World History Chapter 12

Henry Tudor

-defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field and ended the war of the roses -became Henry VII and started the Tudor dynasty

Cistercian Order

-established by monks that were unhappy with the lack of discipline in their monastery -*developed a new activistic spiritual model* -took their religion to the people outside of the monastery

Results of the Crusades

-helped bring an end to feudalism -intensified the trade -strengthened the leadership -introduced Europeans to new cultures

Louis XI

-known as the "spider" -*used the taille as a source of income for the French monarchy*

universitas

-means "guild" or "corporation" -provided the home for scholasticism

Romanesque

-means "roman like" -gloomy, dark, thick walls

Roger Bacon

-one of the first people to use scientific study to find truth -wrote Opus Majus -advocated observation and experimentation

Concordat of Worms

-recognized the right of the church to elect its own bishops -settled the issue in the Investiture Controversy

Gothic

-ribbed vaults, pointed arches, flying buttress -light, lots of color, windows

Flanders

-rich commercial land -French kings wanted the territory of this land in the Hundred Years War

troubadour poetry

-tales of a knight's love for a lady -most popular vernacular literature

bubonic plague

-the most common form of black death that killed 1/3 of Europe's population -led to anti-semetism -spread by fleas carried by rats

Investiture Controversy

-the power struggle between Gregory VII and the Holy Emperor King Henry IV -the greatest conflict between the Church and the state in the Middle Ages -concordat of worms settled the issue

Crusades

-there were 8 of these between 1095 and 1291 -the first was the most successful

Innocent III

-under his rule the church reached its height in political power -*used papal weapons to achieve his goals*

War of the Roses

-war between the York family and the Lancaster family

What event sparked the Hundred Years' War?

The kings of England who still spoke French also wanted to rule France

Battle of Bosworth Field

the battle which ended the War of the Roses where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III

transubstantiation

the bread and wine actually become the flesh and blood of Jesus

simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Boniface VIII

the decline of the papacy began during his reign

vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

Black Death

the most devastating natural disaster in European history

new monarchies

the new rulers in Europe reestablished the centralized power of the monarchies in France, England, and Spain known as....

What effects did the new religious orders formed after 1098 have on medieval Europe?

the orders were active in their communities and their vows of poverty made them popular because people could relate to them

Avigon France

the papcacy was moved to him after the death of Boniface VIII

Babylonian Captivity

the period of exile from Rome

lay investiture

the right of the king or noble to appoint church officials

Lancaster family

their emblem was the *red* rose

York family

their emblem was the *white* rose

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

these people got married which created the nation of Spain

What were two popular types of vernacular literature in the 12th century?

troubadour poetry and chanson de geste

Geoffrey Chaucer

used the vernacular in the Canterbury Tales

papal weapons

what innocent III used to achieve his political goals

"little ice age"

when the temperature dropped, growing seasons shortened, food shortages occurred, and when malnourished people were less able to resist infection

Peter Abelard

wrote Sic it non

Mary

most highly regarded saint

Hildegard of Bingen

most noted nun who influenced the development of the Gregorian chant

Landed aristocracy

most nuns were from this

saints

ordinary people that were holy who earned a special place in Heaven

How did religion influence the daily lives of people in the High Middle Ages?

pilgrimages, sacraments, marriage, and communion were necessary for salvation. This also gave all the power to the clergy because people relied on them to achieve salvation. People also prayed to saints

Sacraments

religious acts that grant grace by performing them

What social and economic effects did the Black Death have on Europe?

social: population decreased economic: a lot of poverty and destroyed land

Anselum

supported two doctrines: the existence of God and atonement

Protestant Reformation

the Great Schism brought about greater discontent which led to this

King Henry IV

the Holy Emperor King who fought Gregory VII

Hundred Years' War

*1337-1453* -the most violent struggle during the time period -cause of this was the Kings of England who still spoke French wanted to rule France as well -*France won the war, the English won most of the battles*

Pope Gregory VII

- *greatest reforming pope* -decided to fight against lay investiture and simony -believed the pope's power was greater than the king

Thomas Aquinas

-"the prince of the schoolmen" -wrote Summa Theologica -greatest scholastic thinker -attempted to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity

Joan of Arc

-17 year old peasant girl who claimed to have visions from God -changed the course of the war for France -won many battles for France -burned at the stake

The 7 Sacraments

1. baptism 2. confirmation 3. penance 4. Holy Eucharist 5. matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Extreme Unction

How did the political power of the Catholic Church change between the papacies of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Innocent III?

Gregory challenged the Lay Investiture system / no longer allowed church officials to be elected; the use of papal weapons increased the power

Henry VII

Henry Tudor became known as this

Why were popes living in Avignon criticized?

Many people believed that the pope as bishop should reside in Rome

3 kingdoms of the Reconquista

Portugal, Castile, Aragon

What were the religious, political, and economic motivations behind the Crusades?

Religious: They wanted the Holy Land Political: The leaders wanted to gain wealth and earn a title Economical: They used this so traders could get other empires to trade with them.

How would you describe your visit to a Romanesque church and a Gothic church on a warm day?

Romanesque: dark, gloomy, hot gothic: colorful, light

Why were relics important to Christians living in Europe during the Middle Ages?

Saints were seen as very holy and people thought that they could be holier by having relics of them

Moors

Spanish muslims

Summa Theologica

Thomas Aquinas wrote this

friars

members of the Dominican order were called this

What type of government had France, England, and Spain developed by the end of the 1400s?

a monarchy

Scholasticism

a new intellectual movement interested in theology and philosophy that attempted to use logic and philosophy to explain and defend the church's teachings

Great Schism

a period of 40 years in which there were two sets of popes

chanson de geste

a popular vernacular literature

Papal States

allowed the popes to be involved in the political affairs

taille

an annual direct tax on land or property

Opus Majus

an encyclopedia written by Roger Bacon advocating reformation of all sciences

Relics

bones or objects linked to the saint

The Canterbury Tales

book written by Geoffrey Chaucer using the vernacular

Reconquista

by the 13th century warriors of this had reclaimed most of Spain and Portugal from the Moors

Philip IV

defeated the pope with the help from the French people

Holy Roman Empire

did not develop a strong monarchial authority

Bernard of Clairvaux

embodied the new spiritual ideal of the Cistercian monasticism

Council of Constance

ended the Great Schism

Dominic

founder of the Dominican order

Francis of Assisi

founder of the Franciscan order

anti-Semitism

hostility toward Jews

Why was the Concordat of Worms an important turning point for the Catholic Church?

it gave the church the right to elect its own bishops

Notre Dame

means "our lady"