World History Honors: Chapter 20- The West in an Age of Religious Conflict and Global Expansion, 1500-1650

In what year were almost all Western Christians a part of the Catholic Church?

1500.

What did Pope Sixtus IV do?

A Pope who sold church offices to enrich his family and imposed heavy taxes on the papal states. He also proclaimed that living people could gain indulgences for souls already in purgatory.

Who was Martin Luther?

A devout German monk obsessed with fears of death and eternal damnation. His belief came to be that no one can earn salvation, it is a gift from God. He founded Lutheranism, the protestant faith that believes that Faith alone will get someone into heaven, the Bible alone contains God's word, vernacular worship is placed above Latin Mass, there are Ministers instead of Priests, there are no indulgences, the pope is seem as unimportant and irrelevant, and there are only two sacraments (Baptism and Communion). He published the Ninety-Five Theses, a collection of propositions challenging the Church's power to forgive sins and grant indulgences. His ideas threatened the Church, and the Church tried to suppress him. He was secretly taken to the castle of Sacony's ruler, Frederick the Wise. Luther hid there for a year and translated the Bible into German, the vernacular language.

Explain the cottage industry.

It lowered merchants' costs and the price of goods while raising peasant incomes and making them less beholden to the landlords

Define the Protestant Reformation.

A movement to reform the Catholic Church that became a rebellion against it, resulting in the rise of a number of new non-Catholic Christian churches, collectively known as Protestant religions.

Define purgatory.

A place of suffering that purified the soul so it could enter heaven.

Define capitalism.

An economic system based on competition among private enterprises.

Define an indulgence. Give examples of how one could earn an indulgence.

An indulgence is a remission of the punishment still due for sins that had been forgiven through confession, to reduce or eliminate suffering in purgatory. Examples of how to earn an indulgence include fasts, pilgrimages, and charitable works.

What happened during the Imperial Diet in April 18, 1521.

April 18, 1521. The Imperial Diet is the assembly of the Holy Roman Empire's leading princes and nobles. It took place in the German town of Worms. Martin Luther had been ordered to retract his writings, which defied the authority and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was angered at Luther's defiance and stated that no monk is allowed to deny what Christianity had held for more than a thousand years. The conflict led to new religions that fragmented the Christian world.

What were the main Catholic sacraments?

Baptism, the Eucharist, and penance.

How did religious and economic change affect family patterns, gender roles, education, and diet?

Basic family patterns were changing and many married couples started to maintain their own households, which now consisted of nuclear families instead of extended families. Young people started to choose their own spouses instead of having them chosen for them. Learning and literacy became more common among people, even some girls were learning how to read and write. New foods from the Americas were added to European diets, like maise and potatoes. Potatoes were seen as especially beneficial.

Why did the Habsburg drive to unify and Catholicize Germany fail?

Because of two powerful outside forces intervened on the Protestant side; Gustavus Adolphus, Sweden's Lutheran king, and Cadrinal Richelieu, Frace's chief minister (he aided Protestants to help France by keeping Germany weak and divided). The war ended up ending in chaos with France, Spain, and Germany all fighting each other. However, the German nightmare ended before the French and Spanish with the Peace of Westphalia. German states had the religion of the prince.

In what ways did the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century alter the role of religion in the West?

Before the Reformation, salvation was sought through the Church, so it was highly central to European life. However, after the Reformation Protestants did not need the Church for salvation. There were less religious activities for Protestants. Many Protestants, and ambitious Catholics, now focused on material success instead of spiritual success. Overall, the role of religion was diminished.

Who was the son of Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg?

Charles V.

Define Inquisitions.

Church tribunals to investigate, arrest, and prosecute people suspected of heretical beliefs.

In what ways did European colonies enhance the wealth and power of their mother countries?

Colonies allowed for economic opportunities in production and trade due to the new resources within the colonized region. Example: Spain used silver from its American colonies to buy luxury goods in Asia for resale elsewhere and to finance its powerful armies and navies, making it sixteenth-century Europe's richest and mightiest realm.

What did Pope Julius II do?

He led wars to enlarge papal domains and sold indulgences to finance lavish projects, one of which was the construction of the church named Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Basically, why did King Henry the VIII split from the Catholic Church.

He wanted to divorce his first wife that could not bear him a son to marry Anne Boleyn, but the Catholic Church does not allow divorces.

What were the main features of King Philip II's Catholic Crusade and why did it fall?

He wanted to reinforce his religion in his realms and restore his Church the lands it had lost. In Spain, he used Inquisitions to eradicate Protestantism. In America, missionaries fostered his faith and its officials enforced it. In the Mediterranean, he joined forces with Venice and the pope to defeat the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. His first setback came in England and was caused by the death of his wife, Catholic Queen Mary. Her successor was Protestant Queen Elizabeth. The Dutch revolt was his next setback. He subdued the Netherlands' southern Catholic provinces, but the northern Protestants then declared independence as the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Queen Elizabeth aided the Dutch in fear of Spain winning and attacking her next. Philip prepared to invade England because of this. When Elizabeth approved of the execution of the next Catholic heir to the throne, Mary Stuart, King Philip II attacked with a huge naval force known as the "Invincible Catholic Armada." However, due to a series of unfortunate events that befell the Spanish Armada, England somehow won. The countries continued fighting long after that, but the original defeat of the Spanish Armada stopped King Philip II's Catholic Crusade.

Explain the political and economic differences between Western Europe and Central Eastern Europe.

In Western Europe, the nobles' power declined as monarchs and merchants shaped strong political and economic institutions. In Central Eastern Europe, nobles retained their political and economic dominance.

Define mercantilism.

Instituted policies that aimed to create a favorable balance of trade where exports exceed imports.

Who founded Calvinism and what are its beliefs?

John Calvin founded Calvinism. Calvinism believes the Catholic Church should be destroyed and in predestination. Predestination is the idea that God long ago decided each person's eternal fate, and people act good because they are destined for heaven and people act bad because they are destined for hell. The Calvinist model Christian community was in Geneva.

Who was John Hus?

John Hus is a rector of Prague University. He was a Church critic who was invited to meet with the Church where he was promised safety. However, when he arrived he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.

Who was John Wyclif?

John Wyclif, a theology professor at England's Oxford University. He said that the Church must practice piety and poverty and he called on civil rulers to seize the Church's possessions. His followers were known as Lollards, and they were harshly suppressed persecuted.

How did King Henri IV attempt to end religious strife in France and bring religious toleration?

King Henri was originally Protestant, but converted to Catholicism to become the King of France. The Huguenots resisted King Henri's rule because they felt betrayed. He won them over by coming up with a plan for religious toleration. His plan was known as the Edict of Nantes, and it gave French Protestants full civil rights, the freedom to hold worship services in their own manors and towns, and the right to fortify these towns with their own troops.

Describe the Spanish Inquisitions.

Operated under Spain's rulers and was set up in 1478 to investigate Jews and Muslims who had outwardly converted to Catholicism. Now, it also targeted people suspected of Protestant views. Torture was used for interrogation and those found guilty of heresy were often burned at the stake.

Describe the Roman Inquisitions.

Operated under the Holy Office, a council of six cardinals formed in 1542 by Pope Paul III. It fined, imprisoned, and executed people it convicted of false teachings. It published the Index of Forbidden Books.

Summarize why the Christendom world was becoming divided.

Religions that branched off of Catholicism were soon branching off from themselves, and there were more and more different Protestant religions. Because of the many different Protestant religions competing with Catholicism and each other, the Christian world became fragmented.

Why was eternal salvation a main concern of Renaissance Europe?

Renaissance Europe had sophisticated culture, but death and disease still surrounded its people. Death was basically their next-door neighbor.

What was the English Reformation rooted in?

Royal affairs.

What was the chief among the rituals of the Catholic Church?

Sacraments, which are sacred rites believed to bestow the graces needed for salvation.

Define simony. Define pluralism.

Simony is the sale of Church offices and benefits. Pluralism is a practice by which some clerics held multiple church offices, thereby enhancing their incomes.

What happened in the Catholic Church that made it possible to purchase salvation?

The Catholic Church started to grant indulgences from financial sacrifices. This allowed those with more money to purchase indulgences and save themselves easily. This was one of the factors that led to corruption in the Church.

What was the Catholic Counter Reformation?

The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. They confirmed and reaffirmed their beliefs and decided not to make indulgences purchasable. By the end of it, the Catholic beliefs were indulgences (NOT PURCHASABLE), papal supremacy, priestly celibacy, the Latin Mass, and the Church's power to forgive sins. Salvation requires both faith and good works. Divine Revelation comes from both the Bible and Church tradition. It confirmed the seven sacraments. Reaffirmed the pope's preeminence. The bishop was limited to one diocese. Priests must be trained in a seminary before they are to be priests.

Where was political unrest concentrated in Central Europe?

The Germans. They stood with the Reformation and were annoyed with the Italians who saw themselves as culturally surperior. The Germans resented the use of money collected in Germany through indulgence sales and other Church payments, to fund the costly wars and ventures of the Renaissance popes.

Explain the Jesuits.

The Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus, were Catholicism's most zealous champions. The organization was founded by Ignatius of Loyola, and the society was organized on military lines. They vowed strict obedience to their superiors and the pope. They served in the world as educators, missionaries, preachers, and political advisors. They connected Catholics and spread Catholicism.

How did Spanish, Portuguese, and Jesuit efforts help to turn Catholicism into a global faith?

The Spanish and Portuguese systematically imposed their faith on those they conquered. People became Catholics through coercion, convenience, or conviction. The Jesuits stove to implant Catholicism in Asia. They learned local languages, adapted local customs, and blended Catholic teachings into local cultures rather than seeking to impose European ways. Catholicism did end up becoming a global faith.

What were the principal social effects of capitalist commerce and Western economic expansion?

The benefits were a growing middle class, the members of which sometimes challenged the nobles for social and political preminence. However, the nobles now struggled in the world as well as many wage laborers were hurt as prices rose faster than their incomes (although the wage laborers struggled WAY MORE). The power of the middle class and monarchs increased while the power of the nobles and wage laborers decreased.

Define merchant capitalism.

The merchant entrepreneur owned the means of production and decided how much to produce and charge for the finished goods.

What factors account for the disasters, diseases, and witch hunts in the West in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

There was a lot of chaos due to religious upheaval. Armed fighters who fed off the chaos roamed the countryside looting, pillaging, and raping. There was also a huge syphilis pandemic which caused a multitude of problems. There were various factors which led to the witch hunts. The first was the Reformation, which led to both Catholics and Protestants persecuting heretics. Misery bred by the war left many people seeking scapegoats. The syphilis pandemic also led to miscarriages, stillbirths, blindness, and insanity which were thought ti be signs of witches. The cold climate may have also caused sickness and crop death, which was usually blamed on witchcraft. The Hammer of the Wicked was also circulating with an attempt to explain witchcraft by saying witches made pacts with the devil. Witches were usually women.

How did European merchants come to control production and dominate overseas trade?

They bought their own sources of supplies (mines, woodlands, herds of sheep, etc...) and they bought tools and equipment and hired their own workers. This reduced their reliance on guilds and artisans. This system was later called merchant capitalism. The workers of the merchant were paid a fixed price for each piece they made and independent artisans were largely replaced by wage laborers. Often, national monarchs would become allies of merchant capitalists when they realized that the more money they made the more money the country made. The idea was that having more goods being exported than imported meant you were making more money and being more successful.

Why did Luther's teachings threaten the Catholic Church?

They spread quickly and allowed people to interpret the Bible individually. If people did not need the help of the Pope and the Catholic Church to interpret the Bible and follow their faith, the Church would become irrelevant. Central Europe became divided between Catholics and Lutherans, and there were religious rebels who backed violent and radical social reforms. Many were killed. Luther actually encouraged the radical rebels on his side to be killed to protect himself from the wrath of high powers who had to deal with the social rebellion.

Why were German princes and nobles alarmed when Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg started uniting much of the German empire into a centralized monarchy?

They wanted to maintain control of their states and protect their autonomy.

How did Pope Alexander VI come to be pope?

Through bribery.

Define charter companies.

Trading associations protected by royal monoploly.

What were the main causes of the Protestant Reformation?

[] The corruption in the Catholic Church. [] Political unrest in the Holy Roman Empire (an assortment of Central European states, loosely united by their recognition of its emperor as overlord.)