WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: Substance Abuse
Sleep dysfunction:
Alcohol
Hallucinogens Physiological Effects
Rarely observed, dependent on specific drug
Opioids Signs of Toxicity
Resp depression, cyanosis, extreme somnolence, coma
What are some predisposed conditions/factor of vulnerability?
- Genetic factors - Personality characteristics Age of onset (get em young) - Family, cultural, social and community factors
Fetal alcohol syndrome and Crack babies have these facial features:
- Small head - Low nasal bridge - Small eye openings - FLAT/SMOOTHED FACE - Underdeveloped jaw
Benzodiazepines Physiological Effects
--> for anxiety, seizures and relaxation Insomnia, restlessness, abdominal pain, nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, headache, fatigue, muscle twitching **think about the possibilities of how you would feel when you have anxiety
Barbiturates (AWIS) Physiological Effects
--> used to tranquilize anorexia, insomnia, weakness, skin RXN and same as alcohol except Fatigue, confusion
Ways the brains has developed tolerance to the drug (3)
1. Desensitization of a drug GPCR binding site 2. Other mechanisms of lowering the endogenous systems the drug mimics/activates 3. In withdrawal, these systems are starved of normal activity
What are the stages of "training" an addictive habit? (6)
1. Predisposed conditions 2. Intoxication reinforcement --> habitual intoxication and excessive binging 3. Withdrawal Punishment 4. Preoccupation/Anticipation/Salience 5. Relapse 6. Detrimental Effects
Two consequences of thaimine deficiency in alcoholics:
1. Wernicke's encephalopathy 2. Korsakoff's Psychosis
What percent of children of alcoholics are also alcoholics?
50-60%
Cancers: clear link with oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, colorectal, breast.
Alcohol
Osteoporosis
Alcohol
Renal dysfunction
Alcohol
Withdrawal/negative affect involves ___, ___, and ___.
Amygdala Locus coruleus Diminished Nucleus Accumbens activity
What is the Disease Model of drug abuse?
Biological and psychological condition of an individual
Protracted Abstinence Syndrome
Craving still exists after the drug is no longer associated with "feeling good"
What is the Moral Model of drug abuse?
Drug use is a crime against society
Cocaine and Amphetamine Signs of Toxicity
Dystrhytmias, lethargy, skin pallor, psychosis PLSD (like Placid)
Marijuana Signs of Toxicity
Euphoria, paranoia, panic reactions, hallucination, psychotic like state *just like hallucination... again, reaction to a kiss youve been waiting for 50 years ago.
Alcohol (FACT CASH SD) Physiological Effects
Fatigue, abdominal cramping, Tremors, Confusion, Anxiety, Seizure, Hallucination, Seizure, Delirium FACT CASH SD
The Nucleus Accumbens is primarily (95%) made of _______.
GABAnergic medium spiny neurons (MSN)
Nicotine Signs of Toxicity
Heart Palpitations, tacharrhythmias, confusion, depression, seizures
Why does intoxication feel good?
Increased dopamine/glutamate on the Nucleus Accumbens (mostly GABA neurons)
Nicotine Physiological Effect
Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, inability to concentrate, decrease in HR and BP VERY SIMILAR TO MARIJUANA
Marijuana
Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, inability to concentrate, decrease in heart rate and BP
Cocaine and Amphetamine Physio Effects
Mental depression, anxiety, fatigue, hunger
The brain's "pleasure center"
Nucleus Accumbens
Hallucinogens Signs of Toxicity
Panic, confusion, blurred vision, increase in BP, psychotic-like stage *Your reaction when someone really hot and youve been in love with since you were like 3, kisses you.
What is the justice system's perspective of the treatment of drug abuse?
Prevent and punish the illegal use of drugs
Barbiturates Signs of Toxicity
Severe CNS depression, tremor, diaphoresis, vomitting, tachycardia, Cheyne-stokes respiration (shallow to alternating deep and fast breaths) DVT, CCR
Benzodiazepines Signs of Toxicity
Somnolence, confusion, diminished reflexes, coma
Physical Alcohol
Steatosis: fatty deposits hepatitis: inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis: fibrosis Acute pancreatitis: most common cause for hospitalization Esophagitis esophageal varicies Gastritis gastric ulcers Malabsorption of B vitamins Mallory Weiss Syndrome: Tear at gastroesophageal junction secondary to vomiting hypertension and ischemic heart disease.
______: Decreases dopamine of the pleasure center with chronic use
Tolerance
What is the health community's perspective of the treatment of drug abuse?
Treat the biology and psychology of addiction, substance abuse, and withdrawal
Alcohol Signs of toxicity
somnolence (near sleep, strong desire to sleep), severe CNS depression, diminished reflexes, respiratory depression ***They all kinda make sense bec Alcohol is a CNS depressant!
OPIOIDS Physiological Effects
sweating, restlessness, dilated pupils, agitation, goose bumps, tremor, violent yawning, increased HR and BP, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and pain, muscle spasms and weight loss.
