White Collar Crime
The methodology that provides a concrete, rich understanding of the dynamics and realities of a particular white collar crime case is the __________.
Case study
A principal value of the experimental method is its ___________.
Control
The following term is not generally used to refer to white collar crime:
Conventional crime
Which of the following is not linked with white collar crime?
Correct Public Order Crime
The earliest proto-corporations or "trusts" were ___________.
Correct churches, towns and universities
The book White Collar Crime by Sutherland focused on the crimes of ___________.
Correct corporations
Garfinkel called the circumstances under which people are stripped of status and respectability:
Correct degradation ceremonies
Sutherland's general theory of crime is known as ________.
Correct differential association theory
Friedrich's multistage approach to defining white collar crime consists of the following stages:
Correct polemical, typological, and operational
Holding a legitimate position or occupation is most closely associated with a _________ meaning of respectability.
Correct status-related
The primary victims as well as the context in which a crime occurs are criteria in which stage of Friedrichs' multistage approach to defining white collar crime?
Correct typological
Trusted Criminals
Criminals, including white collar criminals, whose crimes involve a breach of the trust bestowed on them because of their seeming respectability.
Contemporary "paper entrepreneurs" are associated with all but which of the following?
Decline of investment return for corporate stockholders
Adam Smith, the principal philosophical advocate of capitalism, believed that merchants and manufacturers were best qualified to rule mankind.
False
Because of the difficulties associated with researching the Revco Medicaid fraud case, Diane Vaughan decided not to investigate the explosion of the Challenger.
False
Because they operate internationally, transnational corporations have had to comply with higher standards than companies who operate only on American soil.
False
In more recent years the unit of analysis in the study of white collar crime has increasingly shifted from the organization to the individual.
False
It is generally easier to obtain research funding for studies of elite deviance than for studies of juvenile delinquency.
False
It is impossible to compel powerful people and institutions to cooperate with a white collar crime research project.
False
It is rare for studies of white collar crime to use a mixture of different methods.
False
Nobody before E. H. Sutherland had recognized that the rich and the affluent commit serious crimes in connection with their business activity.
False
Objectivity is rarely an issue in white collar crime research because researchers are not white collar criminals.
False
Recognition of the risk of being victimized by white collar crime appears to be diminishing
False
Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Carnegie became rich because their products and ways of doing business were superior to their competitors.'
False
Sutherland found that corporations were typically one-time offenders, rather than repeat offenders
False
The concept of the "socialization of risk" refers to the notion of allowing the public sector to profit while the private sector absorbs risks.
False
The humanistic approach to studying white collar crime assumes that the subject can be studied "scientifically."
False
The publication of Sutherland's White Collar Crime in 1949 led very quickly to a large upsurge of research on such crime
False
White collar crime is a sociological phenomenon, and accordingly other disciplines have little to contribute to our understanding of it.
False
Informers (Informants)
Important agents in exposing white collar crime, in which they are involved to varying degrees; they provide criminal justice personnel with critical information used to convict white collar criminals, often in exchange for payment or special treatment.
Which of the following does not pertain to the concept of social harm, broadly defined?
More recently, criminal law has begun to account for social harm.
Large corporations are best positioned to maximize profits with harmful corporate practices in ______.
Third World countries
Which of the following is not an example of secondary data?
Transcript records of a researcher's interviews with convicted white collar offenders.
According to Sutherland, businessmen were often contemptuous of the laws governing their business activities, and did not suffer a loss of status if convicted of business-related offenses.
True
Conventional offenders have tended to be more accessible to researchers than white collar offenders.
True
Corporate crime is both a major form of white collar crime and a specific form of organizational crime.
True
Corporate crime was the primary focus of Sutherland's famous 1949 book, White Collar Crime.
True
Corporate takeovers are not illegal, but are regarded as harmful by some commentators.
True
Corporate violence differs from conventional violence in that corporate violence is not specifically intended.
True
Corporate violence typically results from the decisions or actions of a large number of people acting collectively, rather than from the actions of isolated individuals.
True
Corporations have been accused of putting more emphasis on profit than on the safety of workers, customers, and citizens, in their analysis of risk.
True
Journalistic reports of white collar crime can generate hypotheses for further, more systematic study.
True
Mark Dowie's "Pinto Madness," originally published in Mother Jones in 1977, was a journalistic report that exposed a significant example of corporate misconduct.
True
Nineteenth-century American corporations were largely invulnerable to legal controls.
True
Police departments report conventional crimes to the FBI, but do not systematically tabulate or report white collar crimes.
True
Sutherland's definition of white collar crime emphasized the respectability and relatively high status of those who commit it.
True
The field of criminology historically has focused on conventional forms of harm, such as homicide, rape, assult, burglary, robbery, theft and the like.
True
The probability or risk of being prosecuted for any given white collar crime has traditionally been regarded as low.
True
The terms "white collar crime" and "elite deviance" have been used to refer to the same thing.
True
The violation of trust is not necessarily exclusive to white collar crimes.
True
Criminaloid
a businessman who commits exploitative, sometimes illegal, acts in order to maximize profit, while hiding behind a façade of respectability and piety.
Degradation Ceremony
a ceremony such as a criminal trial, conviction, or formal expulsion that strips someone of status and respectability.
Tracey & Fox's study of fraudulent claims to insurance companies submitted by autobody repair shops is an example of:
a field experiment
The South Sea Bubble Act (1720) was inspired by ____________.
a fraudulent trading company
Normal Accident
a term coined by Charles Perrow, referring to the accidents that complex modern technological systems inevitably produce.
White Collar Crime
a term formally introduced by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939 in reference to "crime in the upper or white-collar class" involving "violation of delegated or implied trust"; the term has since been applied broadly, and no general consensus has been reached as to definition.
Large corporations are least likely to be associated with:
aiding and abetting revolutionary movements
To obtain the cooperation of an organization such as a corporation in a research project on corporate crime, the research proposal must generally:
all of the above
Elite Deviance
an academic term for crimes committed by corporate and political leaders and other members of the elite.
In 2008, American taxpayers were effectively bailing out financial corporations that had lost _________ of dollars on subprime mortgages.
billions
Surveys would be least helpful in the study of:
characteristics of corporations convicted of white collar offenses
A combination of centrally owned firms operating in different fields is known as a(n) ______.
conglomerate
Businessmen who committed exploitative acts were labeled ____________ by E. A. Ross in Sin and Society.
criminaloids
Respectable Criminals
criminals, including white collar criminals, whose crimes are concealed or facilitated by their apparent respectability.
Muckrakers
early 20th-century journalists, such as Lincoln Steffens, who established the revelation of high-level wrongdoing as a legitimate journalistic enterprise.
The methodology that has been least readily applied to the study of white collar crime is the ________.
experiment
Since the 1970s, the unit of analysis in white collar crime studies has increasingly shifted from the _________.
individual to the organization
Whistleblowers
insiders who are not themselves involved in illegal activity, but who inform outside agencies or raise alarms internally about white collar crime.
Which of the following did not become more common in the 20th century?
monopolies
The domination of a market by several large corporations is known as a(n) ____________.
oligopoly
The results of Milgram's experiment on authority suggested that _______.
ordinary people will do something harmful or unethical if ordered to do so by legitimate authority
The 19th century "robber barons" built up great fortunes by engaging in all but which of the following practices?
progressive labor contracts
The factor least likely to be involved in interviewing powerful people is
regional identity
Marx and Engels accused capitalist corporations of all but which of the following?
sponsoring mindless entertainment directed at workers
The rise of the Standard Oil Company partly inspired ___________.
the Sherman Antitrust Act
Investigative Reporting
the brand of politically-tinged muckraking that was revived in the 1970s.
Which of the following is not a limitation of "journalistic" research on white collar crime?
the inability of journalists to collect and analyze data
The positivistic approach to the study of white collar crime is associated with ________.
the use of the scientific method
Which of the following is not an example of white collar crime, broadly defined?
A lawyer who commits a hold-up at a bank.
• Risk Society
A society in which the calculation of risk, including that of being caught for committing a crime, has become commonplace.
What percentage of the U.S. population owns about half of the outstanding stock and trust equity in the United States and two-thirds of its financial securities?
1%
A general consensus has been reached on the definition of white collar crime.
False
A positive view of corporations is widespread.
False
The individual credited with having first coined the term "white collar crime" is
E. H. Sutherland
A clear recognition that capitalist corporations can be harmful emerged only in the 20th century.
False
Problems of ______ may be intensified in the study of white collar crime if researchers are drawn to the field by moral outrage.
Objectivity
Which of the following is not an attribute of white collar crimes?
Offenders engage in direct forms of violence.