in the 21st century BCE.
Ziggurat
In the Carolingian and post-Carolingian period, up to about 1050, generally considered wealthy to be unproblematic. Rich kings were praised for their generosity, expensively produced manuscripts, illuminated with gold leaf and precious colors were highly prized; splendid churches like Charlemagne's chapel at Aachen were admired. Such views drastically changed in the 11th century. Wealth came to be highly prized by some and vehemently rejected by others. The most striking feature of the period from 1050-1150 was the rise of the money economy. A new class of well-heeled merchants, bankers, and entrepreneurs emerged. The development of the profit-based economy quickly transformed the landscape and lifestyles of western Europe. Many villages and fortifications became cities were traders, merchants, and artisans conducted business. Economic concerns helped drive changes within the church, where a movement for reform gathered steam and exploded in several directions, which included:______________________________________________________________________.
a. the Investiture Conflict between the Pope and Emperor b. the New Monastic Orders emphasizing poverty c. the Crusades to recapture the Holy Land and Jerusalem d. All of the Above
Seneca was one of the great Stoics of his day. Stoicism claims to help people to answer or overcome two problems: (1) anxiety, and (2) . To overcome anxiety, one must stamp out hope. Realize that life is tough and hard and that one will be okay in the end. Suicide is an acceptable way out for Stoics. They realize that material gain or possessions will not settle anxiety. The other problem which the Stoics claim to help overcome is by not being stupid. Expect the bad and harsh to happen. Then you are not shocked by it happening to you. Accept the true fact that life is miserable.
anger
The Romans struggled for 250 years to shape a staple government for the republic. Roman social hierarchy split the population into two orders: the patricians (a small group of the most aristocratic families) and the plebeians (the rest of the citizens). The two groups conflicts over power created the so-called struggle of the orders. The struggle finally ended in 287 BCE, when the plebeians won the right to make laws in their own ________________________________.
assembly
Plato's concept of opts that humans possess immortal souls distinct from their bodies. This is a separation of the soul (or mind) from the body. Further, Plato opted that the human soul possesses pre-existing knowledge put there by god. Human's present, impure existence is only a temporary stage in cosmic existence because, while the body does not last, the soul is immortal.
dualism
Epicurus asks and sought the answer to the question: "What makes people happy?" He concluded that people make three huge mistakes concerning what makes people happy. These three things do not make people happy or even happier: (1) Romance/passionately sexual relationships, (2) Lots of money, and (3) Luxury. Instead Epicurus concluded that there are three things that indeed do make people happier: (1) Friends around them much of the time, (2) Everyone downs shifts to less money, less things, fewer possessions, schedules not as full, less pressures, etc. (3) Develop calm and peace in their own minds. Epicurus concluded that humans are not very good at making themselves
happy
The term the Romans used in the early empire for what we know as emperor was
imperium
In the Greek city states, were foreigners granted permanent residence in return for paying taxes and military service
metics
Augustus made the military the foundation of the emperor's power by turning the republic's citizen militia into a professional army, full-time army and navy. He established regular lengths of service and retirement benefits, making the emperor the troops' patron to solidify their loyalty to him. To pay the added costs, Augustus imposed Rome's first inheritance tax o citizens angering the rich. He also stationed several thousand soldiers in Rome for the first time ever. These soldiers known as the would later play a crucial role in selecting the next emperor when the current one died. Augustus meant for them to provide security for him and prevent rebellion in the capital by serving as a visible reminder that the superiority of the emperor was backed by the threat of armed force.
praetorian guard
Greek philosophers looked for the first or universal cause of all things, a quest that scientists still pursue. These first philosophers believed that they needed to give reasons for their conclusions and to persuade others by arguments based on evidence. That is, they believed in logic. This new way of thought called became the foundation for the study of science and philosophy
rationalism
