What is the function?
What is the function of a motor protein head?
attach to cytoskeleton site of ATP hydrolysis
Pectin helps in
attach two cells and prevent leaking between cells
what does cholinephosphatransferase do?
attaches to 1 carbon to form polar head
What is a function peroxisomes does?
beta oxidation
What is blood glucose?
blood sugar - tests amount of glu-6 phosphate being broken down
What stay stables during whip lash movement?
both the motor protein and cytoskeleton
where are phophates bonded to after ERK?
c=fos and c=myc
homophylic binding
caherin to caherin of the same type of cell
what does caherin use to seal
calcium mediated adhering junction
What does dynein do?
carrier molecule to nucleus
osmoticlysis
cell may take so much water that it ruptures lyse
Glycolipids function
cell-cell recognition
What is the glycoprotein function?
cell-noncell recognition and digestion
What capacity do signals have?
change properties of cells
What does myosin allow?
change shape and move through the body (mobility)
how is polar choline phosphate attached
cholinephosphatransferase
What are the types of structural proteins
collegein and elastin
Why can elastin expands and contrast
colvalent concrin
cell junctions
connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit
linkerprotien fibromectin
connects actin and intergin protein
Fibronectin does what?
connects cell (adhesive protein) to extra cellular membrane
gap junctions are
connexons
what type of signaling requires attaching to?
contact dependent
What does the thylakoid do?
converts light energy into chemical energy
what does the formation and movement of PKA represent
covalent modifications
What is mobility?
cytoplasmic streaming
What stay stable during walking movement?
cytoskeleton
What happens during whip lash movement?
cytoskeleton is bent Energy is rippled throw cytoskeleton
When it is cold out what do plants do?
decrease hydrocarbon tail and turn fat from saturated to unsaturated fat
cell specialization
differential gene expression, concentration of persistence of the proteins, alternative splicing, covalent modifications
paracrine signals
diffuse to and affect nearby cells
Individual with Tay Sachs disease may have difficulty
digestion of endocytotic cargo
What are the types of intercellular receptor?
direct and indirect
What is estrogen an example of?
direct transcription
What is glycosylation essential in?
directing proteins to lysosome.
what determines the type of signal used?
distance
Cytocanesis
division of cytoplasm
what do glycocalyx do for the cell
do for the cell protects the proteins in the phospholipids of the cell from mechanical and physical stress from outside ( ex. collegen)
gap junction are
dynamic
has more glycoproteins and glucolipids
e leaflet
What is it called when there is a change in charge in a pump
electroorganic pump
gas can be what type of signal?
endocrine
what signals have long life spans?
endocrine
what type of signal is a hormone
endocrine
Enzyme-linked receptors act both as a
enzyme (speeds up reactions) and a receptor
Epidermal growth factor receptor is what kind of receptor
enzyme linked receptor
What does the gamma and beta subunit in laminin connect
epithemial cell to the extra cellular matrix
in plant cells desmotubules connect what
er
cytoplasm
everything inside plasma membrane
What does the smooth ER do during detoxification?
expands while tolerance increases
When it is hot out what do plants do?
extend hydrocarbon tail and go from unsaturated fat to saturated fat
E leaflet
extracellular leaflet. Top phospholipid layer
what are endocrine signals made out of
fat based
What are the types of adhesive proteins
fibronectin and laminin
What is the golgi apparatus?
flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER
What is the cristae of the mitochondria?
folds of the inner membrane
how are extrinsic proteins held in place
forces of attraction
when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added heat what happened?
fused
What is the function of proteoglycan
gives bulk and strength in extra cellular matrix
What can not go through the lipid bilayer?
glucose, ion, DNA
extracellular matrix organization is determined by
glycolyation (carbs that are attached to proteins) carbohydrates guide cells to where they need to be
What is the first step in carbohydrate catabolism?
glycolysis - adding a phosphate to the terminal glucose
when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added normal temp what happened?
green antigen moved everywhere
What is the endomembrane system?
group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell
what can the primary cell wall do
grow with cell (flexible)
What cant the secondary cell wall do?
grow with cell (very ridged)
What is the definition of cell communication
how to detect and respond to stimuli
What type of bond does ligand form?
hydrogen bond
What is there a high concentration of in the inter membrane space?
hydrogen ions
How are transmembrane proteins held in the correct position in the membrane?
hydrophobic exclusion - integral
protists are ___ to their environment
hypertonic
What is dynamic instability?
the ability to polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules
What happens during zig zag movement?
the cytoskeleton isolates since the motor protein tries to detach
What is differential gene regulation?
the difference of concentration of cells due to genes
intergin connects to
the extracellular matrix (transmembrane protein) with the (fibromectin) actin cytoskeleton inside the cell
What happens during the walking movement?
the motor protein moves forward then body moves backwards
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy and against gradient
What is the apoplast?
the network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water within a plant
What is beta oxidation?
the process of Converting fatty acids to carbohydrate
What is signal transduction?
the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior by change of intercellular proteins
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient free living prokaryotes invaded primitive eukaryotic cells
What happens to coat proteins?
they break down
how do you know if rely proteins have recvied a signal
they go through conformational changes
what type of cells do paracrine signals communicate between
those that are close
desmosomes support
tight junctions
What is brown aticose tissue?
tissue that is sensitive to heat (found in babies and bears)
what is elastin's role?
to stretch and then recoil like a spring, restoring the original shape of the tissue
what are the types of gradients?
transmembrane and ion-electro chemical
What are the types of intrinsic proteins?
transmembrane and lipid-anchoredHow do you get an intrinsic protein alone?
Enzyme-linked receptors are
transmembrane proteins
slectively permeable
transport proteins
Does a phospholipid want saturated or unsaturated fat?
unsaturated
How does a tight junction work?
wraps around the plasma membrane around two cell
pectin is formed then
you have primary cell wall
Ligand-gated ion channels
Ion channels that respond to chemical signals rather than to the changes in membrane potential generated by ionic gradients. The term covers a large group of neurotransmitter receptors that combine receptor and ion channel functions into a single molecule.
What are the types of regulated channels?
Ligand-gated channel intracellular regulatory protien gated Phosphorolayted channel Voltage-gated channel Mechanco-sensitive
What does a phosphatase do?
removes charged component
what is the importance of cell communication?
response to stimuli and coordination
in plant cells desmotubules share what
ribosomes
cell-cell adhesion
same tissue bonding
G-protein coupled receptors are an example of
second messenger cells
What happens after extension sequences are added to procollagen?
sent out of the membrane
How does an intercellular direct signal work?
signal is formed inside a cell and is passed between gap junctions
what type of proteins are rely proteins?
signal transduction
ethylne
signals that start ripeness by activating pectinases -> breaks down pectins
What is phagocytosis?
solid cargo
hyperosmotic
solution with a greater concentration of solute
What is needed from the nucleus for a mitochondria to divide?
specific proteins
What is amylo and leucoplast?
storage of carbs
what is the primary lysosome used for
storage vesicle
What is the function of the extracellular matrix
strength support organization communication
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
support cell shape and fix organelles in place
what are contact dependent signals?
surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to a membrane protein of another cell
what is a common mutation of receptor-mediated endocytosis and what does it result in?
tail doesn't imbed in gap, leads to high cholesterol and hypercholestremia
What is the purpose of vacuole?
take in as much water as possible them squeeze it out
how are fatty acyl glyceril p. inserted?
acyltransferase
How do you get an intrinsic protein alone?
add detergent to destroy membrane
What is glycosylation?
adding carbohydrate to a protein
what is alpha gtp target protein
adenylyl clase
What strength does collegen offer
tensor strength (move hand)
what glucose is the first to be broken off?
terminal
What are the type of anchoring junctions?
adherens junctions, desomosomes, focal adhesion, hemidesomosomes
What is caherin
adhesion molecule
What determined by the function of a cell
amount of carbohydrate and proteins along the membrane
What are the type of cell junctions?
anchoring, tight, and gap
desmotubules compared to gap junctions
are way bigger - allows disease to pass fast
Cell junctions help
attach tissues, communicate, and prevent leakage
What is a co enzyme and what is its function in relation to the activities of other enzymes?
1.) stabilizes hydrocarbon fragments 2.) binds with nonreactive to make reactive
At what temperature is cholesterol not needed?
32
Antigen
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
What is a thylakoid?
A saclike membrane found in chloroplasts
what is tylosinekinase?
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions
what happens between protein kinases
ATP hydrolysis
What is the difference between ATP and NADH
ATP is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. NADH: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons
primary active transport
Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.
What does a basal body do?
Basal bodies determine the site at which flagella will assemble, establish the orientation of the two flagella, and maintain flagellar attachment to the cell body
What does laminin do?
Binds to integrins so that cells can bind to the basal lamina.
Clathrin
Coated pits provide main route for endocytosis and transcytosis
What happens after phosphate attaches to c=fos and c=myc?
DNA goes through mitosis
What is passive diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without protein
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What are the types of cell surface receptors?
Enzyme-linked receptors G-protein coupled receptors Ligand-gated ion channels
secondary active transport
Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport energy is supplied by exciting gradient
What is the symplast pathway?
From cytoplasm to cytoplasm via plasmodesmata down water potential gradient.
What is the second step in carbohydrate catabolism?
G-6 phosphate breaks off
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP.
What does lignin help plants do?
Grow upright, protection
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels - still high to low
What is an example of secondary active transport
Na and glucose. NA goes down gradient to provide energy for glucose to go up gradient
P leaflet
Protoplasmic leaflet. The layer/leaflet facing the inside of the cell
What are microtubules?
Provide structure for cell and scaffolding for movement. Make up flagella and cilia (9+2) Made of polymerized tubulin.
what is the function of clathrin
Provides framework for the recycle vesicle to form
protein kinases examples
RAF MEK ERK
What do transport proteins do?
Regulate the movement of hydrophilic molecules across the membrane. maintain metabolize in cell
What is version 2 of a protein?
removed some of the exons
What is gylcosylation?
The addition of a short carbohydrate chain to a protein during posttranslational modification. adding carbs to proteins and distributing them outside the cell
What is resting potential?
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
contractile vacuole function
To remove excess water from the cell so that it does not burst.
What is a voltage gated channel?
Type of plasma membrane ion channel that opens and closes in response to change in charge across the membrane
What channels are not due to signal
Voltage-gated channel Mechanco-sensitive
What tells a vesicle where to go?
Vsnars
How does the clathrin coat know when to close?
When receptor is full
What is a mechano-sensative channel?
a channel that open/closes based on surface tension
What is an autocrine signal?
a chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it
liken
a hormone receptor that uses non covalent bonds
What is the secretory system?
a network of organelles that connects three large membranes, the plasma membrane, the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum
What is happening in a phosorylated channel?
a phopsphate is coming and covalently bonding to open a channel
How does a intracellular regulatory protien-gated channel work
a protien comes and bind to open
crenated cell
a shriveled up animal cell
What happens in a ligand-gated channel
a signal causes channel to open
what is an exosome?
a vesicle that travels between cells
what protein maintains isotonic solution in blood?
ablumen
cytoskeleton proteins examples
actin and microtubules
What is the function of fibronectin
acts as a bridging molecule between cells and the ECM adhesive proteins connected to fibronectin connected to collegen
what is the difference between paracrine and synaptic
in synaptic signals are produces in synaptic gap
what does amino suppressant do?
inactivate glycocalyx
what does liken form a bond between
intracellular proteins and fibronetin
what must be true about the target cell in G Protein-Coupled Receptors
it has to be inside the cell
what is a glyoxisome
it is similar to peroxisome but it converts fats into sugars - provides tons of energy
Enzyme-linked receptors do the function of what protein
kinase - transfer phosphates
What are the types of motor proteins?
kinesin and dynein
what are the types of channels
leak and gated
When tight juntions are loosened what happens
leakage between cells
What does cholesterol do when its hot?
limits phospholipids movement
intergin is a
linker protein and receptor
What is pinocytosis?
liquid cargo
What characterizes and paracrine signal?
localized, short half life, and water soluble
Hyoosmotic
lower solute concentration
What is alternative splicing?
mRNA processing events that lead to different combinations of exons being spliced together
purpose of gradient
maintain homeostasis
what does lignin prevent plants from being
malleable (not flexible)
What is the function of centrosome and centriole?
micro tubular organizing center
actin are
microfilaments
what is protein kinases
mitogen activated protein kinase = will enduse mitosis
protein kinases
mitogen activated protien kinase
What stay stables during zig zag movement?
motor protein
extracellular matrix support allows for
movement
What is the function of a semi permeable membrane
movement and fermentable barriers
What is protein secretion?
movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to external environment (usually golgi)
What charge does dynein go towards
negative
when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added ice what happened?
no movement
What is version 1 of a protein?
only the exons
What does integrin help in
organization of the cell
Cytosol
outside organelles inside cell central coordinating region of cell
what is a specific type of signaling is synaptic?
paracrine
what are the types of diffusion
passive and facilitated
What are the types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
what are the two functions that happen on C pka
phosphirylase kinase and glycogen synthase
What does the chloroplast do?
photosynthesis
What do carriers proteins have to do?
physically bind
what is attached to form polar head
polar choline phosphate
What affects the rate of transportation?
polarity and concentration of cell
example of leaky channel
potassium channel (all cells at resting state are constantly losing K+ to external)
How do you get a extrinsic protein alone?
pour solution of opposite charge
how do gap junctions help
prevent deceases pass from cell to cell
Occluding junctions job
prevent leakage between cells
What does extension sequences do?
prevents extension of procollagen
What does cholesterol do when its cold?
prevents phospholipids from stacking
What form does a receptor have?
protein
what are rely proteins?
ras, sos, grb
receptor-mediated endocytosis vs endocytosis
receptor-mediated is highly regulated
What type of endocytosis is clathrin in?
recptor-mediated endocytosis
What does the RAS do?
releases GDP and gains GTP
what does secondary lysosome
releases enzymes to break down whatever it comes in contact to
