What's the coverage? (Antibiotics)

One of the most broad spectrum classes. Gram-positive, gram-negative, rickettsia, chlamydia (intracellular), mycoplasma (cell wall-deficient bacteria)

What types of bacteria are covered by tetracyclines?

Broad spectrum

What types of bacteria are covered by third generation cephalosporins?

Not effective against enteric gram-negative rods.

What types of bacteria are macrolides NOT effective against?

Poor activity against streptococci and anaerobes.

What types of bacteria are norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin less effective against?

Bacterial conjunctivitis, staphylococcal blepharitis, corneal abrasion

Chloramphenicol is used for which eye-related diseases?

Comparable to methicillin

Roxithromycin is similar in activity to which other antibiotic?

Not active against aerobic or facultative bacteria, EVEN in anaerobic growth conditions.

What types of bacteria are NOT covered by Metronidazole?

Does not cover enterococci, listeria monocytogenes, gram-negative anaerobes, most gram-negative aerobes.

What types of bacteria are NOT covered by first generation cephalosporins?

No useful activity against anaerobes, intracellular bacteria, streptococci.

What types of bacteria are aminoglycosides NOT effective against?

Gram-positive bacteria

What types of bacteria are covered by B-lactamase resistant penicillins?

Broad spectrum. Important in treatment of serious aerobic gram-negative infections.

What types of bacteria are covered by aminoglycosides?

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

What types of bacteria are covered by extended spectrum penicillins?

Activity against few gram-negative bacteria, some anaerobes, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, some parasites (eg toxoplasma gondii). Less active than erythromycin against gram-positive pathogens.

For what bacteria is azithromycin used for? What bacteria is it less effective against?

Improved activity against gram-positive bacteria and legionella. Used in treatment of Helicobacter pylori and mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).

For what bacteria is clarithromycin used for?

Used as an alternative to penicillins for treatment of sensitive staphylococcus and streptococcus in cases of penicillin allergy.

For what bacteria is erythromycin used for?

Restricted to a few clinical situations eg. Listeria monocytogenes, meningitis, pneumocystis jiroveci, osteomyelitis (MSSA and MRSA), nocardia infections, melioidosis

For which situations are trimethoprim + sulphonamide used together?

Urinary Tract Infections

For which type of disease does trimethoprim have a major use for?

Broad spectrum. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, rickettsia, chlamydia (intracellular bacteria), anaerobes. Still recommended for treatment of meningitis (neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae), but only in cases of immediate penicillin or cephalosporin hypersensitivity.

What types of bacteria are covered by chloramphenicol?

Moderate spectrum: streptococcus/staphylococcus, B-lactamase producing staphylococcus, E. Coli, klebsiella supp.

What types of bacteria are covered by first generation cephalosporins?

Broad spectrum + pseudomonas spp.

What types of bacteria are covered by fourth generation cephalosporins?

Gram-positive bacteria. Important role in treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.

What types of bacteria are covered by glycopeptides?

Wide spectrum of activity for gram-positive and gram-negative cocci, legionella, corynebacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, bordetella pertussis, gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes.

What types of bacteria are covered by macrolides?

Extended spectrum. Activity against gram-positive bacteria (streptococci), wide activity against gram-negative bacteria, pseudomonas spp (though inferior to ciprofloxacin) and anaerobes.

What types of bacteria are covered by moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin?

Gram-negative rods (including pseudomonas aeruginosa), haemophilus influenzae, gram-negative cocci, some gram-positive cocci, legionella spp., various spp. of mycobacteria

What types of bacteria are covered by norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin?

Gram-positive bacteria, limited number of gram-negative (Neisseria spp., H. pylori)

What types of bacteria are covered by penicillin G/V?

Extended spectrum: same as first generation + haemophilus (cefaclor, cefuroxime) OR + anaerobic bacteria (cefoxitin)

What types of bacteria are covered by second generation cephalosporins?

Broad spectrum. Gram-positive and gram-negatives

What types of bacteria are covered by sulphonamides?

Anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides fragilis, clostridium spp.), anaerobic protozoa (trichomonas vaginalis, giardia lambia, entamoeba histolytica), helicobacter pylori (gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium)

What types of microbes are covered by Nitroimadazoles?

Gram-negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan layer protected by an outer membrane. Penicillins are too big to go through porins.

Why are penicillins generally not effective against gram-negative bacteria?