What is AI?
Q: What is Artificial Intelligence?
- It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. - It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.
Q: Don't some people say that AI is a bad idea?
- The philosopher John Searle says that the idea of a non-biological machine being intelligent is incoherent. - The philosopher Hubert Dreyfus says that AI is impossible. - The computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum says the idea is obscene, anti-human, and immoral. - Various people have said that since AI hasn't reached human level by now, it must be impossible. - Still other people are disappointed that companies they invested in went bankrupt.
Foundations of AI
- new(er) discipline ~1956 Philosophy: - 400 BC Aristotle - mind is in some ways like a machine - Hume's principle of induction (1700's) and repeated associations Mathematics - What things can be computed - Intractability and exponential growth - Tools for formal logic - Probabilistic manipulation with uncertain information Economics - Decision theory (probability with utility) - Make decisions that maximize payoff - Handling situation when payoff is far in future Neuroscience - Examines how the brain processes information - Neural networks - Study EEG, fMRI Psychology - Cognitive psychology - "A cognitive theory should be like a computer program" (Anderson 1980) - View brain as information-processing device - Humans (and animals) are information processing machines Computer science and engineering - Efficient computational systems - Make AI applications possible - Hardware and software Control Theory and Cybernetics - Viewed purposive behavior as arising from regulatory mechanism trying to minimize "error" between current state and goal state - Maximize some mathematical objective function over time; AI: Design systems that behave optimally Computational linguistics - Natural language processing - Understanding language also needs understanding of subject matter and context (not just syntax) - Relate language to thought
Definitions of AI are based on theoretical and applied principles of CS, like...(3)
1. Data structures for knowledge representation 2. Algorithms needed to apply that knowledge 3. Languages and programming techniques used for implementation
4 Categories of AI - what are they
1. Thinking humanly (Systems that think like humans) 2. Thinking rationally* (Systems that think rationally) 3. Acting humanly (Systems that act like humans) 4. Acting rationally* (Systems that act rationally) *Rational system "does the right thing" (people make mistakes)
Basic History of AI (1943-Today)
1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain (Artificial neurons, Neural Networks) 1950: Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1950's: Early AI programs, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist 1952-1969: "A machine can never do X" period *1956: Dartmouth workshop: "Artificial Intelligence" coined* 1958: John McCarthy created LISP (high-level AI language) MIT AI Memo 1 1958: Machine evolution (genetic algorithms) 1960's: Microworld domains (blocks world) 1962: Rosenblatt's perceptron learning (simple NN) 1969: Perceptrons by Minsky and Papert 1970's: Knowledge-based systems 1980's: Expert systems Today: Autonomous systems, robotics, probability, machine learning
When and where was term 'Artificial Intelligence' coined?
1956: Dartmouth workshop: "Artificial Intelligence" coined
Russell and Norvig definition of artificial intelligence
"AI strives to understand and build intelligent entities (also helps us to learn more about ourselves)"
Q: but what is intelligence?
- Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. - Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals, and some machines.
Systems that act like humans
Acting Humanly (1/4 categories of AI) - Turing Tests - Computers need several capabilities: Language processing, reasoning, learning, knowledge, more
The Turing Test was created by ? in ?
Alan Turing; 1950
"AI strives to understand and build intelligent entities (also helps us to learn more about ourselves)"
Russell and Norvig definition of AI
ultimate effort of AI
The ultimate effort is to make computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals in the world as well as humans.
Systems that think like humans
Thinking Humanly (1/4 categories of AI) - get inside workings of human mind - cognitive modeling
Thinking Humanly
Thinking Humanly => Systems that think like humans - "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision- making, problem solving, learning..." (Bellman, 1978) Get inside the actual workings of human minds - Introspection - psychological experiments Cognitive modeling - cognitive (neuro)science Requires scientific theories of brain: 1. Behavior of human subjects (top-down) 2. Neurological data (bottom-up) (1/4 categories of AI)
Systems that think rationally
Thinking Rationally (1/4 categories of AI) - Laws of thought - Hard to put "uncertain" knowledge in logic terms
Does AI aim at human-level intelligence?
YES • The ultimate effort is to make computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals in the world as well as humans. • However, many people involved in particular research areas are much less ambitious.
Abstractly, agent is a ________ from percept histories to actions
function: f : P* -> A
Rational behavior = doing the _____ thing
right The right thing maximizes some goal achievement, given available information
cognitive modeling is a part of the ________ _________ category of AI
thinking humanly
entity that perceives and acts
agent
Agent
An AGENT is an entity that perceives and acts
True/False: AI itself is a new discipline
True: (started in 1956)
True/False: Today, there is one definition of AI that all scientists and researchers agree on.
False: - AI definitions suffer from fact that intelligence itself is not very well defined or understood - However, it is easy to recognize intelligent behavior when we see it
True/False: Computational limitations in complicated environments make perfect rationality unachievable
True - Design best program for given machine resources
Luger and Stubblefield's definition of Artificial Intelligence
"Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior"
Acting Rationally
Acting Rationally => Systems that act rationally • Rational behavior = doing the right thing - The right thing maximizes some goal achievement, given available information - Correct inferences • Rational behavior does not necessarily involve thinking (not inference) - Reflexes (e.g., pulling hand away from hot stove)
True/False: The Turing Test is related to the category of AI called thinking rationally
False: The Turing Test is related to the category of AI called acting humanly The Turing Test (Alan Turing, 1950): - Operational definition of intelligence - Imitation game
Major AI Outlets...(5)
Societies - American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) • Check out www.aaai.org - ACM SIG in Artificial Intelligence (SIGART) Conferences - International Joint Conference on AI (IJCAI) - National Conference on AI (AAAI) Journals - Artificial Intelligence - Computational Intelligence - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) - Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research Research Groups - OSU: Computer Vision • JimDavis Audition• LeonWang Speech and Language• Eric Fosler-Lussier, Alan Ritter Machine Learning• Mikhail Belkin, Brian Kulis AI meetings/talks
Thinking Rationally
Thinking Rationally => Systems that think rationally - "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act" (Winston, 1992) - "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models" (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) Laws of thought • Aristotle: What are correct reasoning processes? • Syllogism: Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal - Initiated the field of Logic Hard to put "uncertain" knowledge in logic terms (1/4 categories of AI)
Turing Test vs 'Total' Turing Test
Turing Test (Alan Turing, 1950) • Operational definition of intelligence • Human-level performance in cognitive tasks and is sufficient to fool an interrogator • Imitation game (Computer interrogated by human via teletype/keyboard, Test if interrogator cannot tell if computer or human) • Not amenable to mathematical analysis "Total" Turing Test includes video signal of interrogator • Test subject's (machine's) perceptual ability • Includes portal for interrogator to pass objects to the subject (machine) • Need computer vision to perceive objects • Need robotics to manipulate objects
4 properties that even a slow and tiny brain has (biological, technological, ie tiny spider)
even tiny brains can - Perceive - Understand - Predict - Manipulate the world around them
computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world
intelligence - Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals, and some machines.
Q: Does AI aim to put the human mind into the computer?
• Some researchers say they have that objective, but maybe they are using the phrase metaphorically. • The human mind has a lot of peculiarities, and I'm not sure anyone is serious about imitating all of them. Strong AI view = build a mind in a computer Weak AI view = not a mind, but good intelligent process
AI is the science and engineering of making __________ machines
intelligent
American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)'s definition of Artificial Intelligence
"The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines"
Examples of sub-fields of AI
- Knowledge - Reasoning - Machine learning - Language - Robotics - Vision
Acting Humanly
Acting Humanly => Systems that act like humans - "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people" (Kurzweill, 1990) Turing Test (Alan Turing, 1950) • Operational definition of intelligence • Human-level performance in cognitive tasks and is sufficient to fool an interrogator • Imitation game (Computer interrogated by human via teletype/keyboard, Test if interrogator cannot tell if computer or human) • Not amenable to mathematical analysis "Total" Turing Test includes video signal of interrogator • Test subject's (machine's) perceptual ability • Includes portal for interrogator to pass objects to the subject (machine) • Need computer vision to perceive objects and robotics to manipulate objects Computers need several capabilities • Language processing, reasoning, learning, knowledge, more (1/4 categories of AI)
"The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines"
American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)'s definition of Artificial Intelligence
An _______ is an entity that perceives and acts
An AGENT is an entity that perceives and acts
Rational Agents
An AGENT is an entity that perceives and acts - Also a definition of a ROBOT Abstractly, agent is a function from percept histories to actions: f : P* -> A
True/False: The sole purpose of AI is using computers to understand and recreate biologically observably tasks
False: AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. - It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, *but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.*
"Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior"
Luger and Stubblefield 's definition of AI
strong vs weak AI view
Strong AI view = build a mind in a computer Weak AI view = not a mind, but good intelligent process
Laws of thought are related to the category of AI dealing with thinking _______
rationally
"Total" Turing Test
• Test subject's (machine's) perceptual ability • Includes portal for interrogator to pass objects to the subject (machine) • Need computer vision to perceive objects • Need robotics to manipulate objects important part of the category of AI called 'acting humanly'
