Why the U.S Won The Philippine American War
Before the establishment of formal schools in Manila and in localities, who first served as teachers to Filipino?
American soldiers
What was the time span of the American war according to the Americans, and what was the REAL end?
Americans said 1898 - 1902, but 1913 was the official end considering subjugation.
What weakened the claims of acclimatization?
Bacteriology and Germ Theory
_______ is a principal feature of American occupation of the islands.
Benevolence
What plan was put forward after the Treaty of Paris?
Benevolent Assimilation Plan
According to Warwick Anderson, the American public health system is a combination fo what?
Brutality, benevolence, control, and tutelage
Fiestas were prohibited and were replaced by what, and why?
Carnivals to minimalize waste production.
Where did the first trace of bubonic plague in the PH come from?
Chinese junk from Hong Kong disembarked a carrier of y. pestis
What disease was spread through the American atrocities, and brought by the Americans to Manila?
Cholera
What is the program for beautification and monumental grandeur in cities?
City-Beautiful Program
What happened during the Balangiga Massacre?
Conducted by Jacob Smith who ordered wide scale killings
Where were people with Hansen's disease deported to in Palawan?
Cullion Leper Colony
Where did the outbreak of Cholera come from (after the american atrocities)?
A ship from Hong Kong
What are the 3 reasons behind acquisition of the PH of US?
A. attractive commercial possibilities B. Filipinos are incapable of self-rule C. Americans favored it
During the war, when the Filipinos didn't secure outside support, what did they lack?
Access to arms, supplies, ammunition, and other forms of assistance
What inculcated the notions of white susceptibility and Filipino immunity?
Acclimatization
Why did GAM say that the support from the masses was lukewarm?
Aguinaldo only proposed policies beneficial to his social class, and they were mostly the ones
What is one of the greatest reasons why the Americans won the war that GAM did NOT state?
American attrocities - reconcentration of villages, atrocities, spread of disease
According to GAM, why was there insincere participation from the masses?
It was a Patron-Client bond where they would feel obligated to fight the war because of their "amo"
What was wrong with GAM's perspective as he was writing the article?
It was biased on the upper class, and some claims were based on his own speculation like the reason of Aguinaldo not doing this
After the Americans captured the PH, who did William McKinely assign to head the FIRST commission that would survey the conditions of the Philippines?
Jacob Schurman
What was used as a temporary sewage?
Kerosene cans
Why were many of the Filipino homes not conducive to health?
Many of the communal dwellings built during the Spanish period had poor ventilation, were often dirty, and would be nurseries of diseases
For westerners what was acclimatization to them?
Modification of human body and degradation of the race
What is acclimatization?
Negative reaction of the body to a new climate or environment
According to GAM, was the betrayal of the Filipino elites significant enough to undermine the revolution?
No.
Did Filipinos have a clean system of evacuating intestinal contaminants?
Not yet
What is tutelage?
Protection and the American way of supervising and educating the colonial population to prepare them for self-government
According to GAM, most support was from what social class? Why?
Provincial elites, and lower classes were indifferent
What is the rat tail bounty system?
Rats in exchange for resources, people turned this into a business. They grew rats which made the disease problem even worse.
What did other historians disagree with May about his statements on ammunition and military weapons of the PH?
That they DID play a big part in the Americans winning (he said kasi that they didn't)
During the American war, there was betrayal from who, and what were they doing? (acdg. to Agoncillo and Constantino)
The Filipino Elites, because they were corroborating with the Americans
What did the Taft commission begin to function as for the American rule in the PH?
The Legislative Pillar
Since no sewage system was developed yet, were were bodily excretions dumped?
Esteros
True or false, Aguinaldo has had experience being a soldier.
False, his only experience was teh revolution
True or False, the PH has the same amount of experience as Vietnam in terms of fighting wars?
False, we've only had small scale uprisings, but Vietnam's had a long history of military operations
Why did the Americans start executing these atrocities?
Guerilla warfare was giving Filipinos the advantage, so they were desperate for another strategy.
What were some effects of acclimatization?
submissiveness, laziness, "facial pallor, earthy yellow skin tone, sunken eyes, loss of appetite, restless sleep, fatigue that permeates all limbs"
Who had the advantage in artillery during the war?
the Americans
What did every child have to do bc of sanitation policies?
carry a clean handkerchief, drink at least a cup of milk each day, sleep from ten to twelve hours a night under a mosquito net, bathe daily, wear shoes, and wash his hands before eating.
Why had most towns surrendered to the atrocities?
Town mayors begged guerrilla forces to surrender to spare people from the disease and famine.
How did Filipinos from the countryside choose to cure cholera?
Traditional cures (e.g. tree oils)
What treaty was the PH sold to the US?
Treaty of Paris
According to GAM, the modern weapons that the Americans had did not provide much advantage?
True
For Americans, sanitation and hygiene are basic components of a civilized life, true or false?
True
True or False, during the American colonial system, they implemented "Industrial Education"?
True
True or False, the Americans standardized the preparation of food and water.
True
The Americans viewed Filipinos as inferior, carriers of diseases. True or False?
True.
True or False, Agoncillo and Constantino disagree with what GAM said that the masses had not fully supported the war?
True.
True or False, Aguinaldo established a government again before the benevolent assimilation?
True.
True or False, during this time, Filipinos would drink from esteros, wash their hands with dirty water, have unregularized fiestas, and have lavatories near their kitchens?
True.
True or False, there were few restraints on prosecution for U.S. war crimes, so they were free to attack bases and commit atrocities on the PH.
True.
True or False, there were several atrocities committed like the burning of barrios, beating up of noncombatants, and water cure.
True.
True or false, there was regulation of foodways in markets.
True.
In establishing education under American rule, one of the tenets of benevolence is what?
Tutelage
Who was assigned to the SECOND commission that would continue the investigations into the situation of the Filipinos and to facilitate the turn over the administration of the Philippines from military rule to civil government?
William Howard Taft
Who was the president when the U.S. became interested in the Philippines?
William McKinley
Was it unfair to say that the masses did not wholeheartedly support resistance against American occupation? Give proof.
Yes because there were municipal authorities who would fight for the war even while fulfilling the American's requests. Also, Support and protection was provided Aguinaldo and his troops ensure that they were not captured for a year
Were the Americans outnumbered during the American war?
Yes,
Did Aguinaldo use the same tactics against the Americans that he used for the Spanish? What could he have done better and earlier?
Yes; he should have let them engage in guerilla warfare earlier, but instead he saw it as a last resort.
In 1901, teachers from the U.S. came aboard what ship, and were known as what?
1. USS Thomas 2. Thomasites
In what aspects are the Vietnam War and American war similar?
1. War for Liberation 2. US vs Asian peasants 3. fighting Against guierilla forces 4. US troops committing atrocities
According to GAM, what were the 7 reasons that Filipinos failed the war?
1. Aguinaldo 2. Lukwarm support from masses 3. No secure outside support 4. Geography 5. No experience 6. Few restrains on prsecution for U.S war crimes 7. Attitude of American public
What are the 3 main reasons that supported why the Americans won the war, according to GAM?
1. Americans were outnumbered 2. Americans had better artillery 3. Americans were better supplied in terms of ammunition, and had cavalry units and mobility
How did the American public's attitude contribute to the war?
1. Anti-imperialism mindset was weak 2. Soldiers were volunteers, not enlisted 3. War consequences weren't broadcast
What were the values inculcated by the Americans in their colonial system?
1. Being punctual 2. Sports games (Baseball, basket, volley) 3. Sanitation in school 4. English as a medium for instruction 5. Dignity of labor, vocational skills
Americans then had the assumption that for Filipinos, sanitary immunity is more effective than biological protection. What did they do then?
1. Build hospitals 2. Disinfect assumed and contaminated inhabitiants 3. Quarantine System 4. Relocation of residents from shanty areas
According to John Gates, what are the three favorable aspects about the Benevolent Assimilation that led contributed to it?
1. School Establishment 2. Reorganized Municipal Governments 3. Improved sanitary conditions
Why is the geography of the PH disadantageous for the war?
PH is an archipelago, so hard mobility and population is dispersed. Americans also controlled the sea.
Why did the Americans say that 1902 was the official end of the American war?
The Philippines would not be considered an independent sovereign body, and instead all uprisings would be considered insurgencies
