Wildland Fire
When engaged in a "holding" operation, consider using ___________ wildland hose for access to the rear of the structure.
1-1/2 inch
The blade of a fire shovel should be sharpened starting __________ from the heel on each side.
1.5 inches
How big does the Safety Circle need to be for a Type I Helicopter? How about for the Touchdown Pad?
110' 30x30 clear level
Downslope windspeeds range from _____ to _____ mph.
2 to 5
Thunderstorm downdraft wind velocities will often be _____ to _____ mph and can reach as high as ______ mph.
25 to 35 mph high as 75
The adze or grubbing end of a Pulaski should be sharpened at what angle?
45 degrees
What size area should be cleared to mineral soil to deploy your fire shelter on, if time allows?
4x8
How much water do backpack pumps typically carry?
5 gallons
Down-valley wind speeds range from ______ to _______ mph.
5 to 10
Regarding Safety Zones, what is the Separation Distance (firefighter to flames) when the flame height is 20'?
80'
Fire shelters are designed to reflect ________% of radiant heat.
95%
What is a unit of measure popular in fire management, equal to 66 feet?
A chain
What is a visible collection of moisture suspended in the atmosphere?
A cloud
A(n) _____________ is an advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread, from which to start constructing a fireline. It is used to minimize the chance of being flanked by the fire while the line is being constructed.
Anchor point
The entire outer edge or boundary of a fire is defined as __________.
Fire perimeter
A long, narrow extension of a fire projecting from the main body is a __________.
Finger
Signs of a dissipating inversion include all of the following, except:
Fire behavior decreases.
What term describes a spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases rising from a fire and carrying aloft smoke, debris, and flame?
Fire whirl
Direct, mobile attacks with a Brush Truck usually take one of three forms. These include:
Flanking attack Tandem attack Pincer attack All of the above
The amount of fuel in a given area, generally expressed in tons per acre, is ______________.
Fuel Loading
The primary wildland fire environment components are _________, __________, and _________.
Fuels, Weather, and Topography
Which of the following should not be taken inside your fire shelter and should be discarded well away from the deployment site?
Fusees
What fuel is the primary carrier of fire the Central Texas area?
Grass
What color are the pages related to "Operational Engagement"?
Green
_____________ do not spread fire quickly, but they can pose problems for containing fires.
Ground Fuels
What part of the fire is the most rapidly spreading portion of a fire's perimeter, usually to the leeward or upslope?
Head
Clouds are mainly classified by ________
Height
The McLeod tool consists of two sides: _____________ and ____________.
Hoe and tines
Historically, firefighter fatalities have occurred during a ______-frontal environmental where winds are strong and shifting and the atmosphere is unstable.
Pre
Which tool combines an axe and an adze (grubbing end)?
Pulaski
What type of cloud forms during unstable conditions where smoke moisture condenses to form a cumulus cloud?
Pyro-cumulus
Fires starting in steep, narrow canyons can easily spread to fuels on the opposite side due to ____________ and ___________.
Radiant heat and spotting
During a fire shelter deployment, which of the following should be taken with you inside the shelter?
Radio All PPE Water All of the above
What term describes the behavior of a fire spreading rapidly with a well-defined head?
Running
Which of the following is not one of the 5 "S's" of firefighting hand tools?
Slick
What term describes a fire burning without presence of flame or direct flame and barely spreading?
Smoldering
The direction of movement of a thunderstorm cloud can be determined by what?
The direction the anvil shaped top is pointing
What fuel type consists of dead leaves, needles, and twigs on the forest floor?
Timber litter
Clouds can modify the fire environment by changing all of the following, except:
Topography
When deploying your fire shelter, which way should your feet face?
Toward the fire front
Which of the following are Unstable Atmospheric Indicators?
Towering cumulus clouds Gusty winds Fire whirls All of the above
True or False: Generally, warmer temperatures and lower RH values are found in the lower elevations and cooler temperatures and higher RH values are found at higher elevations.
True
True or False: If a fire grows large enough, a pyro-cumulus cloud may continue to grow and can develop into a type of thunderstorm cloud.
True
True or false: An anchor point is a barrier to fire spread from which to start a fire attack. Using an anchor point prevents the fire from being able to flank you. Common anchor points include roadways and the "black".
True
______________ fuels are distributed continuously over an area and in contact with each other.
Uniform
________ developed clouds are made up of water and ice and indicate unstable atmospheric conditions.
Vertically
What is the term for precipitation falling out of a cloud, but evaporating before reaching the ground?
Virga
What is the first thing to check for if your backpack pump stops flowing water?
Water in the tank
Which is the most dynamic of the three main components contributing to wildfire behavior?
Weather
_______ is the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by evaporating water.
Wet bulb temperature
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main questions to be asked and answered at an After Action Review (AAR)?
who fault was it ?
A fire at the 0-5% slope range is primarily influenced by ___________ and ______________.
wind and fuel arrangement
True or False: Sea Breezes typically occur during the evening and overnight hours.
False
A(n) _____________ is a layer of very stable air that severely limits the upward movement of air.
Inversion
What are the three elements of the fire triangle?
Oxygen, Fuel, and Heat
The terms describing vertical fuel arrangement, from highest orientation to lowest, are:
Aerial fuels, ladder fuels, surface fuels, ground fuels
________ is when the components of fuel, weather, and topography interact and align to create optimal conditions for extreme fire behavior.
Alignment
Houses, vehicles, and trash are examples of what fuel type?
Artificial
Once a fire ignites, _____________ aids combustion by increasing the supply of oxygen.
Atmospheric stability
What color are the pages that relate to "Aviation"?
Blue
______ is done to remove fuels between the fire and the control line. It can also be used to widen control lines or create safety zones.
Burning out
True or False: Topographic influences on wildland fire behavior are much more difficult to predict than influences of fuel and weather.
False
True or False: Wind is easy to predict, even in complex terrain.
False
What is aspect?
Cardinal direction toward which a slope faces
Wind blowing through a _____________ or ______________ can increase in speed as it passes through the constricted area and spreads out on the downwind side.
Chute or saddle
How does cloud cover affect the fire environment?
Cloud cover affects temperature and relative humidity by reflecting incoming sunlight during the day During the day, cloud cover keeps temperature cooler and RH higher At night, cloud cover keeps temperatures warmer and RH lower (clouds act as a blanket at night) All of the above
What are the three methods of heat transfer?
Convection, Conduction, and Radiation
A thunderstorm cloud is also known as a ____________ cloud.
Cumulonimbus
Wet bulb temperature is the same as dew point temperature.
False
__________ is the temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation. It is one of the most reliable methods for measuring atmospheric moisture.
Dew Point
The three primary methods of fire attack for wildfire suppression are:
Direct, Indirect, and Flanking/Parallel
What is a primary concern of thunderstorms?
Downdrafts
___________ is the temperature of the air measured in the shade, 4 to 8 feet above the ground.
Dry Bulb Temperature
LCES will be followed at all times during both wildland and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) fires. Components of LCES include all of the following, EXCEP
Evacuation orders
Alignment of the three primary wildland fire environment components (fuel, weather, and topography) increases the potential for _______
Extreme fire behavior
True or False: "Brush" is one of the six fuel types.
False
True or False: North and northwest slopes are the most critical in terms of start and spread of wildland fires.
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near-fatal fires?
In relatively heavy fuels such as slash imber
When flame lengths are consistently over 7 feet, or rates of spread are too high to make a direct attack, consider ___
Indirect attack
What do the letters L-C-E-S stand for?
Lookout, commutation, escape routes, safety zones
Advantages of a direct attack include:
Minimizes area burned, keeping fires smaller compared to other tactics Relatively safe, because firefighters are able to quickly escape into the burned area, if necessary Both A. and B.
What is the single most important factor in determining how well a fuel will ignite and burn?
Moisture content
Air masses behind a cold front tend to be __________ than the air mass ahead of the cold front
More stable
Winds associated with a ____________ are typically gusty and erratic
None of the above
Where do you find the list of the Standard Firefighting Orders and the Watch Out Situations?
On the back cover of the guide
A small ridge which extends finger -lie from a main ridge is called a _____________.
Spur ridge
A(n) ___________ atmosphere suppresses fire behavior.
Stable
Which of the following are Stable Atmospheric Indicators?
Stratus clouds Haze Low fire intensity All of the above
An approaching cold front can quickly change the fire environment by producing:
Strong and shifting winds
In addition to changes in temperature, RH, and atmospheric stability, the approaching cold front typically results in:
Strong and shifting winds
Things done before the arrival of the fire front to decrease the probability of the structure's ignition defines:
Structure prep
Which fuel type is the primary carrier of fire once ignition has occurred?
Surface fuels
What is the most critical factor affecting fire behavior?
Wind
______ carries away moisture-laden air and hastens the drying of wildland fuels.
Wind
Aside from rapid uphill spread, another concern with steep slopes is the possibility of burning material __________ and ___________.
rolling down the hill and igniting fuel below the main fire
Based on the information provided in the White Pages, what is the Fire's Growth Potential when the Haines Index is a "6"?
high potential
The majority of large fires occur when air temperature is _____________ and relative humidity is _____________.
high; low
Based on the information provided in the White Pages, what is the Fire's Growth Potential when the Haines Index is a "4"?
low potential
A northern aspect faces ______________ while a southern aspect faces __________
north; south
What kind of oil should NOT be applied to a wooden tool handle?
olive oil