Wold Population and Foods Final Exam Study Set
What is the "Harambee spirit"? (Basically, let us build the bridge {or whatever...} TOGETHER...) Or, the collective wisdom of all of us is far greater than the individual wisdom of any one of us...
"Let us build our bridge together": emphasizes selflessness, teamwork, and unity
What was the Green Revolution (GR), how did it happen, what are its strengths/limitations, & what must happen for the GR-style of food production to continue to be key to breaking the poverty-hunger cycle? Where has the GR succeeded (at least to an extent), & where has it not made a positive difference? Studying the Borlaug booklet ("Feeding a World of 10 Billion People") will help. What were Borlaug's key strengths that "opened the door" for India to be willing to accept the GR crop germplasm?
(1940's to 1970's in Mexico) Norman Borlaug developed semi-dwarf wheat (India imported) high yielding cereal grains fertilizers and pesticides distributed. Semi-dwarf rice variety helped India and Philippines produce higher yields.Limitations: bypassed Africa, high yielding maize/wheat/ rice varieties not well adapted to Africa, no support for fertilizer, soil improvements, and seeds. World bank focused on exporting cash crops.-Adverse effects: heavy pesticide use leads to fish death, decreasing biodiversity-Borlaug's key strengths: developed high yielding rice varieties, developed drought resistance rice, developed stabilizing production methods-green revolution successful in Mexico, philippines, india
Roughly how many original participants were involved in the Minnesota starvation experiment , and roughly how many withdrew voluntarily?
36 men voluntarily starved themselves so that researchers and relief workers could learn about how to help people recover from starvation. 2 voluntarily withdrew
Concluding Thoughts Statement
???
Dietary Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that can not be synthesized at all or fast enough to meet the animal's requirements(histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.)
Sugar
Cane Sugar, Sugar Beets
Sugar Cane(C.O)
Caribbean
Essential amino acid levels in young cassava, sweet potato, and similar leaves
Cassava(0.254g per 100 g), Sweet potato(contains adequate amounts of 7 out of the nine amino acids),
Understand the meaning of the terms dependency, paternalism, disincentive, & subsistence living.
Dependency: poor states need rich states to help them out, in turn rich states benefitPaternalism: limits group liberty for their own good- attitude of superiorityDisincentive: food aid may have disincentive effect on food production, discourages people from making their own foodSubsistence living: Grow enough to feed themselves and family
Sugar Beets(C.O)
Europe
Grass Legume-Pasture
For livestock upkeep
Tree Food Plants
Fruits, Nuts, etc.
What is the significance of high-lysine corn in addressing childhood nutritional disorders?
High lysine corn syrup has amino acids that help with development of brain and fights against malnutrition. It increases cognitive potential
what has been the problem with "Golden rice?"
It was developed to reduce Vitamin A deficiency which can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. However, most families at risk can't grow golden rice and most commercial farmers won't either
How to prevent Marasmus and kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor can be prevented by making sure you eat enough calories and protein-rich foods. Dietary guidelines from the Institute of Medicine recommend that 10 to 35 percent of adults' daily calories come from protein. A nutritious, well-balanced diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, and protein will reduce the risk of marasmus. Foods rich in protein like milk, fish, eggs and nuts are important for energy and growth.
Food: Nuts/seeds Complement: Legumes
Limited Amino Acid: Lysine
Food: Grains Complement: Legumes
Limited Amino Acid: Lysine, threonine
Food: Beans Compliment: Grains, nuts, seeds
Limited Amino Acid: Methionine
Details of Alex Martin's lecture. What were the "take-home messages" Alex shared with us? In some detail.
Long term projects, access to credit, women's empowerment, microfinance, technology
Peas(C.O)
Mediterranean
Wheat(C.O)
Mesopotamia
Food: Vegetables Complement: Grains, nuts, seeds
Methionine
Corn(C.O)
Mexico
Value of the 4-crop rotation perfected at IRRI (Los Banos, Philippines), & also the value of utilizing crop rotational sequences in general to sustaining food production. Contribution of each of these crops to health.
Rice > Soybean > Corn > Sweet potato. Increase nitrogen in soil with use of legumes to keep land productive.Rice: Provides energy to humansSoybean: Lots of protein and other vitamins/ mineralsCorn: High in fiber and other vitamins and mineralsSweet potato: has beta carotene which helps prevent night blindness/ helps with eye sight
Cereal Grain
Rice, Wheat, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Millet
Beans(C.O)
South America
Cassava(C.O)
South America
Peanut(C.O)
South America
White Potato, Sweet Potato(C.O)
South America
Rice(Center of Origin)
Southeast Asia
Legumes
Soybean, Peanut, Beans, Peas
What is the requirement British OXFAM makes of its partner development groups (i.e., the group British OXFAM is seeking to help) that is so significant to responsible development?
Supports any project that is to be completed with locally available materials
In general terms, what were the discernable outcomes of the minnesota starvation experiment?
The Minnesota Starvation Experiment ended in October 1945. Its results painted a vivid picture of the physical and psychological decline caused by starvation and offered guidelines on rehabilitation. In the restricted rehabilitation, calories were increased in increments. ... Simply put, starving people needed calories.
Why must the locations of the Centers of Origin and Diversity be protected?
The centers of origin and diversification are important sources for genes for plant breeding as they contain the wild species and landraces used by indigenous farmers.
How does the "Physical quality of life index" (PQLI) calculation—as a function of time) compare for more-and- less-industrialized countries? What are the implications of this reality?
The definition of the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is the measure of the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one.
which variables in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment were considered to be "independent?"
The independent variable was the caloric and nutritional intake of the subjects. The dependent variable was the resulting physiological and psychological effects.
What was the main objective of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment?
The main objective of the Minnesota Experiment was to characterize the physical and mental effects of starvation on healthy men by observing them under normal (baseline) conditions, subjecting them to semi-starvation, and then following them under conditions of rehabilitation
7 essential nutrients
These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water.
What agricultural value do legume leaves have, quite apart from their human nutritional value?
They utilize nitrogen gas through biological nitrogen fixation
Food: Corn Complement: Legumes
Tryptophan, lysine
Root/Tuber
White Potato, Sweet Potato, Cassava
kwashiorkor
a severe form of malnutrition. It's most common in some developing regions where babies and children do not get enough protein or other essential nutrients in their diet. The main sign of kwashiorkor is too much fluid in the body's tissues, which causes swelling under the skin
What is essential for a food, feed, fiber, or specialty crop producer to be willing to produce beyond the subsistence level? What is the second (a close second, frankly, in most settings) greatest need?
access to market and access to credit
Soil quality benefits of legumes
increasing soil organic matter, improving soil porosity, recycling nutrients, improving soil structure, decreasing soil pH, diversifying the microscopic life in the soil, and breaking disease build-up and weed problems of grass-type crops.
What is the impact of poorly fertile (or toxic components in) soil on the nutritional quality of cereal grain and other food crops?
it harms them and results in poor nutrients in crops
What essential amino acids are low in cereal grains?
lysine, methionine, & tryptophan
What is the mantra of "Doctors without Borders," and why is this such a valuable development philosophy?
providing medical assistance to people who's survival is threatened by violence, neglect, catastrophe, malnutrition, etc.Principles= medical ethics and impartiality, works independently of political, military, and religious agendas.-Get independent funding
marasmus
severe undernourishment causing an infant's or child's weight to be significantly low for their age (e.g., below 60 percent of normal).
What are the two most fundamental reasons why we should thank a green food crop today, and every day?
they protect the soil from erosion, add organic matter, fix nitrogen and spare soil mineral N as well as helping control cereal diseases.
Why is it difficult to achieve high yields (near the genetic potential of the crop) for cereal grain, pulse (legume), and root/tuber crops in tropical and subtropical climates? What is the impact of warm nights on cereal grain production?
wasteful respiration: high night temperatures, more of the sugars produced by photosynthesis during day are lost, less is available to fill developing kernels which lowers potential grain yields-warm nights: more sugars produced by photosynthesis during day lost
Essential Needs for plant growth
water availability, soil drainage, soil aeration, access to sunlight, temperature, soil pH, and availability of essential elements
What are the key "take-away" messages communicated so far (so much more...) during our journeys to Zaire (DRC) and to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)?
water is not filtered or prioritized for cleanliness weaning babies for newest child diamonds provide money, damage forests to dig low access without bridges integrated village health center
Know the basic reasons for the initial success of the Green Revolution (Drs. Holland & Gould's slides}
world had seen success from great depression in usa, borlaug was effective in getting govt support
% of protein, oil and carbs in corn
~10, ~5, ~75
% of protein, oil and carbs in peanut
~23-25, ~46-48, low
% of protein, oil and carbs in soybean
~35, ~20, low
Value of intercropping legumes w/ cereal grains such as corn (we will discuss how this has been perfected at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, & also in Uganda). Be able to explain precisely why the legume benefits the grain. Also, know (in general) why the legume does not need fertilizer nitrogen under certain circumstances. What are these conditions? Understand symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and its role in sustainable food production reasonably well. What is required for this process (BNF) to be effective?
-Legume fixes nitrogen, needed for maximum yield and quality of corn.-Bacteria makes friends with root hair, infection thread moves through intracellular area, bacteriods move into cell, growth results in nodule/ nitrogenase (enzyme that converts N2 to NH4)-Works best when remaining plant material is reincorporated into soil by ether decomposition or being tilled in, legume is being grown as a cover crop
Grain Sorghum(C.O)
Africa
Millet(C.O)
China
Soybean(C.O)
China
Why is the placement of CIP (International Potato Center), one of the 18 CGIAR research institutions, near Lima, Peru such a good development decision?
Closest to the COO of potatoes
What are the CGIAR research facilities, where are they located, and why are they situated in these places? (Just the ones referred to in my/guest lectures so far)
Consultative Group Internal Agriculture Research: research facilities dedicated to reducing poverty, improving human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of resourcesLocated in developing countries/ center of origin of plants: west africa, indonesia, columbia, lebanon, india, nigeria, kenya, mexico, peru, phillipines, sri lani, malaysia, USA and Italy
How was the Guatemala study used to support the concept of the value of high lysine corn for just-weaned children?
Guatemala: Just weaned children fed GMO high lysine corn had a better cognitive potential.
Reflect just in a very general way about the overarching message concerning Dr. Holland's first lecture, pertaining to basic genetic concepts/protocol
Plant breeding: combining parental plants to obtain the next generation with the best characteristicstraditional breeding: sexual crossing between varieties within domesticated species to generate new combinations of existing genesGMO's: introduction of a specific DNA construct using asexual transformation-plant breeding has been a success
Dr. Goulds Key messages
Populations increasing, creating food shortages: need for GMO.-early criticisms: spiritual and cultural issues, equality and justice issues, environment and health issues-current criticisms: environment and health issues- Right to know: label GMO foods-GMO's reduce use of fertilizers