World History Unit 5: Enlightenment

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Causes of the French Revolution

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

When was the last time The National Assembly had met?

1614

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Third Estate

98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, San Cullotes, and the Peasent Farmers - pays a lot of taxes

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

encyclopedia

A work containing information on subjects, or exhaustive of one subject.

Dechristianization of France

Abolished sundays Months named after seasons 7-day weeks changed to 10 days Yearly calendar started sept 22, 1792

What is unfair about the tax system in pre-revolutionary France?

All taxation only affected the 3rd estate.

What are the similarities between American and French Revolutions?

Both the American and French Revolutions were focused around liberty and equality.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Issac Newton

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Rene Descartes

Father of modern philosophy •Questioned the basis of his own knowledge

What are the differences between American and French Revolutions?

France wanted to change everything about their country America just wanted to not be under Frances rule

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

Claim of George Washington

French tried to claim George Washington but most Americans didn't agree with the way that the french ran their revolution except Thomas Jefferson (he would pull away later)

Natural Law

God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law

What is the Enlightenment?

Have courage to use your own intelligence! -Kant 1784

Why did Frederick the Great of Prussia fail in his Enlightenment Ideas?

He entertained Enlightenment ideas but did not apply ones that might have undermined the very groups or institutions in society he depended on for his own support and power.

Why is Napoleon's crowning significant?

He took the crown off the pillow before the pope can put it on his head. He basically took the popes power by doing that.

What happens to Robespierre?

He was arrested and executed by a guillotine

What happens to slavery?

It was abolished

a change from the National Assembly to the Legislative Assembly

Legislative Assembly was comprised of people who were WAY MORE COMMITTED TO VIOLENCE to achieve their goals

words like "self-evident" rights and "separation of powers" reflect Enlightenment ideas by two of its key writers. Can you explain what the ideas were and who those writers were?

Locke's ideas about natural rights and government Montesquieu's notions of division of governmental authority among separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches

How (or who) ends the radical phase of the French Revolution?

Napoleon

Shouldn't Napoleon be considered a great Enlightenment leader like the "enlightened monarchs"? Why or why not?

Napoleon's dictatorial power and war-promoting actions go against Enlightenment ideals, but others may see in his desire to spread his own notions of the French Revolution's ideals as a sort of Enlightenment effort to "perfect" all other societies as well as his own.

Rights of Man and Citizen

National Assembly passed this document that was modeled after the American Declaration of Independence except they wrote resistance to oppression

What Enlightenment ideas are reflected in the french revolution?

Natural Rights, Rule by People, and Limited Government.

French Salon

Played an integral role in the cultural and intellectual development of France and became a center of intellectual as well as social exchange

Committee of Public Safety

Powerful group, led by Robespierre, set up to defeat all enemies of the revolution.

What are the enlightenment ideas?

Reason should be used at all time. Search for knowledge and ideas never ends. Improvements must be made in justice to end unfair jail sentencing and torture. Slavery and warfare must be done away with. Freedom of religion, speech, and the press should be enjoyed by all. Everyone deserves liberty and equality. Education for all.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread?

Salons, pamphlets, Encyclopedie

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Why did the 3rd Estate declare itself the National assembly?

The 3rd Estate wanted a fair voting system where they would have the majority. The didn't want that so they declared themselves the National Assembly and drafted a new constitution.

Why was having this meeting going to cause a problem of Louis XVI?

The 3rd estate wanted the majority vote and he didn't so that caused the National Assembly

Second Estate

The second class of French society made up of the noblility - pay no to little taxes

First Estate

They consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy; they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support.

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

Who: Max Robespierre What: Robespierre ruled France as a dictator When: 1794 Where: France Why significant: thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed;

How might someone use these pie charts to argue that land ownership in pre-revolutionary France was unfair? (pie chart is on the test)

With the population being almost 100% 3rd estate, the 1st and 2nd estate own way too much land for how many there are.

Women in the Enlightenment

Women played a leading role in hosting salons. Salons gave educated women a voice in cultural affairs. Madame Geoffrin was the most influential of the salon hostesses. Support for superstition and witchcraft declined as educated Europeans turned to rational explanations for natural events.

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

Napoleonic Code

body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as model for many nations' civil codes

Montesquieu

created separation of powers and checks and balences

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Three French Estates

division of the french society

What happened in the women's march in France?

kidnapped the king and his family and put them under house arrest in Paris

regicide

killing of the king France is now a republic, under a new constitution

Rule by the people

popular sovereignty

Why did Louis XVI call the meeting of the Estates General?

the French government was having financial problems.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

censorship

the stopping of the enlightenment

The Legacy of the Enlightenment

•Government •Society •Education

Enlightenment Principles

•Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought •Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith •Scientific and academic thought should be secular