World History Honors unit 2: Ancient Greece

how long did it take him to conquer turkey and persian

6vyears

Hellenic Greece 350 BC to 30 BC

1. King Phillip 2 begins the unify Greece 2. Alex the Great finishes the unification of Greece, built Greek empire 336 BC to 323 BC 3. The Roman Empire conquered the Greek Empire 192 BC to 30 BC

definition of an indirect democracy

1. AKA a representative democracy, citizens vote for people to represent them in a congress or assembly. They are empowered to vote based on the best interests pf the citizens in their district. 2. The US is an example of this

outcomes of persian war

1. Greece wins, they recapture colonies and trading posts they lost. 2. athens emerges as the dominant city state. forms delian league 3. sparta emerges as 2nd most powerful city state, becomes concerned about growing athens. they form the Peloponnesian league. 4. rivalry results in the Peloponnesian war.

who was Eratosthenes?

1. Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. 2. he promoted the idea the Earth was round 3. he calculated the circumference of the Earth with 99% accuracy. 4. was one of the first cartographers (map makers) 5. created a method for identifying prime numbers.

causes of the persian wars

1. The persian empire expanded into turkey and the area around the black sea, taking control over many Greek trading posts and colonies. this hurts Greece's economy by restricting trade and causing a food shortage. 2. Greece responded by supporting these colonies and trading posts in the Ionian revolt against Persia. Persia quickly and aggressively ended the revolt but decided to end greek interference in turkey. 3. Persia sends messages to greece instructing them to surrender or face an invasion. greece executes the messengers and the city states discuss creating a military alliance. 4. persia declares war and invades Greece.

Who was Archimedes?

1. a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor. 2. called the father of math because he reviewed and proofed many math principles 3/. he proved pi (3.14) in the calculation of the circumference and area of circles. 4. he invented early pulley systems, the sun ray (burned holes in ships), the catapult weapon, and the Archimedes screw (allowed for water to be pumped from low to high, important for irrigation, drinking water, and removing water from hulls of ships.)

Who was Pythagoras?

1. a Greek philosopher and mathematician. 2. known for the Pythagorean theorem, which is used to calculate the lengths of the sides of right angles. this calculation influences the proper construction of buildings. 3. best known for his theories on reincarnation. 4. he had an influence on Plato's theory of forms and Plato's view on Nativism (we are born with knowledge)

Plato's "The Republic"

1. a book written by Plato. It is written as a Socratic dialogue and features several excellent examples of the Socratic Method of logic and reasoning. 2. the format of the book is a fictional dialogue between all the great philosophers of his time, including the already dead Socrates. 3. the book discusses the ideal/utopian features of a city-state and a great leader (the philosopher-king). Also discusses topics like justice, wisdom, reason, logic, and the value of education.

definition of an oligarchy

1. a form of government where a small number of people are entrusted with making the laws and decisions of a country. this is typically 2-6 people. 2. the city of Sparta was a good example of this because it had 2 kings who served together.

definition of Trireme

1. a naval ship that gave the Greeks an advantage in the Persian wars, because it was faster and more maneuverable than the Persian ships. 2. also called a tri-reme because it had 170 men running the boat, spread out on 3 different levels of the hull. 3. also had a metal ramming device attached to the hull.

definition of humanism

1. a philosophical theory or belief that stresses the potential value and goodness of human beings and deploys reason and logic to try and solve human problems. 2. gives importance to humanity in moral or social issues, rather than divine or supernatural matters. 3. the goal of humanism is for everyone to try to be their best self 4. Led the philosophers to set the standards for morality and behavior based on human values instead of Greek Mythology.

Who was Cleisthenes?

1. a political leader and reformer, considered to be the father of Athenian democracy. 2. he led a reform movement to provide equal rights for all male citizens (called demes which is where democracy comes from) 3. he reorganized Athens into 10 tribes/districts based upon residency not nobility and created sortition (random selection of citizens to fill government positions) 4. he also increased the size and power of Ekklesia, and created ostracism, where citizens could be exiled for 10 years.

definition of a city-state (polis)

1. a political system in which a city acts like a country. the dominant political system in early Greece. Each city would independently decide how to govern itself. 2. city-states would often build protective walls around the city, and build markets, temples, and other public buildings within its walls 3. during the classic Greece era, Athens and Sparta would emerge as the dominant city-states 4. the word politics came from the word polis.

definition of phalanx

1. a rectangular military formation used by Greek hoplites or foot soldiers. 2. they would pack themselves shield to shield and follow a very disciplined fighting style to defeat their enemy. 3. used very successfully at the battle of Thermopylae where 300 Spartans held off thousands of Persian soldiers for 3 days.

definition of currency

1. a tangible form of money. the most common types are coins and paper money. used as a method of exchange in the purchase or sale of goods and services. 2. Example: I'll give you 2 silver coins for 10 baskets of wheat. 3. gold and silver coins first came into use by 600 BC, and were reported by Historian Herodotus. 4. paper money was first used in China, and was reported in Europe later by Marco Polo.

definition of cash crops

1. agricultural products which are grown primarily to be sold for a profit. 2. examples are sugar cane, coffee, peanuts, grapes, olives, cotton, and tobacco 3, cash crops were important parts of a barter-based economy.

definition of Delian league

1. an alliance formed by Athens following the Persian wars. almost all of the city-states on the east coast of Greece (approximately 30) and the Greek islands joined this alliance. 2. it was formed to protect its members from a third attack by the Persian Empire 3. Athens became more powerful and wealthy because the members paid tribute fees to Athens in return for their military protection.

How islands and being a peninsula shaped early Greek history

1. cultural orientation was directed to the sea 2. lead their time in boat building 3. developed the first great Navy 4. confidently explored, colonized, and traded with a large portion of the Mediterranean sea

Classic Greece (500 BC to 350 BC)

1. democracy is born in Athens 2. Great philosophers, great mathematicians, great architecture, great writers. 3. Persian wars 500Bc-450Bc 4. dominance of Athens and Sparta: Delian league vs. Peloponnesian wars 5. Peloponnesian wars 431 BC-405Bc

Greek language

1. due to Alex the great, greek became the first regional language of Western civilization. 2. greek and Latin would be the 2 primary languages used in Europe until the end of the Renaissance. 3 Greek was the original language used in the New Testament 4. the first language with the alphabet we would recognize is today and was the first one based on consonants and vowels. 5. 150,000 words in English that are derived from Greek words.

definition of a direct democracy

1. each citizen participates directly in the process of government. Usually, there is an assembly of citizens, where citizens personally vote for laws, initiatives, or referendums, rather than voting for representatives to send to the assembly. 2. the democracy in Athens between 500 BC and 400 BC was an example of this.

Socrates

1. father of western philosophy. 2. the inventor of the "Socratic method" for discovering truth and knowledge 3. the teacher of Plato. 4. he was put on trial for refusing to honor the Greek gods and the corruption of youth and was sentenced to death by democratic vote for his beliefs.

pericles

1. general and statesmen in Athens during the Golden Age 2. known for overseeing the construction of the Parthenon and the Acropolis and invested in the arts and literature. 3. he fostered the newly created democratic government in Athens and under his leadership the delian League grew bigger and stronger, preventing future attacks by the Persians and making Athens the strongest and wealthiest city state. 4. he was the general who led Athens in the Peloponnesian war with Sparta 5, died from the plague when it hit in the middle of the war

who was homer?

1. greek author and poet and he wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey 2. these stories tell the tale of the Trojan War between Greece and Troy and the period after it. 3, there is some mystery about who Homer really is and the facts of the Trojan War, but these works give insight into the customs, mythology, and values of ancient Greece. the Iliad is considered to be the first literary work of Western civilization, even though it is written in poem format, it is actually 15,000 lines organized into 24 books

who was Euclid?

1. greek mathematician is known as the father of geometry. 2. author of The Elements, which combined all known math facts at that time and made them into proofs. 3. The Elements is considered to be one of the top 3 books that was translated/published/studied in Western history (second to the Bible). 4. he founded the school of mathematics in Alexandria, Egypt.

who was Hippocrates?

1. greek physician, regarded as the father of medicine. 2. launched the process where medicine became a separate branch of science. 3. made the first medical journal, where he described symptoms and records of treatments and outcomes. 4. tried to use reason and philosophy to improve the logic and science of medical theories. 5. revered for his ethical standards and the Hippocratic Oath for physicians was created during his time, but it is unknown if he actually wrote it or was just the inspiration. doctors use a version of this oath today when they get their medical licenses.

who was solon?

1. he was a statesman from Athens during the Archaic period 2. laid the foundation of Athens's greatness during the Golden Age of Greece. 3. he was a constitutional lawmaker who overturned the oppressive laws of the aristocrats who previously ruled Greece, implemented a new constitution with fairer laws, opened up the Ekklesia for participation by all citizens, and expanded eligibility for governmental positions. 4, he later set the stage for democracy in Athens.

Aristotle

1. he was a student of Plato and studied and taught at Plato's academy for 20 years. 2. he tutored Alex the Great (whose later conquests would spread the Greek language and culture to almost the entire Mediterranean area 3. would start his own university called the Lyceum, where he built one of the best libraries in Ancient history. 4. was more than just a philosopher, he also studied physics, astronomy, biology, economics, and government. for example, he is credited for proposing the geocentric model of the universe, (the sun and planets rotate around the Earth) 5. in the nature versus nurture debate, Aristotle proposed the theory that later became known as the Tabula theory, or that man is born with a blank slate and knowledge comes from sensory experiences stored in our memory.

herodotus

1. historian and geographer known as the father of history. 2. wrote the histories, which is his account of the Greco-Persian wars and which is regarded as the first history book to perform a systematic investigation of historical events. 3. his writings provided us with much of what we know today about the golden age of Greece.

Greece's geography

1. is a peninsula 2. Long jagged coastline with direct access to the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea 3. very mountainous both in the North and down the spine of the peninsula 4. No major rivers or lakes 5. Over 1000 island but only 227 are inhabited

how the mountains and jagged coastline shaped early Greek history

1. isolated the various settlements and communities in Early Greece 2. because of this early Greece was not unified into a single kingdom or country. 3. geography and isolation contributed to the creation of mini-countries called city-states. they were originally over 1000 independent city-states, but over time 2 dozen major city-states would emerge.

similarities in Athens and sparta

1. language 2. mythology 3. the largest and most powerful city-states in ancient greece 4. both had slaves 5. participated in the Olympics 6. formed an effective alliance in the Persian war.

how the mountains and lack of a large river or lake shaped early Greek history

1. limited ability to grow edible crops (like grains) 2. their diet was composed of seafood and edible crops they could import by trading from other countries (like grain from Egypt) 3. successful crops in Greece were cash crops (such as grapes and olives) which grow well on hilly or mountainous terrain. both could be turned into olive oil and wine, which they could consume and trade with other countries. 4. trading was conducted via barter and not currency

definition of Ekklesia

1. name of the democratic assembly of citizens in Athens. It was the place where the direct democracy was conducted. 2. The Greek translation was the gathering of those who summoned.

definition of food crops

1. plants that are farmed primarily for human consumption. 2. grains, fruits, vegetables, and tubers (potatoes) are examples

How the mountains shaped early Greek history

1. provided a natural protective barrier from invasion from mainland Europe. 2. forced the population to settle on the coastline (jagged coastline provided many great harbors)

Archaic Greece (750 BC-500 BC)

1. rise of the Greek city-states (Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc.) 2. first Olympics 3. Greek trading posts and colonies are planted throughout the Mediterranean sea

why did the war start again

1. sparta and athens tried to steal small city states from each other. started everyone fighting again 2. the plague eneded 3. athens attacks sicily, where sparta had allies

outcomes of the pelo. war

1. sparta wins and retreats into isolation instead of consolidating all of Greece 2. severe economic downturn and politcal chaos 3. golden age of greece is over 4. alex the great consolidates all of greece for first time

Plato

1. student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle 2. a prolific writer, and his "The Republic", "The Apology" and "The Dialogues" are still widely read today. 3. Plato's writing covered the ideal or Utopian forms of government, justice, religion, human nature, love, and sexuality 4. he created the Academy, which is called the first university in the world. 5. Plato and Aristotle arguably invented the field of psychology by launching the nature versus nurture debate. Plato proposed the theory which later became nativism or that you are born with knowledge.

Socratic method

1. technique that is used for trying to find truth and knowledge. 2. involves a shared dialogue between teacher and student, highlighted by a series of thought-provoking questions intended to have the student self-discover the answer. 2. teaches students how to think critically.

why were the persians not able to conquer greece

1. the greek city states had better military tech and strategies. 2. when facing a common enemy, the city-states formed an alliance. 3. the greeks used their home field advantage by luring the persians into narrow mountain passes or bays. 4. the greeks were fighting for survival.

definition of philosophy

1. the use of reason to discover fundamental truths, a quest for understanding, and/or the study of principles of human conduct. 2. a mashup of 2 Greek words which combine to mean love of wisdom (philo means love and Sophia means wisdom) 3. philosophy was born in ancient Greece as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (and others) employed reason and logic to try to understand the world.

alexanders 2 dreams he shared with his daddy

1. to unify greece 2. conquer persia

how many visctiories ad defeas

20 wins 0 lossses

why is the battle of thermopylae famous

300 spartans held off thousands of persians for 3 days at a mountain pass.

time period of persian wars

500 Bc-478BC

differences in athens and sparta slavery

Athens: slaves treated awfully, 25% of population sparta: slaves outnumber citizens 10 to 1. limited rights. majority were citizens

Causes of the Peloponnesian War: mini wars

smaller city states start mini wars. they asked athens and sparta to protect them. broader war starts.

what is an empire

a form of government where a nation extends its political and economic control over territories outside of its homeland. also known as imperalism

who turtored alex

aristotle

War Strategies

athens plays defense, sparta offense.

differences in athens and sparta geography

athens: coastal city, emphasis on trading sparta: inland, more isolated

differences in athens and sparta government

athens: direct democracy sparta: oligarchy

differences in athens and sparta education

athens: males only, educated until 18 in philosophy, math and science sparta: women and men, boys sent to base for military training at 7.

differences in athens and sparta military

athens: navy was strongest sparta: army was strongest

differences in athens and spartas culture

athens: the center of cultural and intellectual development in the Mediterranean. sparta: culture defined by military values, strength and size

differences in athens and sparta women

athens: women has no rights, treated as property sparta: citizens with limited rights

definition of barter

direct exchange of goods and services between 2 parties without the use of currency (I'll trade you 6 baskets of grapes for 4 baskets of wheat)

The Persian war was fought between what 2 countries

greek city states and persian empire

why did he die and when

in 323 bc supposedly malaria probably posion

when did he become king

in 336 BC at the age of 20 because he killed his daddy

alexander the greats dad

king philllip 2 king of macedonia

definition of import/importation

means to bring goods or services into your country from a foreign country via sale or barter.

were the persians able to conquer greece

no

who won the war and why

sparta because the plague weakened athens, sparta recruits macedonia as an ally, 1/3 of the athenian navy died in the attack on sicily. Persia also became an ally of sparta

Causes of the Peloponnesian War: athens extends fortress to nearby port

sparta thinks theyre preparing for war

what happened to his empire after he dided

split into 5

why did the war take a pause

the plague

Causes of the Peloponnesian War: kingdom of macedonia and sprta

they form an alliance, and athens is surronded by hostile opponents.

definition of export/exportation

to produce goods or services in your country, but to send them to buyers in a foreign country. sale can be via barter or currency.