World History Chapter 12
Henry Tudor
-defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field and ended the war of the roses -became Henry VII and started the Tudor dynasty
Cistercian Order
-established by monks that were unhappy with the lack of discipline in their monastery -*developed a new activistic spiritual model* -took their religion to the people outside of the monastery
Results of the Crusades
-helped bring an end to feudalism -intensified the trade -strengthened the leadership -introduced Europeans to new cultures
Louis XI
-known as the "spider" -*used the taille as a source of income for the French monarchy*
universitas
-means "guild" or "corporation" -provided the home for scholasticism
Romanesque
-means "roman like" -gloomy, dark, thick walls
Roger Bacon
-one of the first people to use scientific study to find truth -wrote Opus Majus -advocated observation and experimentation
Concordat of Worms
-recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops -settled the issue in the Investiture Controversy
Gothic
-ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttress -light, lots of color, windows
Flanders
-rich commercial land -French kings wanted the territory of this land in the Hundred Years War
troubadour poetry
-tales of a knight's love for a lady -most popular vernacular literature
bubonic plague
-the most common form of black death that killed 1/3 of Europe's population -led to anti-semetism -spread by fleas carried by rats
Investiture Controversy
-the power struggle between Gregory VII and the Holy Emperor King Henry IV -the greatest conflict between the Church and the state in the Middle Ages -concordat of worms settled the issue
Crusades
-there were 8 of these between 1095 and 1291 -the first was the most successful
Innocent III
-under his rule the church reached its height in political power -*used papal weapons to achieve his goals*
War of the Roses
-war between the York family and the Lancaster family
What event sparked the Hundred Years' War?
The kings of England who still spoke French also wanted to rule France
Battle of Bosworth Field
the battle which ended the War of the Roses where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III
transubstantiation
the bread and wine actually become the flesh and blood of Jesus
simony
the buying and selling of church offices
Boniface VIII
the decline of the papacy began during his reign
vernacular
the language of everyday speech in a particular region
Black Death
the most devastating natural disaster in European history
new monarchies
the new rulers in Europe reestablished the centralized power of the monarchies in France, England, and Spain known as....
What effects did the new religious orders formed after 1098 have on medieval Europe?
the orders were active in their communities and their vows of poverty made them popular because people could relate to them
Avigon France
the papcacy was moved to him after the death of Boniface VIII
Babylonian Captivity
the period of exile from Rome
lay investiture
the right of the king or noble to appoint church officials
Lancaster family
their emblem was the *red* rose
York family
their emblem was the *white* rose
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
these people got married which created the nation of Spain
What were two popular types of vernacular literature in the 12th century?
troubadour poetry and chanson de geste
Geoffrey Chaucer
used the vernacular in the Canterbury Tales
papal weapons
what innocent III used to achieve his political goals
"little ice age"
when the temperature dropped, growing seasons shortened, food shortages occurred, and when malnourished people were less able to resist infection
Peter Abelard
wrote Sic it non
Mary
most highly regarded saint
Hildegard of Bingen
most noted nun who influenced the development of the Gregorian chant
Landed aristocracy
most nuns were from this
saints
ordinary people that were holy who earned a special place in Heaven
How did religion influence the daily lives of people in the High Middle Ages?
pilgrimages, sacraments, marriage, and communion were necessary for salvation. This also gave all the power to the clergy because people relied on them to achieve salvation. People also prayed to saints
Sacraments
religious acts that grant grace by performing them
What social and economic effects did the Black Death have on Europe?
social: population decreased economic: a lot of poverty and destroyed land
Anselum
supported two doctrines: the existence of God and atonement
Protestant Reformation
the Great Schism brought about greater discontent which led to this
King Henry IV
the Holy Emperor King who fought Gregory VII
Hundred Years' War
*1337-1453* -the most violent struggle during the time period -cause of this was the Kings of England who still spoke French wanted to rule France as well -*France won the war, the English won most of the battles*
Pope Gregory VII
- *greatest reforming pope* -decided to fight against lay investiture and simony -believed the pope's power was greater than the king
Thomas Aquinas
-"the prince of the schoolmen" -wrote Summa Theologica -greatest scholastic thinker -attempted to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity
Joan of Arc
-17 year old peasant girl who claimed to have visions from God -changed the course of the war for France -won many battles for France -burned at the stake
The 7 Sacraments
1. baptism 2. confirmation 3. penance 4. Holy Eucharist 5. matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Extreme Unction
How did the political power of the Catholic Church change between the papacies of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Innocent III?
Gregory challenged the Lay Investiture system / no longer allowed church officials to be elected; the use of papal weapons increased the power
Henry VII
Henry Tudor became known as this
Why were popes living in Avignon criticized?
Many people believed that the pope as bishop should reside in Rome
3 kingdoms of the Reconquista
Portugal, Castile, Aragon
What were the religious, political, and economic motivations behind the Crusades?
Religious: They wanted the Holy Land Political: The leaders wanted to gain wealth and earn a title Economical: They used this so traders could get other empires to trade with them.
How would you describe your visit to a Romanesque church and a Gothic church on a warm day?
Romanesque: dark, gloomy, hot gothic: colorful, light
Why were relics important to Christians living in Europe during the Middle Ages?
Saints were seen as very holy and people thought that they could be holier by having relics of them
Moors
Spanish muslims
Summa Theologica
Thomas Aquinas wrote this
friars
members of the Dominican order were called this
What type of government had France, England, and Spain developed by the end of the 1400s?
a monarchy
Scholasticism
a new intellectual movement interested in theology and philosophy that attempted to use logic and philosophy to explain and defend the church's teachings
Great Schism
a period of 40 years in which there were two sets of popes
chanson de geste
a popular vernacular literature
Papal States
allowed the popes to be involved in the political affairs
taille
an annual direct tax on land or property
Opus Majus
an encyclopedia written by Roger Bacon advocating reformation of all sciences
Relics
bones or objects linked to the saint
The Canterbury Tales
book written by Geoffrey Chaucer using the vernacular
Reconquista
by the 13th century warriors of this had reclaimed most of Spain and Portugal from the Moors
Philip IV
defeated the pope with the help from the French people
Holy Roman Empire
did not develop a strong monarchial authority
Bernard of Clairvaux
embodied the new spiritual ideal of the Cistercian monasticism
Council of Constance
ended the Great Schism
Dominic
founder of the Dominican order
Francis of Assisi
founder of the Franciscan order
anti-Semitism
hostility toward Jews
Why was the Concordat of Worms an important turning point for the Catholic Church?
it gave the church the right to elect its own bishops
Notre Dame
means "our lady"
