Wilkins Chapter 2 Evidence-Based DHP

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Adequate surface disinfection and effectiveness against HIV virus

Descriptive statistics are best described as • research that provides an accurate interpretation of characteristics of a particular person, event, or group in real-life situations. • research that determines the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizes information. • research that is conducted to discover new meaning and describe what exists. • All of the above

All of the above

If current research findings from a journal article or other source are used to plan dental hygiene recommendations or interventions, which of the following should be included in the patient's record? • The PICO question • Citations for references that support the recommendation/intervention • Patient factors that may influence the recommendations/interventions • Timeline for evaluation of patient response to the recommendation/intervention • A and B • A and C • All of the above

All of the above

The evidence-based decision-making process for dental hygiene care is based on an interaction between four components. Which of the following patient preferences or values is considered, respected and weighted in the decision making? • Religion • Sexual preference • Capabilities • Culture • All of the above

All of the above

When analyzing evidence for value, which of the following must be considered? • Determine whether treatment outcomes are large enough to justify treatment • Analyze difference between statistical versus clinical significance • Determine if researchers have provided a critical argument for using results in clinical practice • A and B • B and C • All of the above

All of the above

When evaluating results of the evidence-based decision process, which of the following should be considered? • Begin the process again if patient outcome is not successful • Determine whether a modification of original outcome goal is needed • Decide if additional search strategies and information are needed • Determine if the evidence-based decision-making process was successfully carried out • A and C • None of the above • All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following skills is NOT necessary for a dental hygienist to posses in order to implement EBDH into everyday practice? • Ability to embrace self-directed learning • Computer literacy • Ability to read and understand research • An understanding of EBDH practice • Ability to follow a systematic approach • An employer who understands EBDH practice

An employer who understands EBDH practice

When analyzing information online, which of the following should be considered to confirm it is relevant? • Does the information span longer than 5 pages? • Is the topic covered in depth? • Is the bibliography present? • Are references to other websites included? • Are all points of view included? • Is the topic timely? • A, B, C, and D • B, C, D, and E • C, D, E, and F

B, C, D, and E

Which of the following domains identify reliable sites for educational and governmental information? A. .net B. .edu and .gov C. .org D. .com and .biz

B. .edu and .gov

When the patient outcome is not successful as a result of the evidence-based decision making process, what should occur next? A. Avoid the evidence-based decision process as it's too difficult to manage and doesn't yield good outcomes B. Begin the process again C. Refer for further treatment D. Explain to the patient his or her case is impossible to treat

B. Begin the process again

Which of the following databases is an international nonprofit and independent organization that produces and disseminates systematic reviews of health care interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions? A. ADA's Evidence-Based Dentistry website B. Cochrane Library C. MEDLINE D. National Institutes of Health E. Wikipedia

B. Cochrane Library

A good, researchable question in the evidence-based decision making process includes four parts referred to as ______. A. EBDH B. PICO C. OSHA D. ADHA

B. PICO

The concept of experimental design is used to evaluate the strength of scientific evidence. Levels of evidence provide a hierarchy for making clinical judgments related to patient care. A. Both statements are true. B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. D. Both statements are false.

B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

A case study is best described as A. a brief analysis and description of a series of cases of an illness or disease. B. in-depth analysis and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition. C. a series of cases of an illness or disease in article form. D. an in-depth analysis of illness and disease.

B. in-depth analysis and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition.

Research that is reported using a narrative, systematic, and subjective approach is known as ___________. A. quantitative B. qualitative C. opinion D. meta-analysis

B. qualitative

Validity is best described as A. not subject to individual interpretation. B. the ability to measure what was intended. C. criteria that is understandable. D. the ability to measure consistently at different times. E. All of the above

B. the ability to measure what was intended.

When analyzing evidence for a researchable PICO question, one must analyze the evidence for validity. This can be interpreted as closeness to the truth, and how well the studies answer the clinical questions. • Both statements are true. • The first statement is true; the second statement is false. • Both statements are false. • The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Both statements are true.

When reviewing articles for evidence-based practice, accuracy and objectivity of a website is essential. The website should also be up to date, with the last update indicated, and free from grammar and spelling errors. • Both statements are true. • Both statements are false. • The first statement is true; the second statement is false. • The first statement is false; the second statement is true

Both statements are true.

Your 10 AM patient arrives with new information about an exciting new method of cleaning teeth that he discovered on the internet. Since you are not yet familiar with this product you scan the article, and see it has been published by a .com website, and it lacks validity with references. When educating your patient about evidence-based practice, which of the following is true? A. It's impossible to interpret the studies available on the internet and it's usually worth trying different products or methods until one is proven to work. B. Results from one study usually provide the best answer. C. A result from one study does not necessarily provide the best answer. D. Study results by a well known and trusted manufacturer usually provide the best answer.

C. A result from one study does not necessarily provide the best answer.

A study that is also known as a follow up or prospective study is a: A. Case report B. Retrospective C. Cohort studies D. Case Control

C. Cohort studies

Research that looks at relationship between two or more variables is called: A. Descriptive B. Peer-reviewed C. Correlational D. Quantitative

C. Correlational

_____________ research asks how often, or to what extent something occurs, and helps to identify relationships that can be further explored in subsequent studies. A. Peer-reviewed B. Quantitative C. Descriptive D. Correlational

C. Descriptive

Which of the following best describes the purpose of evidence-based practice? A. Evidence-based practice supports the interest and opinions of clinicians. B. Evidence-based practice provides options when traditional therapies fail to work. C. Evidence-based practice assists with answering clinical questions efficiently. D. Evidence-based practice identifies research-supported, best-practice interventions that contribute to positive patient outcomes.

C. Evidence-based practice assists with answering clinical questions efficiently. D. Evidence-based practice identifies research-supported, best-practice interventions that contribute to positive patient outcomes.

Which of the following is true regarding systematic reviews and meta-analysis? A. Meta-analysis is a critical evaluation of all published studies that investigate a specific question by a group of experts using pre-established criteria to produce a summary of results B. Systematic review is the statistical process used during a systematic review to combine data from various studies into one analysis C. Meta-analysis is the statistical process used during a systematic review to combine data from various studies into one analysis D. The highest level of evidence E. Systematic review is a critical evaluation of all published studies that investigate a specific question by a group of experts using pre-established criteria to produce a summary of results

C. Meta-analysis is the statistical process used during a systematic review to combine data from various studies into one analysis D. The highest level of evidence E. Systematic review is a critical evaluation of all published studies that investigate a specific question by a group of experts using pre-established criteria to produce a summary of results

When obtaining informed consent for research, a standardized form must be provided for all study participants and included in the research proposal. If a participant is underage, they do not need to sign the consent form as long as they understand it. A. Both statements are true. B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. D. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

A case study is best describes as: A. a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition. B. a belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. C. an in-depth analysis, and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition. D. an article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of its editor or publisher.

C. an in-depth analysis, and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition.

The first step to finding reliable and valid information is to A. review as many articles on the topic of interest as possible. B. review all online sources. C. choose the correct online source. D. choose credible newspaper and magazine articles on

C. choose the correct online source.

Treatment that is manipulated during the conduct of a study to produce an effect on the dependent variable is known as ________________. A. experiment B. meta-analysis C. intervention D. observational

C. intervention

Randomized controlled (RCT) studies are: A. rarely used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies B. most commonly used in testing newly emerging illness and disease C. most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies D. rarely used in testing newly emerging illness and disease

C. most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies

A critical evaluation of all published studies that investigate a specific question by a group of experts using pre-established criteria to produce a summary of results is called ____________________. A. cohort review B. case control study C. systematic review D. randomized control study

C. systematic review

An outcome is best described as A. the factors in a research study that can be manipulated and measured. B. the ability to measure what was intended. C. the end result that follows from an action. D. All of the above

C. the end result that follows from an action.

The evidence-based decision making process for dental hygiene care is based on an interaction between four components. Which of the following is NOT one of the four components? • Clinician's attitude and opinion • Scientific evidence • Clinical/patient circumstances • Patient preferences or values • Clinician's experience and judgement

Clinician's attitude and opinion

Which of the following databases is an international nonprofit and independent organization that produces and disseminates systematic reviews of health care interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions? • MEDLINE • Wikipedia • ADA's Evidence-Based Dentistry website • Cochrane Library • National Institutes of Health

Cochrane Library

______________ is a study where the same subjects are followed over a period to observe the occurrence of a particular event. • Case control • Retrospective • Cohort study • Case report

Cohort study

Research that looks at relationship between two or more variables is called: • Peer-reviewed • Correlational • Quantitative • Descriptive

Correlational

The amount of information online is limited by publishers. Finding valid and reliable information from an appropriate website requires a a specialized degree in research. A. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. C. Both statements are true. D. Both statements are false.

D. Both statements are false.

When selecting sources for scientific information, textbooks as a whole or in part are often dedicated to scientific studies, and usually up to date. Professional journals are good as background resources, but can become outdated quickly due to a drawn-out publication process. A. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. B. Both statements are true. C. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false.

D. Both statements are false.

Which of the following websites is a searchable encyclopedia of health topics? A. MEDLINE B. CINAHL C. Cochrane Library D. National Institutes of Health

D. National Institutes of Health

D. New disinfection product

Ethical standards in research are designed to protect the investigator. Ethical theories and ethical principles that guide professional health providers can be applied to conducting research. A. Both statements are true. B. Both statements are false. C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

Rick Snyder is a new dental rep and your office is in his territory. Rick is excited to tell you about a new product his company has recently developed for surface disinfection. The new product contains sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol! Rick claims his product is better than the product containing dimethyl-benzyl ammonium chloride that the office is currently using because his product kills the HIV virus. Which of the following options represents the PICO question? • Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol be as effective as a product containing dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride to disinfect surfaces in the dental office? • Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol cost effective for the practice? • Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol be effective in elimination of the HIV virus from surfaces in the dental office? • Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol increase the risk of allergic reaction(s) to staff and patients who come in contact with the product? • A and B • A and C

A and C

Your 10 AM patient arrives with new information about an exciting new method of cleaning teeth that he discovered on the internet. Since you are not yet familiar with this product you scan the article, and see it has been published by a .com website, and it lacks validity with references. When educating your patient about evidence-based practice, which of the following is true? • Study results by a well known and trusted manufacturer usually provide the best answer. • It's impossible to interpret the studies available on the internet and it's usually worth trying different products or methods until one is proven to work. • A result from one study does not necessarily provide the best answer. • Results from one study usually provide the best answer.

A result from one study does not necessarily provide the best answer.

An intervention is best described as: A. Observation during the conduct of a study to search for effect on the dependent variable B. Observation during the conduct of a study to search for effect on the independent variable C. Treatment that is manipulated during the conduct of a study to produce an effect on the independent variable D. Treatment that is manipulated during the conduct of a study to produce an effect on the dependent variable

D. Treatment that is manipulated during the conduct of a study to produce an effect on the dependent variable

Your 10 AM patient arrives with new information about an exciting new method of cleaning teeth that he discovered on the internet. Since you are not yet familiar with this product you scan the article, and see it has been published by a .com website, and it lacks validity with references, BUT it has statistical significance -(p value). When educating your patient about evidence-based practice, which of the following is true? • It's impossible to interpret the studies available on the internet and it's usually worth trying different products or methods until one is proven to work. • Study results by a well known and trusted manufacturer usually provides the best answer. • A statistical significance cited in a study does not mean that clinically it is the best decision for the patient • Results from one study usually provides the best answer.

A statistical significance cited in a study does not mean that clinically it is the best decision for the patient

_________________ is an approach or intervention that has been determined to be efficient and effective in producing good health outcomes based on repeated research evidence collected over time on large, diverse groups of people. A. Best practice B. Efficient practice C. Standard practice D. Biomedical database

A. Best practice

Which of the following databases is a bibliographic database that includes abstracts of nursing and allied health articles? A. CINAHL B. ADA's EBD website C. MEDLINE D. Cochrane Library E. National Institutes of Health

A. CINAHL

Which of the following is true of an experimental study? A. Contains a control group and randomly assigned subjects B. Provides an intervention to only the experimental group C. Determines strength of relationships D. Subjects may not be randomly assigned E. No control group is provided

A. Contains a control group and randomly assigned subjects B. Provides an intervention to only the experimental group

Peer-reviewed (refereed) publications adhere to which of the following criteria? A. Critically examined by content area experts or statisticians prior to publication B. Produced by a professional organization C. Based on product sponsorship D. Lengthy and carefully drawn out publication process E. All of the above

A. Critically examined by content area experts or statisticians prior to publication

A. Dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride

Evidence based practice involves which two fundamental principles? A. Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision B. Evidence alone to make a clinical decision C. A hierarchy of subjective evidence to guide clinical decision making D. A hierarchy of evidence to guide clinical decision making

A. Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision D. A hierarchy of evidence to guide clinical decision making

A case report is best described as A. an in-depth analysis and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition. B. a belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. C. an article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of its editor or publisher. D. a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition.

D. a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition.

Honesty, concepts of right and wrong or fairness, and norms for conduct are examples of _________________. A. professional conduct B. evidence-based practice C. practice management D. ethical standards

D. ethical standards

_______________ is a statistical process used during a systematic review to combine data from various studies into one analysis. A. Meta-analysis A. Statistical significance C. Levels of evidence D. Systematic review

A. Meta-analysis

A hierarchy for making clinical judgements related to patient care based on types of research studies is called _________________________. A. levels of hierarchy B. evidence based research C. level of editorial D. levels of evidence

D. levels of evidence

A belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof is known as __________. A. validity B. editorial C. conviction D. opinion

D. opinion

A number or other notation contained in the text of a manuscript that refers to the published or unpublished source of the information listed in a reference list is known as a _____________________. A.citation B. scientific citation C. footnote D. reference citation

D. reference citation

Which of the following reasons supports the need for evidence-based dental hygiene practice? A. Patients are becoming more sophisticated about searching the Internet for health information B. Practice that applies to higher level thinking and problem solving skills is needed to assure comprehensive management of dental hygiene care C. Evidence-based decision making behaviors and research analysis skills are well understood by every dental professional D. There may be inconsistencies between dental hygiene schools' teachings and procedures tested by regional examination for licensure

A. Patients are becoming more sophisticated about searching the Internet for health information B. Practice that applies to higher level thinking and problem solving skills is needed to assure comprehensive management of dental hygiene care D. There may be inconsistencies between dental hygiene schools' teachings and procedures tested by regional examination for licensure

Which type of study is designed to examine cause and effect relationships, has little control by the researcher compared to true experimental designs, and lacks a control group? A. Quasi-experimental B. Experimental C. Qualitative D. Correlational

A. Quasi-experimental

Ethics in research is about the responsibility of researchers to do which of the following? A. Report accurate results B. Conduct unbiased research C. Serve the interest of sponsors D. Protect the rights of individuals who participate as research subjects E.All of the above

A. Report accurate results B. Conduct unbiased research D. Protect the rights of individuals who participate as research subjects

Ethical standards in research protect research subjects with regard to which of the following? A. Self-determination B. Level of reward or payment for time in study C. Understanding the risk and benefits of participating in the study D. IRB training for all subjects E. Anonymity and confidentiality F. Informed consent G. Protection from discomfort H. Fair Treatment

A. Self-determination C. Understanding the risk and benefits of participating in the study E. Anonymity and confidentiality F. Informed consent G. Protection from discomfort H. Fair Treatment

A. Sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol

Clinical/patient circumstances are a component of the evidence-based decision making process. The unique and specific particulars of each individual patient are considered when absolutely necessary, as individualizing patient care is inefficient and rarely feasible. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false B. Both statements are false C. Both statements are true D. The first statement is false, the second statement is true

A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false

When applying evidence, the clinician is guided by clinical expertise and the patient's preferences. One must carefully consider the evidence, and because of this patient need(s) may or may not factor into the results. A. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. C. Both statements are false. D. Both statements are true.

A. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

What is the meaning of a website with the domain .org? A. These sites are non-profit organizations with a mission and purpose. B. These are considered reliable for educational and governmental information. C. These tend to be from special interest groups or advertising (possibly for profit). D. None of the above

A. These sites are non-profit organizations with a mission and purpose.

An organized collection of medically related journal articles, research reports, theses, and/or dissertations typically in digital form is known as __________________. A. biomedical database B. cohort studies C. case control series D. case reports

A. biomedical database

Evidence is best defined as A. everything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertion. B. physical demonstration of truth. C. belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. D. All of the above

A. everything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertion.

Clinical significance is best described as A. practical difference noted by researchers that can be applied to patient care. B. practical difference noted by clinicians during patient care. C. similarities noted by researchers that can be applied to patient care. D. practical difference discovered by researchers during patient care.

A. practical difference noted by researchers that can be applied to patient care.

Which of the following databases is a dental informatics resource with access to current scientific information that is easy to comprehend and can be quickly reviewed at the point of care? • CINAHL • MEDLINE • National Institutes of Health • ADA'S EBD website

ADA'S EBD website

A cohort study is best described by which of the following? A. It is also called a follow-up study or prospective study. B. Subjects are followed over a period of time to observe the occurrence of a particular event. C. It is a study design in which persons with a disease of interest are compared with those without the diseases. D. Researchers look back to identify possible causes. E. A and B F. C and D G. A, B, and C

E. A and B

A systematic approach is necessary with EBDH practice. How should a dental hygienist determine the clinical issue for a patient? A. Ask the right question B. Include patient characteristics (such as age, gender) C. Search for evidence D. Develop a research question E. A and B F. B and C G. All of the above

E. A and B

The evidence-based decision-making process for dental hygiene care is based on an interaction between four components. Which of the following patient preferences or values is considered, respected and weighted in the decision making? A. Sexual preference B. Religion C. Capabilities D. Culture E. All of the above

E. All of the above

An article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of its editor or publisher is called: • Opinion • Editorial • Case study • Case report

Editorial

The scientific, research-supported approach to decide dental hygiene interventions for each patient is known as: • Best Practice • Editorial Based Dental Hygiene practice • Evidence Based Best Practice • Evidence Based Dental Hygiene practice

Evidence Based Dental Hygiene practice

What type of study involves manipulation of intervention variables to discover the effect of one variable on another? (Does A cause B?) • Experimental • Descriptive • Correlational • Qualitative

Experimental

Rick Snyder is a new dental rep and your office is in his territory. Rick is excited to tell you about a new product his company has recently developed for surface disinfection. The new product contains sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol! Rick claims his product is better than the product containing dimethyl-benzyl ammonium chloride that the office is currently using because his product kills the HIV virus. Which of the following options represents the PICO question? A. Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol be as effective as a product containing dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride to disinfect surfaces in the dental office? B. Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol cost effective for the practice? C. Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol be effective in elimination of the HIV virus from surfaces in the dental office? D. Will a product containing sodium lauryl sulfate and alcohol increase the risk of allergic reaction(s) to staff and patients who come in contact with the product? E. A and B F. A and C

F. A and C

A quantitative approach to research includes which of the following criteria? A. Results are reported in narrative B. Results are reported in numbers C. Data can be counted and analyzed by description or inferential statistics D. Numbers are used only to report demographic information E. A and B F. B and C G. All of the above

F. B and C

Correlational studies include which of the following criteria? A. Intervention variables are manipulated to discover the effect of one variable on another B. Variables are not manipulated C. Strength and type of relationship is determined D. Shows cause and effect E. A and C F. B and C G. A and D

F. B and C

A case-control study is best described by which of the following? A. It is also called a follow-up study or prospective study. B. Subjects are followed over a period of time to observe the occurrence of a particular event. C. A study design in which persons with a disease of interest are compared with those without the diseases. D. Researchers look back to identify possible causes. E. A and B F. C and D G. A, B, and C

F. C and D

Which of the following best describe statistical significance? A. Measures what was intended B. Is known as the null hypothesis C. Identifies the extent to which the results are not due to chance D. Indicated in research by the "p-value" notation E. A and B F. C and D G. All of the above

F. C and D

If current research findings from a journal article or other source are used to plan dental hygiene recommendations or interventions, which of the following should be included in the patient's record? A. The PICO question B. Citations for references that support the recommendation/intervention C. Patient factors that may influence the recommendations/interventions D. Timeline for evaluation of patient response to the recommendation/intervention E. A and B F. A and C G. All of the above

G. All of the above

An article that expresses a belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof is known as: A. Case study B. Case report C. Opinion D. Editorial E. lacking scientific evidence and should not be considered for making clinical judgements related to patient care F. a lower level of evidence, but can be considered for making clinical judgements related to some patient care G. C and E H. D and E I. C and F

G. C and E

Which of the following databases is a service of the U.S. national Library of Medicine that includes over 16 million citations from MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical articles back to the 1950's? • Cochrane Library • Google • ADA's EBD website • MEDLINE (PubMed)

MEDLINE (PubMed)

A good, researchable question in the evidence-based decision making process includes four parts referred to as PICO. PICO stands for: • Patient Problem or population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O) • Patient Problem or population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Opinion (O) • Practice (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O) • Patient Problem or population (P), In Vitro (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O) SUBMIT ANSWER

Patient Problem or population (P), Intervention (I), Comparison (C), Outcome (O)

Which type of study is designed to examine cause and effect relationships, has little control by the researcher compared to true experimental designs, and lacks a control group? • Correlational • Quasi-experimental • Experimental • Qualitative

Quasi-experimental

Which type of study is the most rigorous of clinical studies and is known for eliminating selection bias in the assignment of treatments? • Cohort studies • Randomized controlled studies • In vitro studies • Meta-anlaysis • Case control studies

Randomized controlled studies

___________________________ are the most rigorous type of clinical experiment. • Case-control studies • Randomized controlled studies • Cohort-studies • Case-series studies

Randomized controlled studies

When determining who is responsible for accurate information, the authors' credentials and contact information should be given. The publisher of the information is usually not provided with biomedical articles. • Both statements are true. • The first statement is true; the second statement is false. • Both statements are false. • The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

When obtaining informed consent for research, a standardized form must be provided for all study participants and included in the research proposal. If a participant is underage, they do not need to sign the consent form as long as they understand it. • Both statements are true. • Both statements are false. • The first statement is false; the second statement is true. • The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

Case reports are best describes as: • an in-depth analysis, and description of a series of cases of an unusual or complex condition. • a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition. • a belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. • an article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of its editor or publisher.

a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition.

A study design in which persons with a disease of interest (cases) are compared with those without the disease (controls) is a ____________. Researchers look back to identify possible cause. • case study • case control series • case seports • cohort study

case control series

A _______________ is a professional article that describes the diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic services rendered to one patient with an unusual or complex condition. • diagnostic report • case report • descriptive report • cohort report

case report

An article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses the opinion of its editor or publisher is known as a(n) ____________. • editorial • systematic review • case study • opinion

editorial

Honesty, concepts of right and wrong or fairness, and norms for conduct are examples of _________________. • practice management • ethical standards • evidence-based practice • professional conduct

ethical standards

Randomized controlled (RCT) studies are: • rarely used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies • most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies • most commonly used in testing newly emerging illness and disease • rarely used in testing newly emerging illness and disease

most commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of health care services or health technologies

The purpose of the IRB review is to • protect the rights and welfare of investigators in human research. • protect the rights and welfare of human subject volunteers in research. • provide welfare to human subject volunteers in research. • protect the rights and welfare of the institutional review board.

protect the rights and welfare of human subject volunteers in research.

A number or other notation contained in the text of a manuscript that refers to the published or unpublished source of the information listed in a reference list is known as a _____________________. • reference citation • citation • footnote • scientific citation

reference citation

Evidence that has been repeatedly tested through research with valid and reliable methods is called ____________________. • statistical evidence • scientific evidence • descriptive evidence • inferential evidence

scientific evidence

The _____ levels of evidence are organized based on types of research. The ____ highest levels of evidence provide the strongest basis for making clinical decisions. • six/two • five/one • four/three • six/three

six/three

question by a group of experts using pre-established criteria to produce a summary of results is called ____________________. • case control study • randomized control study • cohort review • systematic review

systematic review

A method of transferring knowledge or instructions needed to complete a specific task, using an individual or small group interactive-type learning setting that seeks to teach by example is called a: • review • biomedical database • tutorial • search engine

Wilkins Chapter 2 Evidence-Based DHP

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