World Regional Geography Exam 1

(T/F) Any location on earth can be described using the grid system, or graticule?

true

(T/F) all maps are distorted in area size or direction or both. They are all inaccurate.

true

(T/F) fieldwork and field studies are still critical to research by geographers in the 21st century.

true

(T/F) some countries in a region appear in more than one region.

true

The relative importance of cities over smaller towns and rural areas is referred to as:

urban hierarchies.

All parallels are parallel to each other and run from?

0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees north latitude at the North Pole and 90 degrees south at the South Pole

Following World War II, many formerly colonized countries became independent states. Where was the greatest concentration of these countries?

Africa and Asia

A relationship where one develops by exploiting (at the expense of) another is known as?

Dualism

the perception of place refers to a way people construct their ideas about:

what a place is like

Which of the following offers a geography for dependency theory by depicting the world in terms of the core, semiperiphery, and periphery?

world-systems theory

Development projects that are designed to develop local area?

Participatory Development

________ is the subdiscipline of geography concerned with the construction of maps.

cartography

The process of a company adapting its product to meet the demands of local culture is known as:

glocalization

What fueled the second wave of colonization in the second half of the nineteenth century?

industrialization

Lines of latitude on a map or globe are called?

parallels

relative locations of places are shown on what type of map?

thematic

globalization of the world's people and places began about:

1500

Describe Modernization using three stages of Rostow's model?

1st. Primary=Agriculture (taking a resource from the earth. 2nd=Secondary: Manufacturing and Accumulate Surplus. (making things from the primary stage goods). 3rd. Tertiary: Distribute/Service sector. (take the product manufactured and sell them).

The greenhouse effect keeps the earth at a livable temperature. About how many degrees Fahrenheit (33 degrees Celsius) cooler would earth be without the greenhouse effect?

60

Most developed countries are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Which of the following are notable exceptions?

Australia and New Zealand

As a percentage of GNI, which of the following countries contributes the most total dollars in foreign aid?

Canada

Which of the following is a good example of a country that moved from the periphery to the semperiphery as it increasingly engaged in manufacturing and became a major global exporter, as exemplified by the heavy freight traffic in Hong Kong Harbor?

China

Why do some scholars think China will supersede the United States as the dominant world superpower?

China has grown as a global epicenter of manufacturing, and its entrepeneurs are some of the biggest investors in the world.

There were two waves of colonialism between 1500 and 1975. Which of the following is not true of the second wave (1825-1975)?

Economies were focused on tourism.

(T/F) Wealth generated by economic growth is usually spread across a population evenly.

False

What is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere?

Haiti

Which of the following is not one of the three financial institutions that came into existence as a result of the Bretton Woods conference at the close of World War II?

International Reserve Bank

Colonizers focused on gaining lands to establish large-scale agricultural production in the Americas and to establish trading posts for the Atlantic slave trade in Africa and ports for the spice trade in Asia. What best describes this trading system?

It had a global reach.

Which of the following is not true about the earthquake that hit Haiti in 2010? a) It would have been worse if the country had not enacted tough building codes in 1985. b) It exposed Haiti's many problems to the world. c) It was not the most powerful earthquake that year, but it was closer to the country's population center. d) A series of corrupt dictators contributed to infrastructure development before and after the earthquake.

It would have been worse if the country had not enacted tough building codes in 1985.

globalization included colonial empires such as the Ottoman in Southwest Asia, the French in Maghreb and the _________ in the Pacific.

Japanese

Which of the following is not consistent with strong globalization?

States (countries) play an increasingly significant role in world trade.

____________ development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable

Which of the following is the most remote place in the world (in terms of the number of people who live far from a city of 50,000 or more)?

The Tibetan Plateau

In cities, one often sees a radial network of commuter trains that goes out from the central business district (CBD) of a city to residential neighborhoods and suburbs. Why has the growth of business within the city suburbs led to massive traffic congestion?

The hub and spoke system favors train travel to the city, but makes train travel from suburb to suburb inconvienient.

An uneven relationship between low labor costs and high value product is called?

Unequal exchange

In 1945, following the world wars, this organization had 51 member countries; in 2015, membership has grown to 193 members.

United Nations (UN)

Identify the correct trade flow in the triangular trading system amongst Europe -> Africa -> the Americans -> Europe, which ultimately helped establish the foundations of the capitalized world economy. a) manufactured goods, slaves, commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.) b) slaves, manufactured goods, commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.) c) commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.), manufactured goods, slaves d) commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.), slaves, manufactured goods

a. Manufactured goods, slaves, commodities (cotton, tobacco, rice, etc.)

Approximately, how many landlocked countries are in the world?

above 40

The influence of human behavior on earth since the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s is so significant that it constitutes a new geological era called the:

anthropocene.

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of primary activities?

automotive manufacturing

Interpreting the impact of tectonic activity on the landforms of East Africa would probably be the work of a ________ geographer. a) regional b) physical c) human d) cultural

b. physical

Most fair trade goods are produced in Latin America, especially Mexico, but certified fair trade production is expanding rapidly in __________ .

both Africa and Asia

The divide between the Global North (developed countries) and the Global South (developing countries) is a _______________ categorization between wealthy and poorer countries.

both socioeconomic and political

What is the cheapest method to transport heavy goods and materials?

by sea

Political scientists outlined four hegemons between 1500 and 2000. Select the correct match of country and century below. a) Portugal—1500s; Spain—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s b) Spain—1500s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; the United States—1900s; and China—2000s c) Spain—1500s; the Netherlands—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s d) the Netherlands—1500s; Spain—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s

c. Spain—1500s; the Netherlands—1600s; Great Britain—1700s and 1800s; and the United States—1900s

Research in new regional geography sees regions as: a) natural locations. b) defining characteristics of place. c) human constructs. d) basic world units for study.

c. human constructs

which of the following could a physical geographer study?

climate and landforms

What is the leading fair trade product?

coffee

An equivalent map shows?

correct area relationship

As a country or area develops, the nature of the economy changes or progresses through a series of stages. Select the correct order of these stages. a) industrial, agricultural, service b) service, agricultural, industrial c) agricultural, service, industrial d) agricultural, industrial, service

d. agricultural, industrial, service

the visible imprint of people on the surface of the earth is seen in the ________ landscape. a) physical b) functional c) human d) cultural

d. cultural

Using physical geography to define world regions, a geographer may use: a) language. b) religion. c) location. d) precipitation.

d. precipitation

Although people in remote locations have gained connection through Internet access and mobile phone usage, there is a notable gap between the average bandwidth and accessibility, creating what is referred to as the:

digital divide.

Which of the following refers to situations in which two areas are in relationship with one another (through trade, for example), and one area is developing at the expense of the other?

dualism

Transportation networks may be intentionally designed to?

enhance connectivity for some communities while marginalizing others.

Landlocked countries face particular exporting problems because both time and money are required to cross country borders, making transportation:

expensive.

(T/F) there is basically one way to correctly regionalize the world in geography textbooks.

false

The _______ per capita is the most widely accepted way of measuring wealth by countries in the world today because the statistic tries to account for the flow of wealth in our global world.

gross national income (GNI)

the spread of Christianity from its hearth in Jerusalem to people and lands along the northern Mediterranean Sea is a good example of _________.

hierarchical diffusion

We can see places that were tied together and places that were not, by studying:

historical spatial interaction

Lines of Longitude are knows as?

meridians.

In early history (dating back to the Greeks and Romans), the primary purpose or reason for colonialism was:

need for resources and tribute

Geography is the study of people, place, environment, and:

people, place, environment, and space

there are two basic types of maps: thematic maps and _______ maps.

reference

We often perceive regions to exist even though we have never been to them. A strong example of regional perception in the United States is:

the South

__________ means considering and understanding the context of what is going on in the world

thinking geographically

The emphasis on participation in participatory development came about in reaction to a history of ___________ development projects that left local people with little to no sense of ownership of the projects undertaken by outsiders in their communities.

top-down

a name of a place, or place-name, is referred to as a:

toponym

(T/F) After hundreds of billions of dollars given in international development aid over the last 20 years, academics, donors, and donor countries are questioning the value of international development assistance.

true

According to a 2008 European Commission study, what percentage of the world's population is more than two days travel time from a city of 50,000 people or more?

10 percent

A number of social scientists suggest that we should measure more than wealth in our assessment of development. What else should we access? a) literacy b) life expectancy c) infant mortality d) All of these should be assessed

All of these should be assessed

What tool assesses life expectancy, literacy, years of schooling, and per capita GDP?

Human Development Index (HDI)

Which of the following pairs are two of the wealthiest countries in the world that are also landlocked?

Luxembourg and Switzerland

The first wave of colonialism was sparked by these European colonial powers

Spain and Portugal

(T/F) According to the world systems theorists, Rostow's stages of economic growth will occur, thanks to a set of exploitative relationships between more developed and least developed.

True

(T/F) T-Shirt Travels demonstrates how a simple act of kindness, donating your old T-shirts to the Salvation Army or Goodwill, has resulted in undermining the textile industry in Zambia and other African countries where imported secondhand clothing is more popular than locally made clothing.

True

(T/F) The strong globalization viewpoint holds that developing countries are now persuaded by the lure of global capital to open their economies to investment by foreign corporations.

True

(T/F) The vast majority of development aid tends to favor the most powerful members of a community (namely, men, the wealthy, and other dominant groups) who are better at articulating their wants and capturing new resources.

True

(T/F) Through examining mental maps, geographers gain a sense of how people understand their locality and how a particular place functions in the larger context.

True

(T/F) Today, geographers no longer espouse environmental determinism, seeing it as a vast oversimplification of the world.

True

The terraced rice fields of Ifugao Province in the Philippines is an example of:

cultural landscape

What direction are lines of longitude measured in?

east / west

There were two waves of colonialism between 1500 and 1975. Which of the following is not true of the first wave (1500-1825)?

economies were focused on tourism

Which of the following is not consistent with weak globalization?

emerged since the 1970s

The physical context of the earth refers to:

environment

Geographers went through their own period where they used environmental differences to explain everything from intelligence to wealth. What is this set of theories called?

environmental determinism

Of the many different properties of maps, _________, and _______ are perhaps the most important.

equivalence, and conformality

the map of world religions demonstrates the role of ________ diffusion of ideas.

expansion

Meridians are?

farthest apart at the equator and converge at the poles

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of secondary activities?

fishing

Geographers often describe the nature of economies in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities. Which of the following is not part of tertiary activities?

forestry

a climate region of the world is a ________ region.

formal

what is an area of land distinguished by either cultural or physical traits or criteria?

formal region

a public school district in the United States is a ________ region.

functional

Which of the following describes the process of heightening interactions, increasing independence, and deepening relations across country boundaries.

globalization

The name of the grid pattern of latitude and longitude is?

graticule

Several components in the atmosphere are responsible for the greenhouse effect, including water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. Collectively, these are known as:

greenhouse gases

Which of the following is a term often used by geographers to describe the dominance of one state on the global stage?

hegemon

Which of the following describes a type of transportation network where a few large, central nodes are connected to smaller points?

hub-and-spoke system

The two major fields of study within geography are physical geography and _____________.

human geography

a study of migrant workers from Indonesia going to Saudi Arabia is a study of:

human geography

Suburbs, large roads, limited sidewalks, and a near lack of public transportation characterize the United States. These aspects are largely the result of:

inexpensive oil prices.

The effects of global climate change will be distributed unevenly across the planet. Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the vulnerability of a group of people?

level of education

One method of finding absolute location on a map is by using:

longitude and latitude

Rostow's three stages is used to describe?

modernization

What does MAUP stand for?

modifiable areal unit problem

Which of the following was not a driving force behind the Bretton Woods conference?

national defense

Besides being problematic in its own right, top-down development often experienced a lack of __________ that inhibited the longer-term sustainability of programs because local people had little interest in maintaining projects they did not initiate or request.

participation

a region that people may imagine to exist, such as "Dixie," is a:

perceptual

A major obstacle that developing countries often face is the problem of being stuck as a producer of raw materials, or stuck in an economy dominated by the _______ sector.

primary

The starting point for measuring longitude is the?

prime meridian in Greenwich, England

Which of the following is not one of the most common measurements of wealth?

purchasing power

A transportation network that favors movement to and from a central point or location, such as a capital city to a residential area, is known as what type of network?

radial

Understanding the context behind the transmission of AIDS in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America is using a _______ approach.

regional

collecting data for research or mapping by using instruments that are far from the are of study is called:

remote sensing

Multiple regions exist within a large area such as Africa (West Africa, East Africa, etc.). This is an example of the importance of _____________ in the study of regions.

scale

what is the degree of contact between people and places?

spatial interaction

To "maintain international peace and security," "to develop friendly relations among nations," to "achieve international cooperation" in order to solve economic and social problems, and to "be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends," was the mission statement for this organization following World War II.

the United Nations (UN)

A conformal map shows?

the correct angular relationship over the entire map. IE: correct shapes and features.

Which of the following describes the process that accelerates the experience of time and reduces the significance of distance in information technology networks?

time-space compression

Ideas and goods diffuse from the hearth first:

to places most connected to the hearth