What is the function?

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What is the function of a motor protein head?

attach to cytoskeleton site of ATP hydrolysis

Pectin helps in

attach two cells and prevent leaking between cells

what does cholinephosphatransferase do?

attaches to 1 carbon to form polar head

What is a function peroxisomes does?

beta oxidation

What is blood glucose?

blood sugar - tests amount of glu-6 phosphate being broken down

What stay stables during whip lash movement?

both the motor protein and cytoskeleton

where are phophates bonded to after ERK?

c=fos and c=myc

homophylic binding

caherin to caherin of the same type of cell

what does caherin use to seal

calcium mediated adhering junction

What does dynein do?

carrier molecule to nucleus

osmoticlysis

cell may take so much water that it ruptures lyse

Glycolipids function

cell-cell recognition

What is the glycoprotein function?

cell-noncell recognition and digestion

What capacity do signals have?

change properties of cells

What does myosin allow?

change shape and move through the body (mobility)

how is polar choline phosphate attached

cholinephosphatransferase

What are the types of structural proteins

collegein and elastin

Why can elastin expands and contrast

colvalent concrin

cell junctions

connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit

linkerprotien fibromectin

connects actin and intergin protein

Fibronectin does what?

connects cell (adhesive protein) to extra cellular membrane

gap junctions are

connexons

what type of signaling requires attaching to?

contact dependent

What does the thylakoid do?

converts light energy into chemical energy

what does the formation and movement of PKA represent

covalent modifications

What is mobility?

cytoplasmic streaming

What stay stable during walking movement?

cytoskeleton

What happens during whip lash movement?

cytoskeleton is bent Energy is rippled throw cytoskeleton

When it is cold out what do plants do?

decrease hydrocarbon tail and turn fat from saturated to unsaturated fat

cell specialization

differential gene expression, concentration of persistence of the proteins, alternative splicing, covalent modifications

paracrine signals

diffuse to and affect nearby cells

Individual with Tay Sachs disease may have difficulty

digestion of endocytotic cargo

What are the types of intercellular receptor?

direct and indirect

What is estrogen an example of?

direct transcription

What is glycosylation essential in?

directing proteins to lysosome.

what determines the type of signal used?

distance

Cytocanesis

division of cytoplasm

what do glycocalyx do for the cell

do for the cell protects the proteins in the phospholipids of the cell from mechanical and physical stress from outside ( ex. collegen)

gap junction are

dynamic

has more glycoproteins and glucolipids

e leaflet

What is it called when there is a change in charge in a pump

electroorganic pump

gas can be what type of signal?

endocrine

what signals have long life spans?

endocrine

what type of signal is a hormone

endocrine

Enzyme-linked receptors act both as a

enzyme (speeds up reactions) and a receptor

Epidermal growth factor receptor is what kind of receptor

enzyme linked receptor

What does the gamma and beta subunit in laminin connect

epithemial cell to the extra cellular matrix

in plant cells desmotubules connect what

er

cytoplasm

everything inside plasma membrane

What does the smooth ER do during detoxification?

expands while tolerance increases

When it is hot out what do plants do?

extend hydrocarbon tail and go from unsaturated fat to saturated fat

E leaflet

extracellular leaflet. Top phospholipid layer

what are endocrine signals made out of

fat based

What are the types of adhesive proteins

fibronectin and laminin

What is the golgi apparatus?

flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER

What is the cristae of the mitochondria?

folds of the inner membrane

how are extrinsic proteins held in place

forces of attraction

when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added heat what happened?

fused

What is the function of proteoglycan

gives bulk and strength in extra cellular matrix

What can not go through the lipid bilayer?

glucose, ion, DNA

extracellular matrix organization is determined by

glycolyation (carbs that are attached to proteins) carbohydrates guide cells to where they need to be

What is the first step in carbohydrate catabolism?

glycolysis - adding a phosphate to the terminal glucose

when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added normal temp what happened?

green antigen moved everywhere

What is the endomembrane system?

group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell

what can the primary cell wall do

grow with cell (flexible)

What cant the secondary cell wall do?

grow with cell (very ridged)

What is the definition of cell communication

how to detect and respond to stimuli

What type of bond does ligand form?

hydrogen bond

What is there a high concentration of in the inter membrane space?

hydrogen ions

How are transmembrane proteins held in the correct position in the membrane?

hydrophobic exclusion - integral

protists are ___ to their environment

hypertonic

What is dynamic instability?

the ability to polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules

What happens during zig zag movement?

the cytoskeleton isolates since the motor protein tries to detach

What is differential gene regulation?

the difference of concentration of cells due to genes

intergin connects to

the extracellular matrix (transmembrane protein) with the (fibromectin) actin cytoskeleton inside the cell

What happens during the walking movement?

the motor protein moves forward then body moves backwards

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy and against gradient

What is the apoplast?

the network of cell walls and intercellular spaces within a plant body that permits extensive extracellular movement of water within a plant

What is beta oxidation?

the process of Converting fatty acids to carbohydrate

What is signal transduction?

the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior by change of intercellular proteins

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient free living prokaryotes invaded primitive eukaryotic cells

What happens to coat proteins?

they break down

how do you know if rely proteins have recvied a signal

they go through conformational changes

what type of cells do paracrine signals communicate between

those that are close

desmosomes support

tight junctions

What is brown aticose tissue?

tissue that is sensitive to heat (found in babies and bears)

what is elastin's role?

to stretch and then recoil like a spring, restoring the original shape of the tissue

what are the types of gradients?

transmembrane and ion-electro chemical

What are the types of intrinsic proteins?

transmembrane and lipid-anchoredHow do you get an intrinsic protein alone?

Enzyme-linked receptors are

transmembrane proteins

slectively permeable

transport proteins

Does a phospholipid want saturated or unsaturated fat?

unsaturated

How does a tight junction work?

wraps around the plasma membrane around two cell

pectin is formed then

you have primary cell wall

Ligand-gated ion channels

Ion channels that respond to chemical signals rather than to the changes in membrane potential generated by ionic gradients. The term covers a large group of neurotransmitter receptors that combine receptor and ion channel functions into a single molecule.

What are the types of regulated channels?

Ligand-gated channel intracellular regulatory protien gated Phosphorolayted channel Voltage-gated channel Mechanco-sensitive

What does a phosphatase do?

removes charged component

what is the importance of cell communication?

response to stimuli and coordination

in plant cells desmotubules share what

ribosomes

cell-cell adhesion

same tissue bonding

G-protein coupled receptors are an example of

second messenger cells

What happens after extension sequences are added to procollagen?

sent out of the membrane

How does an intercellular direct signal work?

signal is formed inside a cell and is passed between gap junctions

what type of proteins are rely proteins?

signal transduction

ethylne

signals that start ripeness by activating pectinases -> breaks down pectins

What is phagocytosis?

solid cargo

hyperosmotic

solution with a greater concentration of solute

What is needed from the nucleus for a mitochondria to divide?

specific proteins

What is amylo and leucoplast?

storage of carbs

what is the primary lysosome used for

storage vesicle

What is the function of the extracellular matrix

strength support organization communication

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

support cell shape and fix organelles in place

what are contact dependent signals?

surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to a membrane protein of another cell

what is a common mutation of receptor-mediated endocytosis and what does it result in?

tail doesn't imbed in gap, leads to high cholesterol and hypercholestremia

What is the purpose of vacuole?

take in as much water as possible them squeeze it out

how are fatty acyl glyceril p. inserted?

acyltransferase

How do you get an intrinsic protein alone?

add detergent to destroy membrane

What is glycosylation?

adding carbohydrate to a protein

what is alpha gtp target protein

adenylyl clase

What strength does collegen offer

tensor strength (move hand)

what glucose is the first to be broken off?

terminal

What are the type of anchoring junctions?

adherens junctions, desomosomes, focal adhesion, hemidesomosomes

What is caherin

adhesion molecule

What determined by the function of a cell

amount of carbohydrate and proteins along the membrane

What are the type of cell junctions?

anchoring, tight, and gap

desmotubules compared to gap junctions

are way bigger - allows disease to pass fast

Cell junctions help

attach tissues, communicate, and prevent leakage

What is a co enzyme and what is its function in relation to the activities of other enzymes?

1.) stabilizes hydrocarbon fragments 2.) binds with nonreactive to make reactive

At what temperature is cholesterol not needed?

32

Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

What is a thylakoid?

A saclike membrane found in chloroplasts

what is tylosinekinase?

A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions

what happens between protein kinases

ATP hydrolysis

What is the difference between ATP and NADH

ATP is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. NADH: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons

primary active transport

Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP.

What does a basal body do?

Basal bodies determine the site at which flagella will assemble, establish the orientation of the two flagella, and maintain flagellar attachment to the cell body

What does laminin do?

Binds to integrins so that cells can bind to the basal lamina.

Clathrin

Coated pits provide main route for endocytosis and transcytosis

What happens after phosphate attaches to c=fos and c=myc?

DNA goes through mitosis

What is passive diffusion?

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without protein

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

What are the types of cell surface receptors?

Enzyme-linked receptors G-protein coupled receptors Ligand-gated ion channels

secondary active transport

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport energy is supplied by exciting gradient

What is the symplast pathway?

From cytoplasm to cytoplasm via plasmodesmata down water potential gradient.

What is the second step in carbohydrate catabolism?

G-6 phosphate breaks off

What is glycolysis?

Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glycolysis yields two molecules of ATP.

What does lignin help plants do?

Grow upright, protection

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels - still high to low

What is an example of secondary active transport

Na and glucose. NA goes down gradient to provide energy for glucose to go up gradient

P leaflet

Protoplasmic leaflet. The layer/leaflet facing the inside of the cell

What are microtubules?

Provide structure for cell and scaffolding for movement. Make up flagella and cilia (9+2) Made of polymerized tubulin.

what is the function of clathrin

Provides framework for the recycle vesicle to form

protein kinases examples

RAF MEK ERK

What do transport proteins do?

Regulate the movement of hydrophilic molecules across the membrane. maintain metabolize in cell

What is version 2 of a protein?

removed some of the exons

What is gylcosylation?

The addition of a short carbohydrate chain to a protein during posttranslational modification. adding carbs to proteins and distributing them outside the cell

What is resting potential?

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane

contractile vacuole function

To remove excess water from the cell so that it does not burst.

What is a voltage gated channel?

Type of plasma membrane ion channel that opens and closes in response to change in charge across the membrane

What channels are not due to signal

Voltage-gated channel Mechanco-sensitive

What tells a vesicle where to go?

Vsnars

How does the clathrin coat know when to close?

When receptor is full

What is a mechano-sensative channel?

a channel that open/closes based on surface tension

What is an autocrine signal?

a chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it

liken

a hormone receptor that uses non covalent bonds

What is the secretory system?

a network of organelles that connects three large membranes, the plasma membrane, the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum

What is happening in a phosorylated channel?

a phopsphate is coming and covalently bonding to open a channel

How does a intracellular regulatory protien-gated channel work

a protien comes and bind to open

crenated cell

a shriveled up animal cell

What happens in a ligand-gated channel

a signal causes channel to open

what is an exosome?

a vesicle that travels between cells

what protein maintains isotonic solution in blood?

ablumen

cytoskeleton proteins examples

actin and microtubules

What is the function of fibronectin

acts as a bridging molecule between cells and the ECM adhesive proteins connected to fibronectin connected to collegen

what is the difference between paracrine and synaptic

in synaptic signals are produces in synaptic gap

what does amino suppressant do?

inactivate glycocalyx

what does liken form a bond between

intracellular proteins and fibronetin

what must be true about the target cell in G Protein-Coupled Receptors

it has to be inside the cell

what is a glyoxisome

it is similar to peroxisome but it converts fats into sugars - provides tons of energy

Enzyme-linked receptors do the function of what protein

kinase - transfer phosphates

What are the types of motor proteins?

kinesin and dynein

what are the types of channels

leak and gated

When tight juntions are loosened what happens

leakage between cells

What does cholesterol do when its hot?

limits phospholipids movement

intergin is a

linker protein and receptor

What is pinocytosis?

liquid cargo

What characterizes and paracrine signal?

localized, short half life, and water soluble

Hyoosmotic

lower solute concentration

What is alternative splicing?

mRNA processing events that lead to different combinations of exons being spliced together

purpose of gradient

maintain homeostasis

what does lignin prevent plants from being

malleable (not flexible)

What is the function of centrosome and centriole?

micro tubular organizing center

actin are

microfilaments

what is protein kinases

mitogen activated protein kinase = will enduse mitosis

protein kinases

mitogen activated protien kinase

What stay stables during zig zag movement?

motor protein

extracellular matrix support allows for

movement

What is the function of a semi permeable membrane

movement and fermentable barriers

What is protein secretion?

movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to external environment (usually golgi)

What charge does dynein go towards

negative

when they put mice dna and human dna in a dish and added ice what happened?

no movement

What is version 1 of a protein?

only the exons

What does integrin help in

organization of the cell

Cytosol

outside organelles inside cell central coordinating region of cell

what is a specific type of signaling is synaptic?

paracrine

what are the types of diffusion

passive and facilitated

What are the types of endocytosis?

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

what are the two functions that happen on C pka

phosphirylase kinase and glycogen synthase

What does the chloroplast do?

photosynthesis

What do carriers proteins have to do?

physically bind

what is attached to form polar head

polar choline phosphate

What affects the rate of transportation?

polarity and concentration of cell

example of leaky channel

potassium channel (all cells at resting state are constantly losing K+ to external)

How do you get a extrinsic protein alone?

pour solution of opposite charge

how do gap junctions help

prevent deceases pass from cell to cell

Occluding junctions job

prevent leakage between cells

What does extension sequences do?

prevents extension of procollagen

What does cholesterol do when its cold?

prevents phospholipids from stacking

What form does a receptor have?

protein

what are rely proteins?

ras, sos, grb

receptor-mediated endocytosis vs endocytosis

receptor-mediated is highly regulated

What type of endocytosis is clathrin in?

recptor-mediated endocytosis

What does the RAS do?

releases GDP and gains GTP

what does secondary lysosome

releases enzymes to break down whatever it comes in contact to


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