WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: Substance Abuse

Sleep dysfunction:

Alcohol

Hallucinogens Physiological Effects

Rarely observed, dependent on specific drug

Opioids Signs of Toxicity

Resp depression, cyanosis, extreme somnolence, coma

What are some predisposed conditions/factor of vulnerability?

- Genetic factors - Personality characteristics Age of onset (get em young) - Family, cultural, social and community factors

Fetal alcohol syndrome and Crack babies have these facial features:

- Small head - Low nasal bridge - Small eye openings - FLAT/SMOOTHED FACE - Underdeveloped jaw

Benzodiazepines Physiological Effects

--> for anxiety, seizures and relaxation Insomnia, restlessness, abdominal pain, nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, headache, fatigue, muscle twitching **think about the possibilities of how you would feel when you have anxiety

Barbiturates (AWIS) Physiological Effects

--> used to tranquilize anorexia, insomnia, weakness, skin RXN and same as alcohol except Fatigue, confusion

Ways the brains has developed tolerance to the drug (3)

1. Desensitization of a drug GPCR binding site 2. Other mechanisms of lowering the endogenous systems the drug mimics/activates 3. In withdrawal, these systems are starved of normal activity

What are the stages of "training" an addictive habit? (6)

1. Predisposed conditions 2. Intoxication reinforcement --> habitual intoxication and excessive binging 3. Withdrawal Punishment 4. Preoccupation/Anticipation/Salience 5. Relapse 6. Detrimental Effects

Two consequences of thaimine deficiency in alcoholics:

1. Wernicke's encephalopathy 2. Korsakoff's Psychosis

What percent of children of alcoholics are also alcoholics?

50-60%

Cancers: clear link with oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, colorectal, breast.

Alcohol

Osteoporosis

Alcohol

Renal dysfunction

Alcohol

Withdrawal/negative affect involves ___, ___, and ___.

Amygdala Locus coruleus Diminished Nucleus Accumbens activity

What is the Disease Model of drug abuse?

Biological and psychological condition of an individual

Protracted Abstinence Syndrome

Craving still exists after the drug is no longer associated with "feeling good"

What is the Moral Model of drug abuse?

Drug use is a crime against society

Cocaine and Amphetamine Signs of Toxicity

Dystrhytmias, lethargy, skin pallor, psychosis PLSD (like Placid)

Marijuana Signs of Toxicity

Euphoria, paranoia, panic reactions, hallucination, psychotic like state *just like hallucination... again, reaction to a kiss youve been waiting for 50 years ago.

Alcohol (FACT CASH SD) Physiological Effects

Fatigue, abdominal cramping, Tremors, Confusion, Anxiety, Seizure, Hallucination, Seizure, Delirium FACT CASH SD

The Nucleus Accumbens is primarily (95%) made of _______.

GABAnergic medium spiny neurons (MSN)

Nicotine Signs of Toxicity

Heart Palpitations, tacharrhythmias, confusion, depression, seizures

Why does intoxication feel good?

Increased dopamine/glutamate on the Nucleus Accumbens (mostly GABA neurons)

Nicotine Physiological Effect

Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, inability to concentrate, decrease in HR and BP VERY SIMILAR TO MARIJUANA

Marijuana

Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, inability to concentrate, decrease in heart rate and BP

Cocaine and Amphetamine Physio Effects

Mental depression, anxiety, fatigue, hunger

The brain's "pleasure center"

Nucleus Accumbens

Hallucinogens Signs of Toxicity

Panic, confusion, blurred vision, increase in BP, psychotic-like stage *Your reaction when someone really hot and youve been in love with since you were like 3, kisses you.

What is the justice system's perspective of the treatment of drug abuse?

Prevent and punish the illegal use of drugs

Barbiturates Signs of Toxicity

Severe CNS depression, tremor, diaphoresis, vomitting, tachycardia, Cheyne-stokes respiration (shallow to alternating deep and fast breaths) DVT, CCR

Benzodiazepines Signs of Toxicity

Somnolence, confusion, diminished reflexes, coma

Physical Alcohol

Steatosis: fatty deposits hepatitis: inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis: fibrosis Acute pancreatitis: most common cause for hospitalization Esophagitis esophageal varicies Gastritis gastric ulcers Malabsorption of B vitamins Mallory Weiss Syndrome: Tear at gastroesophageal junction secondary to vomiting hypertension and ischemic heart disease.

______: Decreases dopamine of the pleasure center with chronic use

Tolerance

What is the health community's perspective of the treatment of drug abuse?

Treat the biology and psychology of addiction, substance abuse, and withdrawal

Alcohol Signs of toxicity

somnolence (near sleep, strong desire to sleep), severe CNS depression, diminished reflexes, respiratory depression ***They all kinda make sense bec Alcohol is a CNS depressant!

OPIOIDS Physiological Effects

sweating, restlessness, dilated pupils, agitation, goose bumps, tremor, violent yawning, increased HR and BP, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and pain, muscle spasms and weight loss.